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MIT OCW - Biology - Biochemistry

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Consists individuals species living bounds area population
Problem element common component biological macromolecules carbon nitrogen
Cells yeast human insect tube problem bacterial identify
Cell bacterial structure internal dna generally confined central
Bacterial cell structure surface protects pathogenic bacteria serves
Membrane energy produce cell provide move divide secretory
Cell animal/plant structure membrane-bound packets oxidative enzymes plant
Hydrolytic enzymes plant cells animal/plant structure intracellular digestion
Bacterial cell structure appendages bacteria attach specialized sex
Cell animal/plant structure implies helps maintain shape internal
Cell plant animal/plant structure microtubule organizing center mtoc
Cell animal/plant structure apparatus stack membrane-bound vesicles important
Ribosomes animal/plant cell structure appears pebbled electron microscopy
Cell animal/plant stucture plays functions depending specific type
Cell plant waste turgor pressure animal/plant structure membrane-bound
Cell bacteriall structure surface composed peptidoglycan polysaccharides protein
Bacterial cell structure surface lipid bilayer plasma membrane
Bacterial cell structure appendages purpose motility f lagellum
Cell secretions e.g hormones neurotransmitters packaged golgi apparatus
Cell protein rna animal/plant structure site synthesis comprises
Plant organelles energy cell structure specialized found higher
Ring groups made fused microtubules centriole
Cell muscle animal/plant structure obvious organelle eukaryotic enclosed
Structure nucleus animal/plant cell prominent ribosomes produced moving
Cell structure soup organelles reside cellular metabolism occurs
Molecular scale members classes—carbohydrates proteins nucleic acids huge
Electrons chemical behavior atom depends number outermost shell
Bond sharing pair valence electrons atoms covalent
Atom’s bonding capacity called equals number unpaired electrons
Electrons attraction atom covalent bond called strongly pulls
Bond covalent atoms element electrons shared equally electronegativity—the
Bond atom bonded electronegative electrons shared equally type
Charged atom molecule called ion
Charge positive ion specifically called cation
Negatively charged ion anion an
Opposite charges cations anions attract attraction called bond
Ionic compounds formed bonds called formula nacl ratio
Hydrogen atom electronegative partial positive charge covalently bonded
Atoms molecules ever-changing regions positive negative charge enable
Hydrogen lipids compounds called grouped share important trait
Chemical enzymatic proteins regulate metabolism acting agents selectively
Consists living things area nonliving components environment life
Term general describe object superposable mirror image human
Bond polar occur covalent carbon explain hydrogen choose
Sugar water fat soluble polar
Consists hydrocarbon chain carboxyl group end fatty acid
Molecule hydroxyl groups interact carboxyl fatty acid glycerol
Protists fungi animals plants consist cells eukaryotic
Carbon molecules fatty acids atoms made parts glycerol
Cell dividing nuclear dna surrounding protein condenses chromosomes
Fats tend atoms plant meaning fatty acids double
Double bonds converted hydrogenation plant oils exposed hydrogen
Fat derivatives fatty acid replaced phosphate group nitrogen-containing
Common sugars share molecular formula monosaccharides
Glucose sugar disaccharides common table fructose major milk
Glucose polymers polysaccharides produced plants storage starches
Animals storage polysaccharides store excess glucose polymerizing form
Structural plants polysaccharides major material made main molecule
Ratio adenine s dna species thymine equal chargaff
Polar end phospholipid found major component cell membrane
End phospholipids polar carbon non-polar statements true molecules
Statements true carbohydrate molecules a) the general structure abbreviated
Bond type interaction joins monomers form biological polymers
Organisms prokaryotes yeast mice amoebas humans bacteria archaeon
Reaction small chemical molecules combine form single loss
Lipids characterized carbon skeleton consisting fused rings steroids
Steroid common component animal cell membranes precursor synthesized
Collective term cytosol organelles cytoplasm
Fats single double bond fatty acids trilinolein shown
