Chemistry Topic 1 and 2

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• Electrolysis process electrical energy direct current decomposes electrolytes
• Electrolyte ionic compounds molten state dissolved water aqueous
• Solution passing current substances molten ensure that?  broken
• Solution ionic the​ ​ions​ molten compound ​that​ ​make​
• ​in​ metal cathode hydrogen​ ​(from​ ​h​+​​ ​water)​ ​is​
• ​produced​ ​halide​ anode oxygen​ ​(from​ ​oh​-​​ ​in​ ​water)​
• Ions produced cl electrolysis copper chloride solution cu+
• Oilrig oxidation loss electrons reduction gain electrons) 
• Cathode terms o oxidation reduction
• Shell electrons electronic configuration rule 1st 2nd electrons 
• Lower properties non-metals dull brittle boiling points generally
• Cation positive ion
• Anion negative ion
• Metallic bonding strong attraction closely packed metal ions
• Properties elements mendeleev predict existence discovered column
• Relative mass proton of a
• Ideas atom changed time thought solid spheres jj
• Relative mass electron 0.0005/negligible  of
• Atoms elements numbers subatomic particles
• Kind electron arrangement stable full outer shell
• Advantages disadvantages 2d representations substances shows atoms connected
• Shows advantages disadvantages dot cross diagrams advantages:  compounds/molecules
• Metals malleable layers atoms slide sea electrons hold
• Sheet properties structure bonding graphene layer graphite carbon
• Allotrope forms element what is
• Size atom compare nucleus tiny compared
• Energy level shell area space atom which can occupied
• Relative mass formula atomic x abundance decimals add
• Metals conduct electricity heat delocalised electrons carry electrical
• Shows advantages disadvantages ball stick models visualise structures
• Relative mass neutron of a
• Covalent properties giant structures atoms bonded strong bonds
• Atomic number protons/electrons what is
• High physical properties metals melting boiling points shiny
• Atoms charge number protons electrons cancel
• Mass number protons neutrons atom
• Metals non-metals tend electrons form full outer shells
• Shows advantages disadvantages 3d models arrangement ions size
• Bonds covalent atoms properties structure bonding graphite high
• Structure carbon properties bonding diamond shiny transparent high
• Mass relative atomic elements number atom carbon
• Number element's electron arrangement linked position periodic table
• Strong electrostatic forces metal ions delocalised electrons
• Mass atom found nucleus of
• Number isotope forms element protons atomic neutrons mass
• Ion atom positively negatively charged lost gained electrons
• Bond element/compound hold atoms what
• Strong covalent bonds how are
• Atom ion terms shells stable complete outer electrons
• Metal non-metal ionic bond electrons transferred electrostatic force
• Fullerene molecules carbon surface area catalysts shaped closed
• Nanotubes fullerenes tiny cylinders graphene conduct electricity high
• Forms buckminsterfullerene molecular formula c60 hollow sphere made
• Mendeleev arrange elements periodic table groups columns based
• Nucleus subatomic particles atom protons neutrons middle electrons
• Boiling point water 100°c of
• Fractional distillation separating liquids what
• Gas solid depostion =>
• Soluble substance dissolve a that
• Freezing point water 0°c of
• Simple distillation separating liquid solvent solution
• States matter solid liquid gas
• Methods purifying water filtration sedimentation chlorination
• State physical particles changed arrangement movement amount energy
• Concentration amount unit volume of
• Movement particles gas fast directions
• Molecule group atoms bonded a
• Arrangement particles liquid close random
• Solution equation solute solid solvent liquid
• Insoluble describes substance dissolve a
• Movement particles solid vibrate fixed position
• Energy liquid gas solid than
• Energy solid smallest amount stored
• Solute substance dissolves liquid form solution
• Substance pure completely made single element compound
• Solid gas sublimation =>
• Melting point temperature solid turns liquid
• Forces hold ions electrostatic what
• Energy gas largest amount stored
• Chromatography separating technique separate soluble substances. 
• Chromatography purity test what can
• Energy substance gas transferred surroundings particles liquid
• Kind electron arrangement stable full outer shell
• Atoms elements numbers subatomic particles
• Types distillation fractional simple what
• Energy substance solid transferred particles surroundings
• Phases chromatography how many does
• Concentrated solution large number particles solute solvent
• Amount saturated solution maximum solute dissolve solvent temperature
• Area diffusion movement particles high concentration low
• Material combinations substances what is
• Molecules groups atoms held covalent bonds
• Stationary phase chromatography piece filter paper
• Substance made matter/particles is what
• Molecules higher solubility solvent chromatography attracted paper spend
• Energy substance liquid transferred surroundings particles
• Chemical properties easily reversible makes e.g sour milk
• Kinds elements form molecules non-metals
• Affects amount time molecules spend phase chromatography soluble
• Dilute solution small number particles solute solvent
• Particles suspension mixture liquid solid dissolve
• Residue material remaining filter mixture passed
• Factors change rate diffusion temperature concentration surface area
• Filtrate solution passed filter a
• Movement particles liquid move of
• Melting sort point mixture range
• Melting sort point pure substance specific
• Arrangement particles solid close regular
• Solvent liquid solute dissolves in
• Solution mixture formed solute dissolved solvent
• Compound substance made elements chemically bonded
• Mobile phase chromatography solvent what
• Desalination producing pure water sea
• Chemical analysis reactions sensitive machines identify measure substances
• Arrangement particles gas random of
• Physical reversed chemical properties substances change
• Type state changes?  physical response forces energy
• Mixture elements compounds mixed intermingle pure substance
• Boiling point temperature liquid turns gas
• Water pure mineral tap seawater them 
• Distance travelled rf ratio dissolved substance solvent. 
• Rf distance travelled formula solute solvent 

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