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A-Level Biology OCR A

Body Skin Core Temperature Decrease Blood Cooling Raising

If core body temperature drops, it is increased through vasoconstriction near the skin, reduced sweating, raising of body hair/feathers to trap insulating air, and shivering to generate heat through muscle contractions.

Jos ydinruumiinlämpötila laskee, se lisääntyy supistamalla verisuonia ihon pinnalla, vähentämällä hikoilua, nostamalla karvoja tai höyheniä lämmöneristyksen parantamiseksi ja käyttämällä vilunväristyksiä lihaksiin supistuksia lisätäkseen lämpöä.

Front Explain how core body temperature is increased if it drops below the optimum.
Back Decrease in core body temp:
  • Receptors detect change & send signals through nervous system for different responses
  • Vasoconstriction - arteriovenous shunt vessels dilate so little blood flows through capillary network close to skin - warm blood kept well below surface - less heat radiated
  • Decrease in sweating - cooling by evaporation of water redcued
  • Raising body hair/feathers - erector pili muscles in skin contract, pull hair or feathers up - traps insulating layer of air to reduce cooling through skin
  • Shivering - rapid involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation generates metabolic heat, raising temperature

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