Clinical Laboratory Science (Clinical Chemistry)

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• Michaelis-menten equation v vmax s km+s
• Enzyme category aldolase belong lyases
• Hrs ck-mb ast ld peak levels enzymes mi
• Routine measurement electrolytes measure ions na k cl
• Anion gap reference range mmol/l
• Na k imbalances end stage renal disease hyponatremia
• Hormone abundant adenohypophysis growth most
• Hypopituitarism caused ischemic necrosis due blood loss hypovlemic
• Main form glycosylated hb hba 1c
• Glucose renal threshold mg/dl 160-180
• Proinsulin converted insulin removal c-peptide
• Favism g6pd deficiency known as
• Glucose phosphatase deficiency glycogen storage disease ia von
• Amylo-1,4 glucosidase(acid maltase/acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency glycogen storage disease
• Amylo-1,6 glucosidase(debranching enzyme deficiency glycogen storage disease iii
• Amylopectinase(glycogen branching enzyme deficiency glycogen storage disease iv
• Muscle phosphorylase deficiency glycogen storage disease v mcardle
• Glycogen liver phosphorylase deficiency storage disease vi
• Phosphofructokinase deficiency glycogen storage disease vii tarui
• Glycogen transporter deficiency storage disease xi fanconi-bickel
• Glycogen synthase deficiency storage disease type
• Deficiency enzymes lead galactosemia glactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase galactokinase
• 200mg/dl random plasma glucose fbs 125mg/dl 2hour point
• Onset dm pregnancy gestational diabetes mellitus
• Standard ogtt glucose load grams
• Ogtt glucose load children 1.75g/kg body weight 75g
• Hba forms glycated/glycosylated hemoglobin 1a 1b 1c
• B irreversible attachment glucose hba1 reversible
• Reflects long term blood glucose previous months hba
• Reflects short term blood glucose previous weeks fructosamine
• Specimen choice glycosylated hb non-fasting blood edta
• Method reference glucose analysis hexokinase-g6pd
• Reduction copper nelson-somogyi b ferric c condensation d
• Reduction copper folin-wu b ferric c condensation d
• Reduction copper neocupreine b ferric c condensation d
• Reduction b ferric hagedorn-jensen copper c condensation d
• Reduction c condensation o-toluidine method copper b ferric
• Reduction d enzymatic glucose oxidase method copper b
• Give indicator enzyme hexokinase measured product g6pd nadph
• Bonds molecular tags ester in
• Endogenous tag transporter vldl
• Exogenous tag transporter chylomicrons
• Carrier cholesterol hdl ldl for
• Lipid major constituent cell membrane phospholipid
• Forms cholesterol esterified free 2
• Cholesterol accounts total ester to
• Transitional form vldl idl intermediate density lipoproteins
• Apoprotein b-48 chylomicron mainly contains
• Apolipoprotein b100 vldl ldl mainly
• Apolipoprotein b199 idl mainly contains
• Composed protein phospholipid cholesterol tag hdl
• Sinkingprebeta lipoprotein lp(a
• Beta floating lipoprotein vldl
• Ncep hdl low risk >=60mg/dl
• Ncep cut normal tag level 150mg/dl
• Chemical methods cholesterol liebermann-burchardt salkowski reaction
• End product color liebermann-burchardt cholestadienyl monosulfonic acid green
• End product color salkowski reaction cholestadienyl disulfonic acid
• Tag vldl conversion factor friedewald equation mg/dl mmol/l
• Deposition glucocerebroside res gaucher's disease
• Accumulation sphingomyelin lysosomes niemann-pick of
• Protein maintains colloidal oncotic pressure albumin
• Aka transthyretin prealbumin
• Heme transport protein hemopexin
• Protein predicts risk premature birth. normal constituent placenta amniotic
• Give stains serum protein electrophoresis amido black ponceau
• Zone electrophoresis based pi proteins isoelectric focusing
• Color rxn biuret method requires peptide bonds measured
• Dye specific albumin binding method bromcresol purple
• Dye commonly binding method bromcresol green
• Protein marker rise acute mi myoglobin
• Specific protein marker acute mi cardiac troponin i
• Cardiac marker rises response ventricular volume expansion pressure
• Brain natriuretic peptide isolated porcine pigs
• Tumor marker lewis blood group antigen ca
• Ca tumor markers monitor breast px
• Monitor(not diagnose ovarian tumor ca-125
