A-Level Biology OCR A

This flashcard deck primarily covers A-Level Biology (OCR A specification) focusing on cell structure and function. It starts with the definition of cells as the smallest structural and functional units of life, then explains the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Detailed descriptions of organelles such as the nucleus, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria, vacuoles, lysosomes, and chloroplasts are provided, including their structures and roles. It discusses microscopy techniques, specifically SEM and TEM, describing how they operate and the properties of images they produce. The deck also outlines the structure and functions of prokaryotic cell components like the cell wall, slime capsule, flagellum, bacterial chromosome, plasmids, and pili. Similarly, it addresses the cytoskeleton and centrioles. There are comparisons between plant and animal cells, as well as between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including a detailed table highlighting key similarities and differences. The process of protein synthesis and secretion involving multiple organelles is explained. Additionally, it covers the chemical properties of water molecules, including polarity, hydrogen bonding, electronegativity, and dipoles, along with water's vital roles in biology such as acting as a solvent, temperature regulation, and insulation. The deck also explains why water is an effective solvent for polar molecules and ions but does not dissolve lipids, which is crucial for membrane stability. Finally, it summarizes the endosymbiotic theory and supporting evidence suggesting the evolutionary origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from prokaryotes. Overall, this deck provides a thorough and organized overview of cell biology concepts essential for advanced biology studies.

このフラッシュカードデッキは、主に細胞の構造と機能に関するAレベル生物学（OCR Aコースライン）をカバーしています。生物の基本単位としての細胞の定義から始まり、真核細胞と原核細胞の違い、細胞小器官（核、小胞体、ゴルジ体、リボソーム、ミトコンドリア、液胞、リソソーム、葉緑体など）の詳細な構造と機能を説明しています。また、顕微鏡観察技術（SEMおよびTEM）の違いと特性、プロカリオート細胞の構造と機能の特徴、細胞の類似点と相違点、タンパク質合成と分泌過程における細胞小器官の相互関係も学習対象です。さらに、細胞外構造（細胞壁、細胞膜）の概要と、細胞骨格および中心小体の役割についても言及しています。加えて、水分子の化学的性質（極性、水素結合、電気陰性度、双極子）と水の生物学的な役割（溶媒としての機能、温度調節など）が解説され、水の極性が溶媒として有効である理由および脂質を溶かさないことの重要性が説明されています。原核細胞の構成要素（細胞壁、粘膜カプセル、鞭毛、細菌染色体、プラスミド、線毛）に関する記述も含まれています。最終的に、原核細胞と真核細胞の比較表やエンドシンビオント理論とそれに関する証拠もまとめられています。全体として、細胞生物学の基礎的かつ詳細な内容が体系的にまとめられた学習資料です。

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• Testes hormone secrete testosterone what
• Define arrhythmia abnormal rhythm heart
• Active process define requires atp
• Cell smallest structural functional unit organism made
• Draw diagram typical plant cell
• Draw diagram typical animal cell
• Golgi outline structure function apparatus body/apparatus stack membrane
• Membrane dna outline function structure mitochondria site aerobic
• Membrane outline general structure function vesicles bound containers
• Vacuoles food membrane permanent cell outline structure function
• Passive process define require atp
• Plasma outline structure function membrane cell surface structure: 
• Magnification high objects diff resolution makes small larger
• Draw label diagram mitochondrion a
• Draw label diagram chloroplast a
• Cells define term prokaryotic unciellular organisms membrane bound
• Eukaryotic prokaryotic list examples cells erythrocyte e coli
• Draw label diagram prokaryotic cell
• Cell outline structure function prokaryotic wall found slime
• Slime outline structure function capsule outer layer prokaryote
• Plasma outline structure function prokaryotic membrane membrane  eukaryotic
• Define term dipole bond molecule ends opposite charges
• Outline structure function plasmid small circular loops dna
• Outline structure function pili hair appendages found surface
• Outline structure function prokaryotic ribosomes site protein synthesis
• Prokaryotic endosymbiotic eukaryotic cells describe theory state evidence
• Electrons sem surface state stands outline works properties
• Draw labelled water molecule atoms charges
• Structure water molecule hydrogen atoms oxygen slightly describe
• Bond links water molecules hydrogen
• Define term monomer individual molecules make polymer
• Draw water molecules label bond links
• Define term electronegativity   the tendency atom molecule draw
• Water molecules polar dissolve solvent attracted chemicals explain
• Water transport bonds cohesion molecules explain polar nature
• Water binds part explain polar nature reactant hydrolysis
• Water habitat high thermal stability due hydrogen bonds
• Condensation molecule reaction resulting formation larger release water
• Water substance hydrophilic dissolve tend define terms hydrophobic
• Water molecules glass explain level shape adhesion stick
• Number glycosidic explain calculate bonds carbohydrate monosaccharides involves
• H o capillary explain action occurs transpiration molecule
• Properties heat list main water adhesion cohesion hydrogen
• Monomers molecule repeating unit covalently bonded identical form
• Polymers chains repeating units monomers joined covalent bond
• Macromolecules molecules large number atoms
• Dimer molecule molecular complex consisting identical linked
• Oligomer polymer molecules consist repeating units
• Main categories biological molecules carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic
• Bond single double chemical electrons shared atoms bond 
• Elements present carbs c h o
• General n formula carbohydrates ch o
• Qualitative chemical define term test process determining present
• Sugar n monosaccharides single unit hydrolysed simpler ch
• Polysaccharides consist of  monosaccharides  that linked polymers
• Monosaccharides carbon atoms pentose hexose sugars
• Triose sugar give monosaccharides carbon atoms phosphate
• Pyranose ring membered ring consisting carbon atoms oxygen atom. 
