| 正面 | 2644.rough 英 [rʌf]美 [rʌf]     |
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| 背面 |     释义： 1. draft is spelling variant of draught.adj. 粗糙的；粗略的；粗野的；艰苦的；未经加工的vt. 使粗糙；粗暴对待；草拟n. 艰苦；高低不平的地面；未经加工的材料；粗糙的部分vi. 举止粗野adv. 粗糙地；粗略地；粗暴地n. (Rough)人名；(英)拉夫 例句： 1. The company I work for went through a rough patch.我所在的公司经历了一段困难时期。 rough 粗糙的，粗鲁的，粗野的来自古英语 ruh,粗糙的，粗布的，多毛的，来自 Proto-Germanic*rukhaz,碎裂的，来自 PIE*reue, 粉碎，碎开，敲击，词源同 ruin,rag.引申诸相关词义。 roughrough: [OE] Rough goes back to a prehistoric West Germanic *rūkhwaz, which also produced German rauh and Dutch ruw. Despite the similarity of form and sense, ruffian is not related, and there is no evidence that ruffle is either.rough (n.)c. 1200, "broken ground," from rough (adj.). Meaning "a rowdy" is first attested 1837. Specific sense in golf is from 1901. Phrase in the rough "in an unfinished or unprocessed condition" (of timber, etc.) is from 1819.rough (adj.)Old English ruh "rough, coarse (of cloth); hairy, shaggy; untrimmed, uncultivated," from West Germanic *rukhwaz "shaggy, hairy, rough" (cognates: Middle Dutch ruuch, Dutch ruig, Old High German ruher, German rauh), from Proto-Germanic *rukhaz, from PIE *reue- (2) "to smash, knock down, tear out, dig up" (cognates: Sanskrit ruksah "rough;" Latin ruga "wrinkle," ruere "to rush, fall violently, collapse," ruina "a collapse;" Lithuanian raukas "wrinkle," rukti "to shrink"). The original -gh- sound was guttural, as in Scottish loch. Sense of "approximate" is first recorded c. 1600. Of places, "riotous, disorderly, characterized by violent action," 1863. Rough draft is from 1690s. Rough-and-ready is from 1810, originally military; rough-and-tumble (1810) is from a style of free-fighting.rough (v.)late 15c., from rough (adj.). Related: Roughed; roughing. Phrase rough it "submit to hardships" (1768) is originally nautical: To lie rough; to lie all night in one's clothes: called also roughing it. Likewise to sleep on the bare deck of a ship, when the person is commonly advised to chuse the softest plank. [Grose, "Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue," 1788] To rough out "shape or plan approximately" is from 1770. To rough up "make rough" is from 1763. To rough (someone) up "beat up, jostle violently" is from 1868. The U.S. football penalty roughing was originally a term from boxing (1866)." |