• Marker identify hepatocellular ca afp
• Identifies colorectal ca cea
• Trophoblastic tumors hcg associated with
• Tissue tumor specific psa b c d nb
• Inhibition type inhibitor binds allosteric site non-competitive
• Inhibition type inhibitor binds enzyme-substrate complex uncompetitive
• Order kinetics measurement enzyme reaction b c
• Lactate dehydrogenase subunits isoenzyme types
• Ldh isoenzymes cardiac marker american system ld1 ld2
• Method forward ldh testing give type measurement wacker
• Method due reverse ldh testing give type measurement
• Pronounced elevation ck found px disease duchenne's muscular
• Highest elevation ast alt acute viral hepatitis
• Coenzyme ast alt pyridoxal phosphate p5p
• Substance coenzyme ast alt derived vitamin b6 pyridoxine
• Enzyme indicator  hepatobiliary obstruction alkaline phosphatase
• Highest elevation alp paget's disease osteitis deformans
• Abnormal forms alp carcinoplacental regan nagao
• Enzyme increased breast cancer bone metastasis acp acid
• Method assessment ggt szaz assay
• Aka salivary amylase ptyalin
• Aka pancreatic amylase amylopsin
• Amylase fastest migrating salivary
• Early marker acute pancreatitis amylase
• Specific marker acute pancreatitis lipase
• Cherry crandall method substrate test enzyme olive oil(triolein
• C.1&2 lipase activity dependent surface area substrate presence
• B pseudocholinesterase aka acylcholine acylhydrolase acetylcholinesterase
• Acetylcholinesterase aka acetylcholine acetylhydrolase b pseudocholinesterase
• Specimen assessment g6pd deficiency red cell hemolysate
• Normal bun:crea ratio 10:1 20:1
• Form cholecalciferol humans vitamin d3
• Mg/dl)bun bun urea conversion factor 2.14(mg/dl)urea 0.357(mmol/l)urea
• Conversion urea ammonia due urease
• Chemical method urea analysis diacetlymonoxime
• Method chemical bua analysis caraway aka phosphotungstic acid
• Action uricase uric acid produces allantoin
• Product aa deamination converted urea ammonia
• B.1,2 specimen nh3 analysis collected heparin edta ice
• Renal threshold sodium 110-130mmol/l for
• Schales method indicator test diphenylcarbazone chloride
• Schales principle mercurimetric titration of
• Principle cotlove chloridometer coulometry of
• Ise chloride ag agcl for
• B alkalosis hypokalemia acidosis h+ k+ cell
• Toxicology odor bitter almond cyanide poisoning
• Toxicology odor garlic arsenic poisoning
• Call reversible exchange process betwee hco3 cl chloride
• Defined amount enzyme converts micromole substance minute iu
• Defined amount substance converts mole katal
• Equation expression ph bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system henderson-hasselbach
• Ld1>ld2 flipped ldh pattern b ld1<ld2 c ld1=ld2
• Toffy crystal monosodium urate
• Characterized orange sand diaper babies lesch-nyhan syndrome
• Activator amylase calcium chloride of
• Activator ck magnesium of
• Activator alkaline/acid phosphatases calcium of
• Activator ldh zinc of
• Major npn urea
• Anticoagulant inhibits enolase sodium fluoride
• Normal conc tp spinal fluid relative serum chon
• Conversion factor glucose determination si units mmol/l mg/dl
• Ag cl+hco anion gap eqn na+k na
• Sps inhibits complement cellular activity humoral
• Mg/dl micromol/l conversion factor bilirubin
• State henderson hesselbach equation ph 6.1+log(hco3/h2co3
• Pco2 formula h2co3 from 0.03
• Hco3 h2co3 tco2 formula from
• Vldl delong's equation calculated by(in mg/dl mmol/l tag/6.5
• Calcium magnesium ionized forms biologically active
• Calcium analysis reference method aas
• Divalent cations decrease tetany nb ca mg
• Sodium ise membrane glass
• Ise potassium carrier molecule valinomycin
• Aka cholecalciferol vitamin d
• Active form vitamin d 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
• Highest increase ldh found pernicious anemia
• Gold standard gfr inulin clearance
• Mg/dl hba1c excess equivalent added plasma glucose
• Labile enzyme low temperature ldh nb stable room
• Protein fraction unique csf tau transferrin
• Lipid profile total cholesterol tag ldl hdl
• Phosphorus a/an relationship calcium inverse b direct a.inverse
• Read ammonium molybdate method phosphate analysis phosphomolybdate complex