• Draw structure alpha glucose the
• Draw structure beta glucose the
• Transport mechanisms identify require input energy atp requiring
• Draw structure ribose the of
• Water list properties functions glucose hexose monosaccharide chemical
• State properties functions fructose hexose monosaccharide chemical formula: 
• State properties functions galactose hexose monosaccharide chemical formula: 
• State properties functions sucrose disaccharide composed alpha glucose
• Formation draw diagram showing alpha beta glycosidic bond
• Water bond binds carbon glucose describe diagram hydrolysis
• Starch polysaccharides list diff make proportions amylose amylopectin
• Explain glycosidic bonds called why
• Cellulose molecules made microfibrils describe structure fiber consist
• Bonds glucose energy branch bonding side hydrogen storage
• Define pathogen microorganism disease that
• Inorganic material compound define terms consisting deriving living
• Define term cation ion positive charge
• Define term anion   ion a  negative  charge
• Symbol calcium ions list biological process involved ca
• Symbol sodium ions list biological process involved na
• Symbol potassium ions list biological process involved k
• Involved symbol hydrogen ions list biological process h
• Symbol nitrate ions list biological process involved nitrogen
• Symbol chlorides list biological process involved cl shift
• Symbol phosphate ions list biological process involved po
• Elements present lipids include phospholipids c h o
• Define term macromolecule molecules large number atoms
• Components triglyceride what are the
• Label diagram light microscope names component parts
• Present define term semi-quantitative test semi quantitative process
• Quantitative test define term determines precise quantity chemical
• Reducing give examples sugars glucose lactose fructose maltose
• Give non-reducing sugar sucrose one
• Reducing sugars explain called aldehyde group reduce molecule
• Light colorimeter describe principle works piece equipment quantitatively
• Percentage absorbance transmission amount light define terms relation
• Explain convert transmission absorbance x transmitted 100-x absorbed
• Curve concentration calibration glucose substance unknown define term
• Draw diagrams show diff saturated monounsaturated polyunsaturated fatty
• Structure draw labelled diagram showing basic phospholipid
• Passive transport energy define term require cellular respiration
• Phospholipid state property end strucrtue water
• Draw diagram show triglyceride formed broken
• Bond holds building blocks triglyceride ester
• Reaction forms breaks triglycerides esterification hydrolysis
• Digestion acids state products triglyceride ph fatty happen
• Hydroxyl group describe structure sterols/cholesterol complex alcohol molecules
• Functions phospholipids polar water list relate properties membrane
• Convert measurements unit how do
• Resolution objects define terms magnification shortest distance separate
• Microscope electron scanning describe principle types insturment enables
• Define metabolite chemical produced cell's metabolism
• Eyepiece lens function viewer specimen.  10x 15x power
• Arm microscope function connects body tube base safely
• Fine adjustment function knob tunes focus increases detail
• Nosepiece revolving objective lenses function turret houses viewer
• Stage function clips hold slide place
• Function stage platform slide the
• Function iris/diaphragm adjusts amount light reaches specimen
• Light funciton illuminator source microscope older mirrors reflect
• Base function supports microscope illuminator located
• Wet mount put describe produce temporary living tissue
• Graticule stage micrometer divisions work real eyepiece explain
• Draw label annotate diagram generalised virus
• Length eyepiece graticule add scale bar subject epu
• Number places describe choose significant figures decimal present
• Explain adjustment plane focus alter viewed cell adjusting
• Specimen stained slide describe prepare viewing light microscope
• Stains molecules binds common iodine solution starch blue-black
• Magnification formula state represent triangle diagram
• End define term cholesterol lipid consisting of  carbon
• Channel define term protein hydrophilic passive movement polar
• Carrier define term protein membrane play part transport
• Water define term osmosis osmosis net movement solution
• Cell roles state membranes surface partially permeable barrier
• Cell reactions compartmentalisation separate incompatible define term explain
• Partially define term permeable membrane substances cross
• Cell define term signalling complex system intercellular communication
• Fluid mosaic membrane weakly explain meant mosiac model
• Genetic define biodiversity variety genes make species
• Receptor proteins define term protein/glycoprotein bind specific molecule
• Draw diagram phospholipid label components annotate properties
• Draw label diagram fluid mosaic model cell membrane
• Role state cholesterol membrane maintaining fluidity stabilising bilayer
• Role state glycolipids membrane cell recognition act antigens
• Proteins roles cell glycoproteins state membrane receptors signalling
• Cell define term adhesion join form tight junctions
• Membrane importance bound proteins explain chemical reactions chem
• Temperature effect permeability membrane describe changing cell increasing
• Water draw table compare effects external solutions potentials
• Temperature beetroot water pieces colorimeter effect permeability cell
• Region define diffusion net movement particles atoms molecules
• Simple diffusion membrane define partially permeable assistance proteins
• Facilitated diffusion membrane define term partially permeable assistance
• Active define term transport movement particles plasma membrane
• Exothermic define reaction releases heat
• Define term pinocytosis pinocytosis endocytosis liquid materials
• Define term phagocytosis phagocytosis endocytosis of  solid  materials
• Rate diffusion list factors affecting molecule affected surface
• Simple molecules state types move membrane diffusion particles
• Facilitated particles proteins state types molecule move membrane
• Cell phagosome contents explain paragraph diagram substances move
