| 正面 | 1052.civil 英 ['sɪv(ə)l; -ɪl]美 ['sɪvl]     |
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| 背面 |     释义： 1. posit- + -ive.2. etymologically means 'placed down, laid down', hence 'emphatically asserted'.3. from Latin, meaning 'settled by agreement'.4. => dealing only with facts, absolute, expressed without qualification, confident in opinion, concentrating on what is constructive and good.5. placed down, laid down: 着实、敲定、确定下来，或者主观、武断地确定下来，或者主观地认为确定下来了。6. 即：由字面、词源含义(placed down, laid down)引申表示为：主观心理的、客观实际的放下来了、确定下来的、定下来了。7. 主观心理的其实就是认为确定下来了、定下来了，由此引申为：确信的，自信的，有把握的；进一步引申为：怀有希望的，往好的方向走的；进一步引申为：积极的(而非消极的，就是一种乐观的、正面的认为确定下来了)；由此进一步引申为更宽泛的、广义的、各行业的“积极的”含义：阳性的，正数的，刚性的，向性的，趋性的等含义。8. 该词的反义词为：negative.adj. 公民的；民间的；文职的；有礼貌的；根据民法的n. (Civil)人名；(土)吉维尔；(法)西维尔 例句： 1. The strike has taken on overtones of a civil rights campaign.罢工带上了民权运动的意味。 civil 民用的来自拉丁语civilis,市民的，来自civis,市民，来自PIE*kei,躺，休息，词源同home,city. civilcivil: [14] Latin cīvis ‘citizen’ had two adjectival derivatives which have passed into English: cīvicus, source of civic [16], and cīvīlis, from which, via Old French, we get civil. Of its derivatives, civility [14] comes from Latin cīvīlitās, but civilize [17] and civilian [14] are French creations.=> civilize, citycivil (adj.)late 14c., "relating to civil law or life; pertaining to the internal affairs of a state," from Old French civil "civil, relating to civil law" (13c.) and directly from Latin civilis "relating to a citizen, relating to public life, befitting a citizen," hence by extension "popular, affable, courteous;" alternative adjectival derivation of civis "townsman" (see city). The sense of "polite" was in classical Latin, from the courteous manners of citizens, as opposed to those of soldiers. But English did not pick up this nuance of the word until late 16c. "Courteous is thus more commonly said of superiors, civil of inferiors, since it implies or suggests the possibility of incivility or rudeness" [OED]. Civil case (as opposed to criminal) is recorded from 1610s. Civil liberty is by 1640s. Civil service is from 1772, originally in reference to the East India Company." |