• Method aka ammonium molybdate p fiske subarrow
• Call regular fluctuation exhibited serum iron diurnal variation
• Iron storage protein ferritin
• Iron transport protein transferrin
• Iron index increased deficiency anemia total binding capacity
• Product glucose fermentation lactate of
• Type lactic acidosis caused metabolic processes b
• Type lactic acidosis caused decreased oxygen levels
• Substance greatest effect osmolality sodium
• Point pressure enumerate colligiative properties solution boiling freezing
• Principle osmometers freezing point depression
• Serum osmolality reference range mosm/kg
• Organs responsible ph control kidney lungs
• Ratio bicarbonate carbonic acid of
• Carbonic catalyzes conversion carbon dioxide acid subsequently bicarbonate
• Biochemically active form enzyme holoenzyme
• Carbonic acid bicarbonate ratio to
• Primary alkalosis hyperventilation cause of
• Electrode abg oxygen measurement clark
• Electrode abg carbon dioxide measurement severinghaus
• Releation median mode normalized distribution mean=median=mode
• Electrophoresis oligoclonal bands csf indicative multiple sclerosis
• Fire classification arsenal class e
• Fire classification electrical class c
• Fire classification fats oil grease class k
• Mg/dl micromol/l conversion factor creatinine
• Ng/dl pmol/l conversion factor t4
• Serum separator gel thixotropic
• Catalyzes bilirubin conjugation udp(uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase
• Deficiency udp glucuronyl transferase crigler najjar syndrome
• Brain deposition unconjugated bilirubin kernicterus
• Intake aspirin viral infection reye's syndrome
• Enzyme marker cholestasis alp for
• Jendrassik-grof method spm colored product measured green-blue 600nm
• Jendrassik-grof method accelerator caffeine-sodium benzoate
• Principle bilirubin determination diazotization for
• Substances erroneous results urobilinogen measurement porphobilinogen ehrlich-reactive
• Catecholamine inhibits prolactin release dopamine
• Inhibits gh tsh secretion somatostatin
• Aka somatoliberin/somatocrinin growth hormone-releasing hormone
• Stimulates prolactin release trh
• Adh oxytocin produced hypothalamus where
• Adh oxytocin stored posterior pituitary gland
• Axons group neurons oxytocin stored paraventricular nucleus
• Axons group neurons vasopressin stored supraoptic nucleus
• Major mineralocorticoid aldosterone
• Major glucocorticoid cortisol
• Aldosterone production controlled renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
• Converts angiotensinogen angiotensin i renin
• Angiotensin converts i ii converting enzyme
• Ace found surface lung kidney epithelium
• End product epinephrine norepinephrie metabolism vanillylmandelic acid
• End product dopamine metabolism homovanillic acid
• Malignant tumor adrenal medulla neuroblastoma
• Base molecule catecholamine synthesis tyrosine
• Potent female sex hormone estradiol
• Estrogen fraction elevated pregnancy estriol
• Potent androgen testosterone most
• Precursor estrogens androgen of all
• Feedback mechanism childbirth positive oxytocin
• Feedback mechanism hormone regulation  negative
• Thyroid major protein carrier hormone binding globulin
• Hormone increase gastric hcl secretion gastrin
• Condition caharacterized elevated gastrin level due tumor zollinger-ellison
• Base molecule serotonin synthesis tryptophan
• Confirmatory test drugs gc-ms for
• Normal pco2 mmhg value 35-45
• Normal po2 mmhg value 80-100
• Normal bicarbonate mmol/l value 21-26
• Normal ph value 7.35-7.45
• Binding protein acidic drugs albumin
• Binding protein basic drugs alpha-1 acid glycoprotein
• Doses drug assess peak trough levels
• Reference method alcohol measurement gas-liquid chromatography
• Method measure cyanide ise to
• Method measure arsenic aas to
• Method measure salicylate trinder reaction
• Visible light spectrum nm 400-700
• Principle spectrophotometry beer's law in
• Measurement light scattering nephelometry of
• Measurement decrease transmitted light solution turbidimetry
• Polarography employs electrochemical cell an
• Ise carrier ammonium nonactin monactin
• C coulometry based faraday's law amperometry b potentiometry
• Machine quantitates fractionated protein electrophoresis densitometer