• Protein cell secretory vesicle secreted explain paragraph diagram
• Steroid hormones hydrophobic explain easily cross membrane simple
• Rate diffusion temperature increase higher particles avg describe
• Define solvent liquid dissolve substances
• Define solute substance dissolved solvent
• Define solution liquid mixture solute distributed evenly solvent
• Water potential pure solute state explain positive 0kpa
• Cell define plasmolysis plasmolysis plant membrane pulled wall
• Cell define protoplast contents membrane
• Cell define turgid plant swollen water uptake wall
• Define haemolysis haemolysis rupture destruction red blood cells
• Solute potential define component plant cell water caused
• Potential write equation link water pressure solute
• Uncertainty explain meant measurements interval true lies expressed
• Absolute define uncertainty number combined reported range true
• Relative uncertainty define ratio absolute reported represented percentage
• Find straight equation describe line intercepts x-axis graph
• Anomalies define term explain identify experimental measurements  values
• Define precision closeness agreement measurements refers repeated results
• Define repeatability precision obtained results produced short timescale
• Define resolution smallest change measured measuring instrument incriment
• State equation straight line y=mx+c
• Draw label diagram amino acid
• Identify part amino acid variable r-group
• Amino acids state occur life number nature
• Amino types acids essential describe life non-essential body
• Polypeptide define chain amino acids joined peptide bonds
• Define habitat natural  home environment  of plant animal
• Define proteins polypeptides arranged complex macromolecules specific biological
• Primary define structure describe held sequence amino acids
• Structure bonds r-groups tertiary polypeptide amino acids define
• Quaternary structure protein define describe held place bonds
• Globular define term protein compact water soluble roughly
• Prosthetic protein define term group  component permanently attached
• Fibrous give examples proteins elastin collagen keratin
• Define enzymes biological catalysts interact substrate molecules faclitate
• Substance define substrate acted process reactant enzyme-catalysed reaction
• Define product species formed chemical reaction
• Enzymes metabolic reactions conditions exmplain life importance important
• Reactions catabolic metabolic smaller units energy define anabolic
• Define digestion process large biomolecules carbohydrates lipids proteins
• Define metabolism sum reactions pathways happening cell organism
• Amylase state substrates products enzymes catalase trypsin examples
• Give general role adh increases reabsorption water kidneys
• Digestion proteins peptides amino acids absorbed summarise role
• Active enzyme define site area shape complementary specific
• Define specificity term describes enzyme catalyses biochemical reaction
• Specific enzyme type active shape substrate explain catalyses
• Examples vitamin b3 give coenzymes synthesised diet nad
• Lock key shape enzyme specific describe hypothesis action
• Substrate induced-fit enzyme describe hypothesis shape slightly enters
• R-groups bonds interact substrate suggest amino acids involved
• Activation energy define required initiate reaction
• Rate define reaction speed reactants turned products
• Competetive inhibitor active site enzyme define competes substrate
• Enzyme factors concentration state affect rate controlled reaction
• Increasing temp optimum increases rate particles explain reaction
• Temperature rate reaction coefficient 10˚c define state usual
• Define proenzymes inactive enzymes require biochemical change conditions/acted
• Ph change h optimum bonds r-groups active site
• V max define maximum initial rate enzyme-catalysed reaction
• Non-competetive inhibitor define binds enzyme allosteric site
• Calculate rate change linear units explain graph showing
• Point rate change non-linear find gradient explain estimate
• Cofactor organic define coenzyme non-protein component effective functioning
• Prosthetic coenzymes cofactors groups organic permanently attached describe
• Prosthetic explain chloride ion correct formation active site
• Inhibition ways multi step reaction pathways regulated describe
• Enzyme define inhibitor molecule prevents carrying normal function
• Molecules define term polymer long-chain composed multiple bonded
• Examples competetive inhibitors synthesis state describe actions statins
• Examples non-competetive inhibitors enzyme state describe action organophosphates
• Substrate v max inhibitors enzyme-controlled comp effect lower
• End-product reaction define inhibition describe usefulness controlling metabolic
• Inactive precursor describe ways activated activating adding cofactor
• Define apoenzyme protein forms active enzyme combination cofactor
• Structure draw label diagram dna
• Stages mitotic divides list phase outline mitosis nucleus
• Ensures cell role outline checkpoints control cycle divides
• Checkpoint examples g give cell cycle m spindle
• G2 cell checkpoint dna satisfied state occurs checked
• Checkpoint mitosis m cell requirements satisfied state occurs
• Define mitosis mitosis nuclear division stage mitotic phase
• Define chromosome structure condensed coiled dna form chromatin
• Define centromere region chromatids held
• Spindle define fibers structures made microtubules organise chromosomes
• Homologous define pairs matching chromosomes inherited parent
• Stages list mitosis order mitosis prophase metaphase anaphase
• Draw annotate describe occurs metaphase chromosomes moved spindle
• Chromatids draw annotate describe occurs anaphase centromeres holding
• Chromosomes draw annotate describe occurs telophase chromatids reached
• Spindle centrioles fibers role explain mitosis organise attached
• Structure types carbon ring outline nitrogenous base bases
• Animal plant cells compare cytokinesis cytokinesis form cleavage
• Draw label graph showing relative quantity dna dividing
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Roles list mitosis mitosis growth organisms repair replacement
• Cell cycles number x calculate produced mitosis thenumber
• Draw label basic structure nucleotide
