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Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary cul·ture
ETYMOLOGY Middle English, cultivated land, cultivation, from Anglo-French, from Latin cultura, from cultus, past participle DATE 15th century 1. cultivation , tillage 2. the act of developing the intellectual and moral faculties especially by education 3. expert care and training beauty culture 4. a. enlightenment and excellence of taste acquired by intellectual and aesthetic training b. acquaintance with and taste in fine arts, humanities, and broad aspects of science as distinguished from vocational and technical skills 5. a. the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations b. the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group; also : the characteristic features of everyday existence (as diversions or a way of life) shared by people in a place or time popular culture southern culture c. the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or organization a corporate culture focused on the bottom line d. the set of values, conventions, or social practices associated with a particular field, activity, or societal characteristic studying the effect of computers on print culture changing the culture of materialism will take time — Peggy O'Mara 6. the act or process of cultivating living material (as bacteria or viruses) in prepared nutrient media; also : a product of such cultivation
transitive verb DATE 1510 1. cultivate 2. a. to grow in a prepared medium b. to start a culture from English Etymology culture mid-15c., "the tilling of land," from L. cultura, from pp. stem of colere "tend, guard, cultivate, till" (see cult). The figurative sense of "cultivation through education" is first attested c.1500. Meaning "the intellectual side of civilization" is from 1805; that of "collective customs and achievements of a people" is from 1867. "For without culture or holiness, which are always the gift of a very few, a man may renounce wealth or any other external thing, but he cannot renounce hatred, envy, jealousy, revenge. Culture is the sanctity of the intellect." [William Butler Yeats] Slang culture vulture is from 1947. Culture shock first recorded 1940. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary-牛津双解-OALD7 ☞ culture cul·ture / 5kQltFE(r) / nounWAY OF LIFE 生活方式 1. [U] the customs and beliefs, art, way of life and social organization of a particular country or group 文化,文明(指国家或群体的风俗、信仰、艺术、生活方式及社会组织): European / Islamic / African / American, etc. culture 欧洲、伊斯兰、非洲、美国等文化 working-class culture 工人阶级的文化 2. [C] a country, group, etc. with its own beliefs, etc. 文化(指拥有特定信仰等的国家、群体等): The children are taught to respect different cultures. 孩子们受到的教育叫他们要尊重不同的文化。 the effect of technology on traditional cultures 技术对各种传统文化的影响 ART / MUSIC / LITERATURE 艺术；音乐；文学 3. [U] art, music, literature, etc., thought of as a group 文化(艺术、音乐、文学等的总称): Venice is a beautiful city full of culture and history. 威尼斯是一座具有深厚文化和历史底蕴的美丽城市。 popular culture (= that is enjoyed by a lot of people) 大众文化 the Minister for Culture 文化部长 BELIEFS / ATTITUDES 看法；态度 4. [C, U] the beliefs and attitudes about sth that people in a particular group or organization share 文化(某群体或组织的一致看法和态度): The political cultures of the United States and Europe are very different. 美国的政治观和欧洲的大不相同。 A culture of failure exists in some schools. 在某些学校中存在着失败文化。 company culture 企业文化 We are living in a consumer culture. 我们生活在一种消费文化之中。 GROWING / BREEDING 种植；养殖 5. [U] (technical 术语) the growing of plants or breeding of particular animals in order to get a particular substance or crop from them 种植；栽培；养殖；培育: the culture of silkworms (= for silk) 桑蚕养殖 CELLS / BACTERIA 细胞；细菌 6. [C] (biology 生, medical 医) a group of cells or bacteria, especially one taken from a person or an animal and grown for medical or scientific study, or to produce food; the process of obtaining and growing these cells 培养细胞；培养菌；(为医疗、科研或食品生产而作细胞或细菌的)培养: a culture of cells from the tumour 肿瘤细胞的培养 Yogurt is made from active cultures. 酸奶是由活性培养菌制成的。 to do / take a throat culture 采集喉部培养细胞 verb[VN] (biology 生, medical 医) to grow a group of cells or bacteria for medical or scientific study 培养(细胞或细菌) Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English culture noun 1 customs/ideas/beliefs ADJ. ancient | primitive | dominant | alien, foreign | indigenous, native | local, national | traditional | African, black, Greek, Western, world, etc. These ideas have always been central to Western culture. | rural, urban | mainstream | underground | wider Prisoners are isolated from the wider culture of society at large. | bourgeois, working-class, etc. | street, youth As young people started to have more money, a significant youth culture developed. | dance, drug, football, etc. | academic, business, company, corporate, intellectual, legal, political, professional, religious, scientific, etc. the