• Principle clark electrode amperometry of
• Principle severinghaus electrode voltametry of
• Enzyme kinetics model rate reaction dependent substrate concentration
• Constant michaelis menten equation signifies substrate concentration reaction
• Jaundice hours physiologic b pathologic appearance post partum
• Equation important electrochemistry calculate potential ion membrane nernst
• Sweat true test measurement chloride induced pilocarpine screening
• D bilirubin tests elevated hemolysis potassium b ldh
• B g6pd rate controlling enzyme pentose phosphate pathway
• C pyruvate kinase enzyme part embden-meyerhof pathway deficiency
• Pathway glycolysis embden-meyerhof b pentose phosphate c urea
• Transport protein copper ceruloplasmin for
• Deficiency ceruloplasmin progressive lenticular degeneration copper accumulation wilson's
• Dark rings encircle iris eye due copper deposition
• Reduced glutathione combat oxidative stress maintained state generated
• Enzyme class cleaves chemical bond addition water lyases
• Call renal calculus formed precipitation minerals potentiated proteus
• Conversion factor meq/l mmol/l monovalent electrolytes
• Type c differential diabetes mellitus c-peptide b auto-antibodies
• Method reference total protein kjeldahl
• Method ammonia measurement conway for
• Tests alp fractionation heat stability electrophoresis
• Pathologic isozenzymes nagao regan similar normal isoenzyme placental
• Alp alkaline electrophoresis list fractions anodal liver bone
• Heat alp stability labile bone
• B reverse ck ldh reaction faster forward
• Specimen glucose loss room temperature mg/dl/hour
• Specimen glucose loss degrees celsius mg/dl/hour
• Product incomplete glucuronization bilirubin monoglucoronide
• Bilirubin:udp-gt ratio incomplete glucuronization in
• Bilirubin:udp-gt ratio complete glucuronization in
• Converts galactose glucose galactose-1-po4-uridyltransferase to
• Enzyme converts nh3 urea ornithine carbamyl transferase
• Protein transport bilirubin liver ligandin z
• Bilirubin conjugated serum bound albumin producing biliprotein delta
• Defective transport bilirubin entire liver tissue due deficient
• Defective excretion bilirubin stool urine canalicular damage hepatic
• Defective excretion bilirubin due viral etiology rotor's syndrome
• Colorimetric reaction measurement nitrogenous substances nesslerization
• Acid sulfanilic call substance dissolved nitrous diazotized
• Minutes diazotized sulfanilic acid specimen incubated accelerator/solubilizing agent
• Indirect van den bergh reaction measures total bilirubin
• B calculated unconjugated bilirubin measured
• Diseased indiv formula diagnostic sensitivity positive test total
• Indiv formula diagnostic specificity disease negative test total
• Test determine statistically significant difference sd groups data
• Statistics kind compare means sd groups data inferential
• Sd difference data point divided group's standard deviation
• Specimen chart compares results obtained abscissa ordinate youden/twin
• Measure systematic errors inaccuracy caused substances analyte interference
• Concentration range measured equal actual modification method linear/dynamic
• Shows method measures analytes part estimates inaccuracy systematic
• Positive possibility test disease predictive
• Probability negative test absence disease
• Planck's formula e hv =
• Range wavelengths accurately measured alumina silica glass nm
• Internal standard fes lithium/cesium for
• Internal standard aas none/not needed
• Stabilize complexes phosphate aas lanthanum/strontium chloride
• B slower electrophoresis stronger ionic strength buffer movement
• Resulting data obtained gc-ms termed fragmentogram
• Detects inborn errors metabolism single blood spot tandem
• Kind planar chromatography drug screening tlc
• Liquid chromatography high performance most
• Complementary method gc-ms sued confirm positive results screening
• Chromatography type based relative solubility liquids partition
• Equation primarily polarography ilkovic the
• Measurement differences current constant voltage polarography
• Voltametry type pb fe testing anodic stripping
• Glassware special alumina silcate glass strengthened chemically thermally. 
