MIT OCW - Biology - Biochemistry

This flashcard deck covers fundamental concepts in cellular biochemistry and molecular biology, including bacterial and eukaryotic cell structures, types of chemical bonds, components and functions of organelles, and properties of biological macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Specific structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and molecular mechanisms such as covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and Van der Waals forces are emphasized. Additionally, ecological and biological chemistry concepts such as ecosystems, catalysts, chirality, and the significance of solubility and chemical structure for biological function are introduced.

Este conjunto de tarjetas didácticas cubre conceptos fundamentales de bioquímica celular y biología molecular, incluyendo estructuras celulares bacterianas y eucariotas, tipos de enlaces químicos, componentes y funciones de organelos, y propiedades de macromoléculas biológicas como lípidos, proteínas y carbohidratos. Se destacan estructuras específicas como el núcleo, mitocondrias, cloroplastos, retículo endoplasmático, y mecanismos moleculares como enlaces covalentes, iónicos, puentes de hidrógeno y fuerzas de Van der Waals. Además, se introducen nociones de ecología y química biológica, incluyendo términos como ecosistema, catalizadores, y quiraldad, así como la importancia de la solubilidad y la estructura química para la función biológica.

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• System energy matter surroundings unable exchange transferred isolated
• Energy universe constant transferred transformed created destroyed principle
• Energy transfer transformation increases entropy randomness number ways
• Energy portion system’s perform work temperature pressure uniform
• Processes δg decrease system’s free energy spontaneous energetically
• Exergonic free energy outward reaction proceeds net release
• Consists individuals species living bounds area population
• Consists living things area nonliving components environment life
• Term general describe object superposable mirror image human
• Problem element common component biological macromolecules     carbon     nitrogen
• Polypeptide structure proteins consist chains aggregated functional macromolecule
• Cells yeast human insect tube problem bacterial identify
• Cell bacterial structure internal dna generally confined central
• Bacterial cell structure surface protects pathogenic bacteria serves
• Entire array organisms inhabiting ecosystem called biological community
• Membrane energy produce cell provide move divide secretory
• Cell animal/plant structure membrane-bound packets oxidative enzymes plant
• Hydrolytic enzymes plant cells animal/plant structure intracellular digestion
• Bacterial cell structure appendages bacteria attach specialized sex
• Cell animal/plant structure implies helps maintain shape internal
• Cell plant animal/plant structure microtubule organizing center mtoc
• Cell animal/plant structure apparatus stack membrane-bound vesicles important
• Ribosomes animal/plant cell structure appears pebbled electron microscopy
• Cell animal/plant stucture plays functions depending specific type
• Cell plant waste turgor pressure animal/plant structure membrane-bound
• Cell bacteriall structure surface composed peptidoglycan polysaccharides protein
• Bacterial cell structure surface lipid bilayer plasma membrane
• Bacterial cell structure appendages purpose motility f lagellum
• Cell secretions e.g hormones neurotransmitters packaged golgi apparatus
• Cell protein rna animal/plant structure site synthesis comprises
• Made group cells work performing specialized function tissue
• Plant organelles energy cell structure specialized found higher
• Ring groups made fused microtubules centriole
• Cell muscle animal/plant structure obvious organelle eukaryotic enclosed
• Structure nucleus animal/plant cell prominent ribosomes produced moving
• Cell structure soup organelles reside cellular metabolism occurs
• Molecular scale members classes—carbohydrates proteins nucleic acids huge
• Electrons chemical behavior atom depends number outermost shell
• Bond sharing pair valence electrons atoms covalent
• Atom’s bonding capacity called equals number unpaired electrons
• Electrons attraction atom covalent bond called strongly pulls
• Bond covalent atoms element electrons shared equally electronegativity—the
• Bond atom bonded electronegative electrons shared equally type
• Charged atom molecule called ion
• Charge positive ion specifically called cation
• Negatively charged ion anion an
• Opposite charges cations anions attract attraction called bond
• Ionic compounds formed bonds called formula nacl ratio
• Hydrogen atom electronegative partial positive charge covalently bonded
• Atoms molecules ever-changing regions positive negative charge enable
• Hydrogen lipids compounds called grouped share important trait
• Chemical enzymatic proteins regulate metabolism acting agents selectively
• Bond polar occur covalent carbon explain hydrogen choose
• Sugar water fat soluble polar
• Consists hydrocarbon chain carboxyl group end fatty acid
• Molecule hydroxyl groups interact carboxyl fatty acid glycerol
• Protists fungi animals plants consist cells eukaryotic