• Attach draw nucleotide showing structure pentose sugar phosphate
• Nucleic types acid state main deoxyribo dna ribo
• Draw table show similarities differences nucleotides dna rna
• Ribose draw structure deoxyribose and
• Types nitrogenous base state bases belong
• Reaction nucleotides phosphodiester state joins breaks bonds joining
• Dna rna atp similarities differences nucleotides pentose sugar
• Energy atp draw reaction show released provide cellular
• Interconversion atp draw diagram show adp names types
• Define term phosphorylation addition phosphate organic compound
• Complementary base rules binds define term pairing state
• Nucleic define term acid state chemical elements large
• Define term polynucleotide polymer composed nucleotide monomers covalently
• Define term nucleotide monomers form nucleic acids made
• Define term antiparallel dna strands run parallel opposite
• Define term strand dna polynucleotide chains make double
• Equal amounts base dna nitrogenous explain molecule adenine
• Sequence bases describe significance dna strand function carries
• Dna describe explain importance steps isolation purification precipitation
• Dna replication explain importance cell divide mitosis/meiosis
• Replication dna strand define term semi conservative semi-conservative
• Protein draw annotate diagram outline process synthesis
• Dna polymerase helicase state roles replication enzymes joins
• Sequence primary base code structure polypeptide determines amino
• Define term codon three-base sequence dna/rna codes amino
• Triplet code acid define describes genetic sequence nucleic
• Degenerate amino acids define term code describes diff
• Code define term universal refers fact specific codons
• Start codon stop marks site translation describe meant
• Structure mutations alter changed outline protein occurs randomly
• Define term transcription process copying sections dna base
• Define term translation process complementary code carried mrna
• Draw annotate diagram show sequence events transcription
• Draw annotate series diagrams show sequence events translation
• Trna mrna amino binds codon ribosome start bound
• Sense strand define term dna runs genetic code
• Strand antisense define term dna runs complementary sense
• Strand template dna define term antisense acts transcription
• Ribosome describe structure explain role rrna ribosomal made
• Draw label diagram trna and
• Define haploid chromosome homologous pair
• Define meiosis meiosis nuclear division purpose gamete production
• Reduction define division chromosome number halved diploid haploid
• Meiosis independent assortment metaphase state ways produces variation
• Homologous define chromosomes matching pair inherited parent
• Define bivalent pair homologous chromosomes crossing
• Crossing define exchange genes homologous chromosomes resulting mixture
• Define chiasmata points chromatids break rejoin
• Draw label annotate diagram summary meiosis simplified single
• Stages draw label annotate sequence diagrams show meiosis
• Chromosomes p1 prophase condense nuclear envelope disintegrates nucleolus
• Chromosomes t1 telophase assemble pole nuclear membrane reforms
• P2 prophase chromosomes consist chromatids condense visible nuclear
• Bacterial identify host species meningitis humans
• A2 anaphase chromatids individual chromosomes pulled opposite poles
• Stage meiosis p1 what of
• Stage meiosis m1 what of
• Stage meiosis a1 what of
• Stage meiosis t1 what of
• Stage meiosis p2 what of
• Stage meiosis m2 what of
• Stage meiosis a2 what of
• Stage meiosis t2 what of
• Random independent produces genetic homologous pair maternal paternal
• Give general role gonadotrophins control development ovaries testes
• Levels outline organisation multicellular organism order
• Define specialised structure serve specific function
• Define differentiated specialised carry specific functions
• Define cell smallest structural functional unit organism
• Define tissue collection cells types working perform function
• Define organ collection tissues working perform function
• Organ define system collection working perform function
• Multicellular organisms specialised cells efficiently explain complex require
• Neutrophils draw label annotate specialised function multi-lobed nucleus
• Rhythm explain identify afib ecg atrial fibrillation abnormal
• Root hair draw label annotate cells specialised function
• Guard cells stomata plants water change shape draw
• Squamous specialised cells draw label annotate diagram show
• Ciliated cells goblet mucus lungs particles draw label
• Muscle tissue draw label annotate diagram show specialised
• Opercular valve define attached operculum water in/out cavity
• System body organ state examples animals describe funciton
• Cell stem define undifferenciated potential differentiate variety specialised
• Define undifferentiated unspecialised cell originating mitosis meiosis
• Stem cells embryonic define pluripotent capable dividing produce
• Stem cells define multipotent capable dividing produce types
• Stem embryonic cells define pluripotent
• Stem cells define tissue adult multipotent
• Identify host species aids humans
• Stem types cells state give examples occur animals
• State stem cells plants found tissue occur potency
• Xylem phloem sieve tissues cells outline vessels tubes
• Disease stem cells list potential treat heart type
• Heart stem cells suggest treat disease treating repair
• Stem cells parkinson's suggest treat disease treating replace
• Stem cells alzheimer's suggest treat disease treating replacing
• Stem spinal suggest cells treat injuries treating replacing
• Cells stem tested describe ways research usefulness drug
• Reproductive cycle draw label series diagrams describe general
• Stem cells induced plurpotent embryonic define term pluripotent
• Circumference area circle state formulae r π 2rπ
• Describe convert areas volumes unit converting sa v
• Activity organism oxygen demand energy describe level related
• Supply increase organisms cells large diffusion explain meeting
• Features exchange state efficient surfaces.  surfaces increased area
• Increased surface area exchange explain increases efficiency needed
• Thin explain layers increase efficiency exchange surfaces distances