• Glassware utilized high thermal shock extreme chemical treatment
• Methods verify pipette volume accuracy precision gravimetric spectrometric
• Substance compare reproducibility brands pipette tips phenol red
• Dichromate cleaning solution glassware acid potassium nitric sulfuric
• Gh tests diurnal variation lower level mornings cortisol
• Test artery determine ulnar capable adequate perfusion radial
• Tube collect blood tests therapeutic drug monitoring gel
• Anticoagulant fluoride tubes potassium oxalate
• Length skin puncture lancet 1.75mm
• Anticoagulants interfere bun measurements fluoride oxalate
• B pco2 heparin false increase parameters po2
• Versene k edta is known
• Sequestrene k edta is known
• K ideal specimen potassium measurement heparinized plasma nb
• Respinning gel tubes false increase electrolyte potassium
• Insulin growth factor somatomedin also
• Respiration deep rapid characteristic diabetic acidosis kussmaul-kien
• Diagnostic criteria hypoglycemia whipple's triad
• Ratio beta hydroxybutyrate acetoacetate severe dm
• Aka brittle diabetes type dm
• Person autoantibodies directed substances make develop dm type1
• Autoantibody common children dm type anti insulin
• Autoantibody common adults dm type gad65
• Aka stable diabetes dm type
• Untreated type dm patients glucose >300mg/dl result nonketotic
• Difference arterial venous glucose levels mg/dl
• Reagent folin wu phosphomolybdate for
• Reagent nelson-somogyi copper reduction arsenomolybdate
• Yellow end result neocuproine method orange
• Benedict's method modification folin wu
• Glucose dose iv tolerance test 0.5g kg body
• Dietary requirement ogtt >150g carbohydrates/day days prior testing
• Diagnostic criteria dm hba 1c  to
• Ngsp measurement hba1c certified method meaning national glycohemoglobin
• Prediabetes levels hba1c of 5.7-6.4
• Common enzyme deficiency patients galactosemia galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase
• Autosomal recessive disorder characterizd fructokinase deficiency essential fructosuria
• Fructose defect 1-6-biphosphate aldolase b activity hereditary intolerance
• Types gsd muscular defect andersen tarui
• Normal beta hydroxybutyrate acetoacetate ratio
• Aka lecithin phosphatidylcholine
• Phospholipid membranes derived glycerol sphingosine sphingomylein
• Hydrophilic hydrophobic cholesterol b c amphipathic c.amphipathic nb
• Cholesterol esterification form ester lysolecithin enzyme lecithin acyl
• Activator lcat apo-a1 of
• Excess cholestero re-esterified microsomal enzyme acyl:cholesterol acyl transferase
• Bloors/two step method cholesterol measurement employs extraction colorimetry
• Cdc reference method cholesterol measurement utilizes steps saponification
• Cdc reference method cholesterol measurement saponifying agent color
• Triacylglycerol a.hydrophilic b hydrophobic c amphipathic b.hydrophobic
• Breakdown tag facilitated enzyme lipoprotein lipase
• Acetic liebermann burchardt reagent composed glacial acid anhydride
• Cdc reference method tag measurement modified van handel
• Structural motif apolipoproteins proteins ability bind lipids amphipathic
• Vitamin depends solely lipoproteins fro absorption delivery e
• Abnormal protein found obstructive jaundice lcat deficiency lpx
• Electrophoretic pattern lipoprotein electrophoresis anodal hdl vldl ldl
• Cdc reference method hdl determination step ultracentrifugation heparin
• Popular method hdl quantitation homogenous assay
• Serum preferred sample lipoprotein methodologies separator tubes
• Specimen choice lipprotein ultracentrifugation electrophoresis edta plasma
• Beta quantification combines methodologies ultracentrifugation chemical precipitation
• Aka abetalipoproteinemia bassen-kornzweiz syndrome
• Inherited neurodegenerative disorder resulting accumulation sphingolipids brain tay-sachs
• Tay-sach's disease characterized deficiency enzyme hexosaminidase
