| 正面 | 439.hard 英 [hɑːd]美 [hɑrd]     |
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| 背面 |      释义： 1、sug- "up" + gest- "bring, carry".2、含义：suggest, supply, bring up.3、最初的字面含义为：heap up, build. 后来演化、引申为：bring forward or bring up an idea, proposal.4、but original English notion of "evil prompting" is preserved in suggestive (1630s, though the indecent aspect did not emerge until 1888).adj. 努力的；硬的；困难的；辛苦的；确实的；严厉的；猛烈的；冷酷无情的adv. 努力地；困难地；辛苦地；接近地；猛烈地；牢固地n. (Hard)人名；(英、芬、瑞典)哈德 例句： 1. When life gets hard and you want to give up, remember that life is full of ups and downs, and without the downs, the ups would mean nothing.当生活很艰难，你想要放弃的时候，请记住，生活充满了起起落落，如果没有低谷，那站在高处也失去了意义。 hard 坚硬的，坚固的，困难的，艰苦的来自古英语heard,坚固的，坚硬的，固定的，来自PIE*ker,硬的，词源同democracy,aristocracy.由坚硬的引申词义顽强的，耐受的，环境艰苦的，困难的等多种词义。可能来自PIE*sker,弯，转，编织，词源同cradle,crown.由编织引申词义团结，坚固。 hardhard: [OE] Hard comes ultimately from a prehistoric Indo-European *krátus, which denoted ‘power, strength’. This original meaning was carried over into Greek krátos ‘strength, power, authority’ (source of the ending -cracy in such English words as democracy and plutocracy), but the Germanic languages took it over mainly in the sense ‘resistant to physical pressure’.The prehistoric Germanic form *kharthuz produced, besides English hard, German hart, Dutch hard, Swedish hård, and Danish haard. The sense ‘difficult’, incidentally, developed in the 14th and 15th century from the notion ‘resistant to one’s efforts’. A Germanic derived verb *kharthjan ‘harden’ was borrowed into Old French as hardir ‘embolden’, and its past participle hardi ‘bold’ reached English as hardy [13].Its main modern sense, ‘robust, tough’, presumably a harking back to its distant English relative hard, developed in the 16th century.=> hardyhard (adj.)Old English heard "solid and firm, not soft," also, "difficult to endure, carried on with great exertion," also, of persons, "severe, rigorous, harsh, cruel," from Proto-Germanic *hardu- (cognates: Old Saxon hard, Old Frisian herd, Dutch hard, Old Norse harðr "hard," Old High German harto "extremely, very," German hart, Gothic hardus "hard"), from PIE *kortu- (cognates: Greek kratos "strength," kratys "strong"), suffixed form of root *kar-/*ker- "hard." Meaning "difficult to do" is from c. 1200. Of water, in reference to the presence of mineral salts, 1650s; of consonants, 1775. Hard of hearing preserves obsolete Middle English sense of "having difficulty in doing something." In the sense "strong, spiritous, fermented" from 1789 (as in hard cider, etc.), and this use probably is the origin of that in hard drugs (1955). Hard facts is from 1853; hard news in journalism is from 1918. Hard copy (as opposed to computer record) is from 1964; hard disk is from 1978; the computer hard drive is from 1983. Hard times "period of poverty" is from 1705. Hard money (1706) is specie, as opposed to paper. Hence 19c. U.S. hard (n.) "one who advocates the use of metallic money as the national currency" (1844). To play hard to get is from 1945. Hard rock as a pop music style recorded from 1967. To do something the hard way is from 1907.hard (adv.)Old English hearde "firmly, severely," from hard (adj.). Meaning "with effort or energy, with difficulty" is late 14c." |