• Trachea structure cartilage describe explain makes adapted function
• Structure bronchi trachea left describe explain makes adapted
• Cells goblet epithelial mucus explain ciliatead trachea bronchi
• Elastic lung alveoli air describe importance fibres surfactant
• Circulatory system define transport animal
• Define breathing process taking air expelling lungs
• Gas transfer blood define exchange oxygen inhaled air
• Diffusion volume sa:vol ratio organism distances bigger cells
• Identify host species blight potato tomatoes
• Activity organism oxygen demand energy describe level related
• Supply organisms increase cells large diffusion explain meeting
• Diffusion multicellular organisms large transport slow explain meet
• Mass define flow movement fluid bulk direction
• Region of  define diffusion net overall  movement  of 
• Type pathogen ring rot bacterium
• Define haemolymph transport medium insects
• Single circulatory system define circulatroy blood passes heart
• Pulmonary side heart define circulation passage blood arteries
• Blood elastic stretching recoiling state properties function fibres
• Closed draw diagram show realtionship types circulatory system
• Examples circulatory closed state organisms type system open
• Organisms mass large features circulatory transport medium multicellular
• Heart blood double closed circulatory system circuit pumped
• Blood open diffusion advantages disadvantages closed requires energy
• Stage ventricular systole what
• Pulmonary blood systemic carried lungs body deoxygenated ventricle
• Blood vessel list order sequence types passes leaves
• Define lumen inside space tubular structure artery intestine
• Tunica layers fibres state names anatomical blood vessels
• Blood smooth state properties function muscle tissue contract
• Single describe structure capillaries layer endothelial cells gaps
• Blood low pressure heart resistance explain structure veins
• Valves blood flows describe function veins explain work
• Veins pressure blood heart adaptations low chest describe
• Veins draw table comparing similarities differences arteries capillaries
• Blood vasoconstriction vasodilation flow smooth muscle arteriole vessel
• Blood flow draw diagram showing heart include names
• Muscle type heart made describe features cardiac contracts
• Blood vessels supply heart muscle oxygen glucose coronary
• Define myogenic muscle intrinsic rhythm
• Walls ventricles thicker blood explain of  atria pump
• Valves backflow blood chordae tendinae prevents ventricle atrium
• State location function septum heart dividing wall prevents
• Blood cardiac cycle systole contract push ventricles stages
• Explain identify tachycardia ecg beats evenly spaced rate
• Type pathogen tmv virus what
• Type pathogen potato blight protoctist
• Blood pressure ventricles contract rises volume fill atria
• Happening work side heart explain thing simultaneously
• Stage diastole what
• Stage atrial systole what
• Sino-atrial heart define node san region initiates wave
• Atrio-ventricular define node avn stimulates ventricles contract imposing
• Bundle define conducting tissue composed purkyne fibres passes
• Purkyne define fibres tissue conducts wave excitation apex
• Ectopic beat explain identify heartbeat ecg abnormal qrs
• Type pathogen black sigatoka fungus
• Events cardiac systole link electrical heart beat cycle
• Delay explain importance conduction avn permits atria finish
• Define electrocardiogram ecg recording electrical activity heart
• Define tachycardia rapid heartbeat 100+bpm
• Ectopic heartbeat define extra normal rhythm
• Electrodes skin electrical outline ecg recorded recording stuck
• Draw label ecg names sections
• Heart explain calculate rate ecg calculating count number
• Normal heart explain identify action ecg beats evenly
• Explain identify bradycardia ecg beats evenly spaced heart
• Partial pressure define exerted component mixture gases
• Oxygen draw annotate dissociation curve showing percentage saturation
• Define affinity strength molecules interact bind
• Define dissociation process mols ionic compounds separate split
• Positive oxygen define cooperativity describes haemoglobin shape binds
• O high low hb draw annotate oxygen dissociation
• Bohr effect define concentration uptake release o hb
• Fetal adult draw annotate oxygen dissociation curves show
• Ring identify host species rot potatoes tomatoes aubergines
• Transporting list methods  in blood dissolved plasma combined
• Write reversible set equations show production hydrogencarbonate ions
• Carbonic state location enzyme catalyses production acid anhydrase
• Ions rbc diffuse describe  to leave lungs formation
• Structures involved draw label diagram showing arrangement breathing
• Define inspiration act drawing air lungs
• Define expiration act expelling air lungs
• Process forced normal muscles expiration contract expiraiton describe
• Explain spirometer measure absolute lung volume knowing air
• Tidal volume define air entering/leaving hte lungs normal
• Inspiratory reserve volume define max additional air inhaled
• Expiratory reserve volume define additional air exhaled normal
• Vital capacity define maximum volume air forcefully exhaled
• Total lung capacity define sum vital residual volume
• Breathing define rate number breaths minute
• Ventilation define rate total volume air inhaled minute
• Rate ventilation write equation linking breathing tidal volume
• Compare dialysis transplantation and with
• Define exoskeleton external skeleton organisms insects made chitin
• Type pathogen tuberculosis bacterium what
• Type pathogen bacterial meningitis bacterium
• Define tracheae largest tubes insect respiratory system lead
• Tracheal fluid define lining found end tracheoles oxygen
• Spiracles closed water explain insects tend oxygen demands
• Tracheal fluid exercise oxygen describe activity volume tracheoles
• Air movements adaptations insects high energy system thorax
• Water challenges gas exchange systems describe advantages faced
• Bony define operculum flap covering gills fish
• Buccal define cavity space gills mouth
• Gill define lamellae folds filaments network capillaries  site
• Type pathogen aids virus what
• Countercurrent system define exhange exchange exchanging materials heat