Structural substances monosaccharides identical molecular formulas isomers
Resulting linkage sugars called glycosidic bond
Glycogen broken back glucose energy needed process called
Monosaccharides linked form double sugar molecular formula disaccharide
Starches enter leave cells digested hydrolysis ezymes amylases
Types starches found consists linear unbranched chains hundred
General composed parts nitrogen-containing nitrogenous base five-carbon sugar
A nitrogenous base six-membered ring carbon nitrogen atoms
Nitrogenous base larger pyrimidines six-membered ring fused five-membered
Dna sugar rna deoxyribose ribose
Polymers made monomers nucleotides atomic components carbon hydrogen
Dna molecules polynucleotides strands spiral imaginary axis forming
Carbon atom hydrogen bonds hydroxyl groups attached molecule
Dna polymer rna explain determine carbon lacking hydroxyl
Dna found rna monomers incorporates nitrogenous hydroxyl differ
Group carbon atom amino center asymmetric called alpha
Amino group bond acids positioned carboxyl adjacent joined
Polymers amino acids called biologically functional molecule consists
Model shows single polypeptide chain folds coils form
Protein linked series amino acids unique sequence primary
Polypeptide proteins segments chains repeatedly coiled folded patterns
Secondary structure delicate coil held hydrogen bonding fourth
Structure polypeptide side main type secondary in strands
Hydrophilic facing phospholipid charges phosphate amino groups red
Structure interactions secondary involves backbone constituents shape polypeptide
Bonds side chains protein tertiary structure nonpolar end
Polypeptide structure proteins consist chains aggregated functional macromolecule
Entire array organisms inhabiting ecosystem called biological community
Functional groups attached alpha carbon amino acid
Structure amino localized region dimensional stabilized hydrogen bonds
Group amino acids methionine phenylalanine tryptophan proline glycine
Group amino acids serine threonine cysteine tyrosine asparagine
Group amino acids aspartic glutamic electrically charged side
Group amino acids lysine arginine histidine electrically charged
Polar non-polar side chain serine form hydrogen bond
Substrate enzyme e protein sites test activity cleaved
Bonds polar list strongest type interaction occurs side
Charged substrate ionic val polar glu asp ala
Level structure forces of and
Include sugars polymers composed carbon hydrogen oxygen ratio
Totality organism’s chemical reactions called metabolism
Metabolic pathways release energy breaking complex molecules simpler
Pathways consume energy build complicated molecules simpler called
Capacity change energy is the
Energy chemical term biologists refer potential release reaction
Energy relative motion objects called matter possesses location
Study energy transformations occur collection matter called thermodynamics
Life consists earth places exist biosphere
Made group cells work performing specialized function tissue
Functional components present cells organelles
Thermodynamics word denote matter study refer rest universe—everything
System energy matter surroundings unable exchange transferred isolated
Energy universe constant transferred transformed created destroyed principle
Energy transfer transformation increases entropy randomness number ways
Energy portion system’s perform work temperature pressure uniform
Processes δg decrease system’s free energy spontaneous energetically
Exergonic free energy outward reaction proceeds net release
Reaction free energy endergonic absorbs surroundings kind essentially
Sugar ribose nitrogenous base adenine chain phosphate groups
Energy key feature cells manage resources work exergonic
Atp hydrolysis the of
Class phospolipids atp phosphate groups adenine building block
Group a hydrogen atom bonded oxygen turn is bonded carbon
Atom oxygen double-bonded carbon bonded group entire assembly
Group nh consists nitrogen atom bonded hydrogen carbon
Group atom sh consists sulfur bonded hydrogen resembles
Bonded oxygen group shown phosphorus atom carbon skeleton
Reaction the δg negative true statement exergonic spontaneous
Atp hydrolysis phosphate statements true respect commonly coupled
Energy activation initial investment starting reaction—the required contort
Atp reactions coupled phosphate group cell δg endergonic
Sugar monosaccharides blood source energy cellular respiration milk

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