• Vitamin fat soluble deficient abetalipoproteinemia d
• Complete absence hdl due mutation abca1 gene chromosome
• Process fluorescence analyte reduced due excited molecule losing
• Structure protein maintained electrovalent linkages hydrogen bonds disulfide
• Alpha acid glycoprotein orsomucoid 1
• Alpha acid glycoprotein greatest affinity substance progesterone
• Hemopexin strongest affinity substance heme
• Alpha glycoprotein similar structure immunoglobulins light heavy chains
• Largest major non-immunoglobulin plasma alpha macroglobulin
• Common dialysis amyloidosis beta microglobulin
• Size smallest enzyme amylase daltons
• Protein appears distinct band beta gamma globulins fibrinogen
• Protein serum electrophoresis appears distinct band beta gamma
• Abundant complement c3 most
• Largest complement protein c1
• Serum banding appearing csf indicative leukemia lymphoma viral
• Aminoacidopathy characterized impaired activity cystathionine beta synthetase homocystinuria
• Aminoacidopathy characterized reduced absence alpha ketoacid decarboxylase maple
• Prime metabolite pku phenylpyruvic acid
• Tyrosinemia accmpanied substances blood methionine p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
• Reference method urea analysis isotope dilution mass spectrometry
• Aka creatine alpha methyl guanidoacetic acid
• Composition lloyd's reagent sodium aluminum silicate
• Composition fuller's earth reagent aluminum magnesium silicate
• Reference method creatinine determination isotope dilution mass spectrometry
• Renal b insensitive plasma creatinine marker disease sensitive
• Elevated concentration npn blood azotemia
• Renal common pre azotemia decreased blood flow
• Mechanism post renal azotemia back diffusion urea circulation
• Precursor uric acid xanthine immediate
• Definitive diagnosis gout birefringent crystals synovial fluid
• Lesch nyhan syndrome inborn error purine metabolism characterized
• Uric acid peak absorbance wavelength nm
• Uric acid mode measurement step enzymatic assay determination
• Reference method uric acid determination isotope dilution mass
• Simplest test renal concentrating ability specific gravity
• Normal urine serum osmolality ratio
• X na mmol/l formula computing serum osmolality glucose
• Gap osmolality measured calculated called osmolal
• Osmolal gap caused accumulation electrolyte solutions serum
• Amount blood received liver minute 15ml/min
• Serum electrophoretic pattern gamma spike indicative multiple myeloma
• Serum electrophoretic pattern beta gamma bridging indicative hepatic
• Serum electrophoretic pattern alpha globulin band spike indicative
• Serum electrophoretic pattern alpha globulin flat curve indicative
• Normal a/g ratio 1 1.3
• Heme converts biliverdin oxygenase to
• Familial form unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia caused circulating inhibitor bilirubin
• Level ictersia visible mg/dl mg/l
• Function ascorbic acid jendrassic grof terminates initial reaction
• Incubation time measurment total bilirubin addition accelerator minutes
• Dose rosenthal white method 2mg/kg body weight
• Dose mac donald method mg/kg bw
• Minutes collection time rosenthal white method post injection
• Time specimen colection mac donald method minutes
• Minutes retention mac normal bsp rosenthal donald  donald
• Nv urine urobilinogen ehrlich units/2hour
• Important mechanism ammonia toxicity lowering concentration gamma aminobutyric
• Berthelot reagent composed phenol hypochlorite
• Product ammonia reacted berthelot reagent indophenol blue
• Albumin split band spe producing bisalbuminemia
• Ldh isoenzyme found lungs ld3
• Decreased ldh/hbd ratio significant diagnosis myocardial infarction
• Arrange ld isoenzymes abundant serum
• Substrate exhibiting high specificity prostatic acp thymolphthalein monophosphate
• Substrate acp endpoint thymolphthalein monophosphate