• Parallel exchange system define exchanging materials heat components
• Draw table compare mammalian insect bony fish gas
• Gill filaments raker arch 1
• Gill bony fish filaments covered lamellae
• Mammalian trachea 
• Insect tracheae tracheoles and
• Describe features gas exchange system apparent microscope arent
• Tmv spread direct contact soil contamination human vectors
• Glucose list properties functions monosaccharide 6-membered ring structure
• Mixed w  cell walls  for  in list properties
• Type pathogen influenza virus what
• Type pathogen ring worm fungus
• Structural subunits heam oxygen identify key components properties
• Structural catalase heam hydrogen peroxide breakdown identify key
• Structural subunits identify key components properties functions peptide
• Components blood list describe funcitons plasma carries erythrocytes
• Plasma blood define state functions protein yellow liquid
• Tissue cells plasma define fluid solution surrounding multicellular
• Lymph define modified tissue fluid collected system oxygen
• Tissue fluid plasma blood lymph proteins low draw
• Describe total cross sectional area blood vessels varies
• Hydrostatic pressure blood define vessels generated contraction cardiac
• Oncotic pressure define osmotic created proteins dissolved blood
• Describe pressure/hydrostatic pressure varies circulatory system highest arteries
• Pressure hydrostatic fluid draw label annotate diagram explain
• Tissue blood production fluid capillary end pressure lymph
• Lymph fluid lymphatic system nodes describe structure function
• Communicable define disease  -disease passed organism species caused
• Identify host species influenza mammals birds
• Ring identify host species worm mammals
• Identify host species athletes foot athlete's humans
• Define spore reproductive cell capable developing individual fusion
• Contagious define disease passed person direct contact
• Indirect give types examples transmission fomites inanimate objects
• Ring rot spread direct contact plants soil contamination
• Black sigatoka spread wind vector direct contact
• Infected aids spread break skin inoculation blood contact
• Influenza spread droplet infection how
• Ring worm spread direct contact fomites
• Athlete's foot spread fomites direct contact
• Factors affect transmission describe explain communicable diseases plants
• Barriers state examples pathogens plants waxy cuticle leaves
• Plant cell receptors respond describe ways detect presence
• Molecules produced plants limit spread pathogen callose lignin
• Insect give repellents pine resin 
• Give insecticides pyrethrins made chrysanthemums act insect neurotoxins
• Give antibacterials phenols antiseptics made plants
• Give antifungals chitinases break chitin fungal cell wall
• State barriers human body minimise entry pathogens cells
• Skin acts barrier pathogens explain effective entry defence
• Expulsive large quantity reflexes explain protection pathogens cough
• Blood draw flow chart show process clotting
• Pathogens higher temp describe fever initiated response invasion
• Define phagocyte specialised white blood cells engulf destroy
• Give types phagocytes neutrophils macrophages
• Major histocompatibility complex macrophage antigens pathogen surface membrane
• Antigen-presenting cell define displays foreign antigens complexed mhc
• Opsonins describe role phagocytosis chemicals bind pathogens tag
• Surface non-self cells define antigens explain difference identifying
• Define antibody y-shaped glycoproteins made b cells immune
• Antigen-antibody complex define formed binding antibody antigen
• Define lymphocyte wbc make specific immune system
• Draw label annotate diagram antibody
• Antigen-antibody complex pathogens toxins describe explain ways antibodies
• B lymphocytes t called mature explain marrow  lymphoctes
• T cell main types lymphocytes lypmhocytes helper killer
• T memory describe role cells live long time
• B cells main types lymphocytes plasma effector memory
• B effector describe role cells divide form plasma
• Memory describe role b cells t live long
• Humoral immunity effective define suggest b lymphocytes produce
• Clonal specific cells define selection theory exposure antigen
• Clonal define expansion mass proliferation antibody-producing cells selection
• Antigen presentation specific immune summarise role response ensures
• Cell signalling specific describe role immune response immunity
• Biotic define factor living components ecosystem 
• Active define immunity exposure antigen triggering specific immune
• Passive define immunity exposure antigen pre-made antibodies received
• Artificial passive define immunity results administration antibodies animal
• Artificial active define immunity results exposure safe form
• Natural active define immunity results response body invasion
• Natural passive define immunity infant mammal mother placenta/breast
• Autoimmune define disease condition/illness resulting immune system acting
• Describe examples autoimmune diseases 3
• Autoimmune diseases immune suggest occur system recognises antigens
• Antigen define vaccine safe form injected bloodstream provide
• Define epidemic communicable disease spreads rapidly lot people
• Herd immunity define large part population area immune
• Herd people suggest members population protection immunity allergic
• Vaccination programmes provide herd give examples aim immunity
• Describe examples common medical drugs derived living organisms
• Biodiversity explain maintain relation discovery medicines make destroy
• Personalised combination define medicine drugs work individual genetics
• Medicine suggest personalising person's genetic information personalised improve
• Define antibiotic chemical kills inhibits growth bacteria
• Selective define toxicity ability interfere metabolism pathogen affecting
• Antibiotics bacterial human suggest ways act selectively cells
• Types transport vessels vascular bundles xylem phloem
• Transverse stem draw label annotate diagram section typical
• Transverse leaf draw label annotate diagram section typical
• Antibiotics work explain viral infections dont viruses  specifically
• Cell outline ways common antibiotics effect examples penlillin
• Explain population bacteria develop resistance antibiotic