• Carbon molecules fatty acids atoms made parts glycerol
• Cell dividing nuclear dna surrounding protein condenses chromosomes
• Fats tend atoms plant meaning fatty acids double
• Double bonds converted hydrogenation plant oils exposed hydrogen
• Fat derivatives fatty acid replaced phosphate group nitrogen-containing
• Common sugars share molecular formula monosaccharides
• Glucose sugar disaccharides common table fructose major milk
• Glucose polymers polysaccharides produced plants storage starches
• Animals storage polysaccharides store excess glucose polymerizing form
• Structural plants polysaccharides major material made main molecule
• Ratio adenine s dna species thymine equal chargaff
• Functional components present cells organelles
• Polar end phospholipid found major component cell membrane
• End phospholipids polar carbon non-polar statements true molecules
• Statements true carbohydrate molecules a)    the general structure abbreviated
• Bond type interaction joins monomers form biological polymers
• Organisms prokaryotes     yeast     mice     amoebas     humans     bacteria     archaeon
• Reaction small chemical molecules combine form single loss
• Lipids characterized carbon skeleton consisting fused rings steroids
• Steroid common component animal cell membranes precursor synthesized
• Collective term cytosol organelles cytoplasm
• Fats single double bond fatty acids trilinolein shown
• Structural substances monosaccharides identical molecular formulas isomers
• Resulting linkage sugars called glycosidic bond
• Glycogen broken back glucose energy needed process called
• Monosaccharides linked form double sugar molecular formula disaccharide
• Starches enter leave cells digested hydrolysis ezymes amylases
• Types starches found consists linear unbranched chains hundred
• General composed parts nitrogen-containing nitrogenous base five-carbon sugar
• A   nitrogenous base six-membered ring carbon nitrogen atoms
• Nitrogenous base larger pyrimidines six-membered ring fused five-membered
• Dna sugar rna deoxyribose ribose
• Thermodynamics word denote matter study refer rest universe—everything
• Polymers made monomers nucleotides atomic components carbon hydrogen
• Dna molecules polynucleotides strands spiral imaginary axis forming
• Carbon atom hydrogen bonds hydroxyl groups attached molecule
• Dna polymer rna explain determine carbon lacking hydroxyl
• Dna found rna monomers incorporates nitrogenous hydroxyl differ
• Group carbon atom amino center asymmetric called alpha
• Amino group bond acids positioned carboxyl adjacent joined
• Polymers amino acids called biologically functional molecule consists
• Model shows single polypeptide chain folds coils form
• Protein linked series amino acids unique sequence primary
• Polypeptide proteins segments chains repeatedly coiled folded patterns
• Secondary structure delicate coil held hydrogen bonding fourth
• Structure polypeptide side main type secondary   in strands
• Hydrophilic facing phospholipid charges phosphate amino groups red
• Structure interactions secondary involves backbone constituents shape polypeptide
• Bonds side chains protein tertiary structure nonpolar end
• Functional groups attached alpha carbon amino acid
• Structure amino localized region dimensional stabilized hydrogen bonds
• Group amino acids methionine phenylalanine tryptophan proline glycine
• Group amino acids serine threonine cysteine tyrosine asparagine
• Group amino acids aspartic glutamic electrically charged side
• Group amino acids lysine arginine histidine electrically charged
• Polar non-polar side chain serine form hydrogen bond
• Substrate enzyme e protein sites test activity cleaved
• Bonds polar list strongest type interaction occurs side
• Charged substrate ionic val polar glu asp ala
• Level structure forces of and
• Include sugars polymers composed carbon hydrogen oxygen ratio
• Totality organism’s chemical reactions called metabolism
• Metabolic pathways release energy breaking complex molecules simpler
• Pathways consume energy build complicated molecules simpler called
• Capacity change energy is the
• Energy chemical term biologists refer potential release reaction
• Energy relative motion objects called matter possesses location
• Study energy transformations occur collection matter called thermodynamics
• Life consists earth places exist biosphere
• Reaction free energy endergonic absorbs surroundings kind essentially
• Sugar ribose nitrogenous base adenine chain phosphate groups
• Energy key feature cells manage resources work exergonic
• Atp hydrolysis the of
• Class phospolipids atp phosphate groups adenine building block
• Group a  hydrogen atom bonded oxygen turn is  bonded carbon
• Atom oxygen double-bonded carbon bonded group entire assembly
• Group nh consists nitrogen atom bonded hydrogen carbon
• Group atom sh consists sulfur bonded hydrogen resembles
• Bonded oxygen group shown phosphorus atom carbon skeleton
• Reaction     the δg negative true statement exergonic spontaneous
• Atp hydrolysis phosphate statements true respect commonly coupled
• Energy activation initial investment starting reaction—the required contort
• Atp reactions coupled phosphate group cell δg endergonic
• Sugar monosaccharides blood source energy cellular respiration milk

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