• Substrate choice quantitative endpoint acp determination thymolphthalein monophosphate
• Substrate choice acp kinetic continuous monitoring assays alpha
• Temperature increase coefficient q10 degrees celsius two-fold enzyme
• Small increases product easier measure b decreases large
• Substrate concentration needed achieve order kinetics x k
• Liberate inorganic phosphate ester organic b function alkaline
• Blood group increases intestinal alp consumption fatty meal
• Substance inhibits regan alp phenylalanine
• Substance inhibits nagao alp phenylalanine l-leucine
• Specific method alp quantitation bowers mccomb szasz modification
• Buffer bowers-mccomb method 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol amp
• Phosphorus function amp buffer binds nb inhibitor
• Ph optimum acp of 5.0
• Substrate roy hillman acp thymolphthalein monophosphate
• Substrate babson read phillips alpha naphthyl phosphate
• Inhibitor prostatic acp 20mm l-tartrate
• Inhibitor rbc acp 1mm cuso  and formaldehyde
• Enzymatic method measurement aminotransferases karmen
• Coupled enzymatic reaction aminotransferases state 1.color developer/intensifier 2.end
• Severe viral toxic hepatitis produce elevations transferase times
• Ratio alt:ast deritis other name
• De ritis ratio acute hepatitis
• Predominant pancreatic amylase isoenzyme acute pancreatitis p3
• Classic reference method amylase saccharogenic
• Inhibitor salivary amylase isoenzyme wheat germ lectin
• Condition ams combines ig macroamylasemia
• Lipase reference method cherry crandal
• Commonly method measuring lipase peroxidase coupling
• Predominant ld cancer marker ld3
• Ld6 6th band ldh electrophoresis alcohol dehydrogenase
• Ld isoenzyme prefers forward reaction ld1
• Ld isoenzyme prefers reverse reaction ld-5
• Reaction ph wacker method of
• Reaction ph wrobleuski la due
• Substrate ldh addition lactate alpha hydroxybutyrate
• Alpha hydroxybutyrate represents activity enzyme ld1
• Reaction ph tanzer-gilvarg of 9.0
• Reaction ph oliver-rosalki of 6.8
• Released hemolysed rbcs interferes ck assay adenylate kinase
• Inhibit adenylate kinase adenosine monophosphate
• Reducing agent ck reagent reverse oxidation sulfhydryl groups
• Reference method ck electrophoresis for
• Enyzme splits fructose diphosphate triose phosphate molecules aldolase
• Aldolase isoenzyme found wbc b
• Aldolase isoenzyme found brain c
• Ggt enzyme differentiate source increased alp nb elevated
• Common electrolyte disorder hyponatremia most
• Membrane potential effect hyperkalemia cell increased potassium decreases
• Potassium sodium low effect levels lowers nb stimulate
• Titrant end product whitehorn titration hg(scn)2 reddish complex
• Whitehorn titration spectrophotometric test chloride
• Principle cotlove chloridometer coulometric amperometric titration
• Calcium maximally absorbed part small intestine duodenum
• Clark precipitation ferro acid reagent collip ham oxalic
• Total mg/dl nv ionized calcium ica
• Glucose phosphate substances involved insulin mediated entry cells
• Element measured end product calmagite method mg reddish-violet
• Dye lake method mg titan yellow
• Anion gap primarily detection acid-base imbalance metabolic acidosis
• Phophorus maximally absorbed part small intestine jejunum
• Rapid compensation occurs type acid base imbalance metabolic
• Complete compensation occurs type acid base imbalance respiratory
• Acid forms eliminated body titrable h+ ammonium
• Form acidosis greater efflux potassium metabolic
• Acid base disorders affected compensation metabolic alkalosis
• Anticoagulant/blood ratio abg heparin/ml blood
• Beri-beri caused deficiency thiamine is
• Vitamin source fadh riboflavin of
• Core sterols steroid hormones cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene
• Transport protein gauge intravascular hemolysis decrease increased hemolysis
• Increase pco2 o2 decrease d effect exposure arterial