• Antibiotics resistance suggest ways increasing likelihood evolving reasons
• Give examples antibiotic resistant bacteria mrsa c difficile
• Herbaceous plants define non-woody stems 
• Draw label annotate diagram longitudinal section xylem vessel
• Sieve phloem define plate areas cells walls perforated
• Sieve adaptations tube elements cytoplasm assimilates lots companion
• Define phosphorylation addition phosphate group molecule
• Drawl label annotate longitudinal section phloem tissue show
• Plant stained sections put dye make clean describe
• Transpiration define stream movement water plant roots lost
• Transpiration water define pull force aids drawing upward
• Habitats define xerophytes plants adaptations enable survive dry
• Route water outline takes plant transpiration absorbed roots
• Guard cells define open/close stomatal pores controlling gaseous
• Draw label annotate diagram show transport water plant
• Xylem evidence cohesion-tension cut shoot transpiration dye diameter
• Thin/no waxy cuticle water hydrophytes conserve access lot
• Guard cells explain open/close stomata turgor low asymmetric
• Rate water measure transpiration uptake factors affect draw
• Root hairs soil water describe ways cells adapted
• Water pathways travels root xylem symplast apoplast
• Water importance potential movement explain gradients plant passive
• Water apoplast moves cell mols describe pathway movement
• Define endodermis layer cells surrounding vascular tissue roots
• Casparian define strip band waxy material suberin runs
• Root xylem define pressure active pumping minerals cells
• Active endodermal xylem water transport cells potential pressure
• Reduced structure hydrophytes water supports entire plant strong
• State examples xerophytes cacti marram grass conifers
• Water conditions environmental describe loss access real problem
• Waxy cuticle thick explain helps xerophytes hydrophobic layer
• Sunken stomata explain xerophytes located pits reduce air
• Reduced stomata explain numbers xerophytes water lost transpiration 
• Hairy leaves water explain helps xerophytes trap humid
• Water explain succulent helps xerophytes plants store specialised
• Root adaptations explain xerophytes long tap growing deep
• Always-open stomata bc hydrophytes maximises gas exhange risk
• Air sacs hydrophytes enable buoyancy
• State form carbs transported plants sucrose 
• Define translocation mass flow o f assimilates phloem
• Define source part plant loads assimialtes phloem storage
• Define assimilates products photosynthesis transported plant sucrose
• Give examples sinks roots growing/actively absorbing ions meristems
• Phloem define loading process assimilates selectively actively sieve
• Phloem apoplast route sucrose describe loading travels cell
• Draw diagram show active movement sucrose companion cell
• Cell companion transport describe adapted function adaptations infoldings
• Give examples sucrose converted converting glucose respiration starch
• Define photophosphorylation phosphorylation light energy
• Compare transpiration translocation and
• Collagen describe properties strong flexible
• State location collagen skin tendons ligaments nervous sys
• State function collagen connective tissues
• Define classification process living orgnaisms sorted groups
• Define ecosystem interacting living organisms non-living conditions area
• Define community populations living organisms habitat
• Define habitat natural home environment plant animal organism
• Define population  group individuals species habitat
• Define species  group organisms similar features breed produce
• Define biodiversity variety living organisms present area
• Examples give habitats woodland sand dunes wild grassland
• State ways sampling undertaken types random non-random
• Non-random define sampling sample chosen random
• Sampling quadrat give ways plants slow moving animals
• Sample random grid outline randomly area sampling mark
• Non-random main techniques sampling opportunistic stratified systematic
• Stratified strata describe sampling populations divided sub-groups based
• Describe opportunitstic sampling opportunistic organisms conveniently weakest form
• Point bar define quadrat frame horizontal set intervals
• Belt lines define transect parallel marked samples area
• Interrupted belt define transect record species quadrats intervals
• Random sampling size small explain population individual samples
• Pooter describe method catch small insects sucking mouthpiece
• Sweep net describe method catch insects areas long
• Tree beating invertebrates describe method samples bushes large
• Abiotic define factor living components ecosystem
• Abiotic give examples factors wind speed light intensity
• Species measure sampling techniques number describe ways measuring
• Species richness evenness number state information needed determine
• Species diversity pollution measuring stability ecosystem explain obtain
• Species measure diversity takes account richness evenness simpson's
• Describe meaning symbols equation calculating simpson's index diversity
• Genetic biodiversity population alleles describe ways increased increasing
• Draw label annotate diagram chloroplast
• Selective describe breeding reduces genetic biodiversity breedng individuals
• Captive breeding describe programmes reduce genetic biodiveristy biodiversity
• Genetic artificial cloning describe reduces biodiversity creates individuals
• Advantageous natural selection describe reduces genetic biodiversity species
• Define polymorphic allele polymporphic gene
• Gene define locus position chromosome
• Write equation measure genetic diversity
• Human describe change pop populaton growth times doubled
• Human population explain increasing rapidly factors causing hyper
• Directly species reduces diversity agriculture plant pesticides animal
• Global define warming rise earth's surface temperature
• Define asepsis asepsis absence bacteria viruses microorganisms
• Climate global define change long-term shift regional patterns
• Reasons maintaining state categories biodiversity aesthetic economic ecological
• Aesthetic plants describe reasons maintaining biodiversity presence diff
• Non-cyclic photophosphorylation define electron expelled excited photocentre return