political culture of the United States | capitalist, computer, consumer, enterprise, materialistic, etc. the development of the enterprise culture in Britain VERB + CULTURE assimilate (sb into) The Romans gradually assimilated the culture of the people they had conquered. Newcomers to the company are soon assimilated into the culture. | create, develop, foster, produce The new director is trying to foster a culture of open communication within the company. CULTURE + VERB develop CULTURE + NOUN group a country containing many language and culture groups | shock She experienced great culture shock when she first came to Europe. PREP. in a/the ~ In some cultures children have an important place. | ~ of The social security system has been accused of producing a culture of dependency. 2 art/literature/music, etc ADJ. contemporary, modern | mass, pop, popular | folk | high | wide | literary, oral Jokes are an important part of our popular, oral culture. PREP. a man/woman of culture She is a woman of wide culture. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus-11th Edition n. Function: noun enlightenment and excellence of taste acquired by intellectual and aesthetic training FF1C;a man of cultureis known by his readingFF1E; Synonyms: breeding, cultivation, polish, refinement Related Words: education, enlightenment, erudition, learning; gentility, manners; discrimination, taste; savoir-faire, sophistication, urbanity; class, elegance Contrasted Words: greenness, ignorance, inexperience, verdancy; crudeness, vulgarity Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged cul·ture I. \ˈkəlchə(r)\ noun (-s) Etymology: Middle English, from Middle French, fr Latin cultura, from cultus (past participle of colere to till, cultivate) + -ura -ure — more at wheel 1. a. : the art or practice of cultivating : the manner or method of cultivating : tillage < we ought to blame the culture, not the soil — Alexander Pope > b. obsolete : cultivated land : a cultivated area 2. : the act of developing by education, discipline, social experience : the training or refining of the moral and intellectual faculties 3. a. : the cultivation or rearing of a particular product or crop or stock for supply < the culture of the vine > < bee culture > b. : steady endeavor at improvement of or in a special line < culture of the sonnet > c. : professional or expert care and training < voice culture > < beauty culture > 4. a. : the state of being cultivated; especially : the enlightenment and excellence of taste acquired by intellectual and aesthetic training : the intellectual and artistic content of civilization :refinement in manners, taste, thought b. : acquaintance with and taste in fine arts, humanities, and broad aspects of science as distinguished from vocational, technical, or professional skill or knowledge 5. a. : the total pattern of human behavior and its products embodied in thought, speech, action, and artifacts and dependent upon man's capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations through the use of tools, language, and systems of abstract thought b. : the body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits constituting a distinct complex of tradition of a racial, religious, or social group < a nation with many cultures > < Plains Indian culture > < but to many men today the most interesting thing about society is its culture … that complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, morals, law, customs, opinions, religion, superstition, and art — Preserved Smith > c. : a complex of typical behavior or standardized social characteristics peculiar to a specific group, occupation or profession, sex, age grade, or social class < youth culture > < middle class culture > d. : a recurring assemblage (as of artifacts, house types, methods of burial, and other evidences of a way of life) that differentiates a group of archaeological sites 6. a. : cultivation of living material (as bacteria or tissues) in prepared nutrient media; also : an instance of such cultivation or a growth that is the intended product of it b. : any inoculated nutrient medium whether or not it contains living organisms — see medium 8; pure culture7. : the details of a map in the aggregate that represent cultural features (as canals, buildings, roads) II. transitive verb (cultured ; cultured ; culturing \-ch(ə)riŋ\ ; cultures) Etymology: Middle French culturer, from culture, n. 1. : cultivate 2. biology a. : to grow (as microorganisms or tissues) in a prepared medium b. : to start a culture from < culture soil > also : to make a culture of < cultured milk > III. noun : the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterize a company or corporation |
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