• Kober reaction assay progesterone the
• Assay employed 17-ketosteroids steroids react m-dinitrobenzene alcoholic koh
• Medication choice treatment manic-depression lithium carbonate
• Marked increase 5-hiaa excretion occurs patients argentaffinoma
• Test evaluate conjugation function liver hippuric acid quick's
• Rough estimate bilirubin content newborns icterus index potassium
• Left standing ammonia levels falsely due elevated deamination
• Concentration bilirubin serum acquire dark yellow color mg/dl
• Biochemical pathway responsible greatest portion drug metabolism mixed
• Conversion factor calcium mg/dl mmol/l
• Conversion factor cholesterol mg/dl mmol/l
• Conversion factor tag mg/dl mmol/l
• Conversion factor bua mg/dl mmol/l
• Ammonia signifcant source contamination measurement cigarette smoking
• Danger kernicterus certainty levels exceeding mg/dl
• Levels bilirubin interfere assays albumin tp cholesterol mg/dl
• Alpha globulins haptoblobin ceruloplasmin alpha-2-macroglobulin
• Type hyperlipoproteinemia beta vldl accumulate
• High ncep range cholesterol desirable borderline
• Ncep triglyceride high level mg/dl
• Contamination dextrose increase glucose sample blood mg/dl
• Degree fever pco  will increase 3%/degree
• Degree fever po  will decrease 7%/degree
• Drugs derived plants genus erythroxylon cocaine
• Cocaine derived erythroxylon spp is
• Alcohol inhibits hormone adh what
• Hangover symptoms effect substance acetaldehyde
• Antidote alcoholic mania diazepam  for
• Antidote isopropanol activated charcoal for
• Toxicity arsenic due high affinity thiol groups proteins
• Heavy metal significant environmental pollutant electroplating galvanizing cadmium
• Poisoning drop heavy metal characteristic wrist foot manifestation
• Toxicity mercury due binding sulfhydryl groups proteins
• Mercury inhibits enzyme catechol o-methyltransferase comt
• Cocaine sudden death due direct toxicity tissue myocardium
• C antitussive methaqualone stimulant b anti-convulsant d analgesic
• Amino acid precursor thyroid hormones tyrosine
• Blood alcohol level coma death
• Blood alcohol level impairment motor skills
• Blood alcohol level impairment conciousness inability stand walk
• Blood alcohol level loss critical judgment memory impairment
• Blood alcohol level strong impairment motor skills mental
• Blood alcohol level obvious impairment function
• Legal intoxication blood alcohol concentration mg/dl whiskey ounces
• Arsenic high affinity structural protein keratin
• Prominent drug benzodiazepines valium most
• Accuracy t test compares b precision c d
• B precision f test compares accuracy c d
• X formula rcf rpm  x r
• Angle head centrifuge pof degrees
• Centrifuge calibrate rpm timer disinfect months weekly
• Wavelength calibration didymium filter cobalt chloride potassium dichromate
• Dilution serum flame emission photometry
• Optional layers kodak ektachem scavenger indicator
• Continuous flow analyzers reactants separated air bubbles
• Major problem continuous flow analyzers significant carry overs
• Sample dose tdm peak trough minutes
• Sodium fluoride antiglycolytic substance:blood ratio 2mg/ml blood
• Sodium fluoride anticoagulant ac:blood ratio 6-10mg/ml blood
• Photolabile analytes cc bilirubin ck
• Greater lipemic serum tag levels mg/dl
• Ck elevated hemolyzed blood adenylate kinase cross reacts
• Added fix interference adenylate kinase adenosine monophosphate
• Ability method maintain accuracy precision extended period time
• Defined closeness agreement results successive intruments carried condition
• Defined closeness agreement results measurements performed changed conditions
• Degree method easily repeated practicability
• Material concentration calibrate instrument standard
• Patient material resembles specimen analyzed samples determine acceptability

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