• Keystone species maintaining define term explain important biodiversity
• Define conservation preservation careful management environment natural resources
• Situ define conservation natural habitat
• Situ conservation methods examples wildlife reserves marine zones
• Marine conservation areas describe role zones maintaining biodiversity
• Ex-situ methods conservation botanic gardens seed banks captive
• Botanic describe role gardens maintaining biodiversity species actively
• Seed describe role banks maintaining biodiversity stored plants
• Seed explain banks store methods important storing dried
• Gain oxidation loss electrons hydrogen define reduction oxygen/loss
• Situ define conservation natural habitat
• International convention aim protect biodiversity rio internatonal trade
• Cites international trade species state full explain helps
• Scheme local england aimed protect biodiversity countryside stewardship
• Countryside stewardship explain scheme aimed protect biodiversity aim
• Define taxonomy study naming classifying groups biological organisms
• Define phylogeny evolutionary relationships organisms
• Taxonomic level added kingdom domain
• Define species  - group organisms similar features to  breed
• Write equations photosynthesis respiration out
• Photosynthesis draw diagram outline linked main stages
• Define pigment molecules absorb specific wavelengths light reflect
• Antennae define complex  (light harvesting system)-  accessory photosynthetic
• Reaction define center involved photosynthesis place primary pigment
• Define photosystem light harvesting system anetenane complex reaction
• Antennae photosynthetic pigments found complex chlorophyll b xanthophylls
• Photosynthetic pigment found reaction center reaction  chlorophyll
• Label annotate explain shows peaks specific wavelengths broad
• Light-dependent stage draw diagram summarise photosynthesis summary
• Cyclic photophosphorylation electron define process expelled excited photocentre
• Molecules describe process photolysis photolysis water split hydrogen
• Product light-independent reaction organic glucose lipids amino acids
• Requirements light-independent reaciton carbon dioxide atp reduced nadp
• State molecules returned light-dependent stage light-independent nadp adp 
• Define rubp carbons ribulose bisphosphate
• Gp define number carbons glycerate 3-phosphate
• Carbons define tp number triose phosphate reduced version
• Calvin draw label annotate diagram show cycle
• Rubp molecules explain regenerated calvin cycle regeneration 10tp
• Action spectrum label annotate graph explain shows highest
• Limiting factor define limits rate process
• Factors state affect rate photosynthesis affecting light intensity
• Define ecosystem interacting  living organisms  and the  non-living
• Define community the  populations living organisms  in habitat
• Define population  - group individuals the  species  in habitat
• Define species  - group organisms similar features to  breed
• Explain meant phrase ecosystems dynamic constantly changing
• Biotic define factor factors  living  components ecosystem 
• Abiotic define factor living  components ecosystem
• Lower temperature rate enzymes temp describe affects photosynthesis
• Rate photosynthesis conditions explain graphs show limiting set
• Water availability explain considered limiting factor low limit
• Food define web diagram shows relationships organisms
• Food define chain series organisms dependent source
• Trophic define level stage food chain
• Explain arrows represent food web transfer biomass energy
• Organisms define consumer energy eating
• Primary define consumer animals eat producers herbivores
• Secondary consumer define animal eats primary carnivore
• Tertiary consumer define animal eats secondary carnivore
• Define herbivore animal feeds plants
• Define carnivore animal feeds that
• Define omnivore animal eats plants
• Define decomposers organisms break dead decaying organic matter
• Define biomass mass living material present place organisms
• Dry mass define biological sample water content removed
• Suggest suitable units biomass ecosystem g m  year
• Explain energy transferred trophic level consumption
• Gross define production total solar energy plants convert
• Net define production energy converted producer biomass
• Respiratory define losses energy respiration
• Give equationt links gross production net respiratory losses
• Production primary secondary generation biomass define producer consumer
• Draw label annotate diagram showing flow energy trophic
• Food explain chains trophic levels rare longer sufficient
• Humans energy trophic levels consumer describe manipulated transfer
• Draw label annotate diagram nitrogen cycle
• Biotic define factor living  components ecosystem 
• Nitrogen define fixation formation ammonia form absorbed plants
• Define denitrification conversion nitrates nitrogen gas anaerobic conditions
• Define ammonification process decomposers convert nitrogen-containing molecules dead
• Draw label annotate diagram carbon cycle
• Define succession process bny ecosystems change time
• Primary define succession occurs area land newly formed
• Secondary define succession occurs area land soil present
• Deflected succession define human activity halts natural flow
• Pioneer define species organisms colonise inhospitable environment
• Seral define stage/sere stage succession
• Define plagioclimax final stage formed succession stopped artificially
• Limiting factor define which  limits  the  rate  of
• Soil conditions species organic humus water describe change
• Succession explain occurs result environment causing plant animal
• Dominant species define abudnant mass present ecosystem time
• Secondary succession quickly explain occur primary quicker organisms
• Reasons deflected vegetation give succession occur grazing trampling
• Sister define group descendents split node
• Describe capture-mark-release-recapture technique estimate population size animal species
• Lincoln write equation index estimate population size animal
• Abiotic define factor living  components ecosystem
• Density independent define factors examples force effect population
• Define migration movement members species environment
• Define immigration movement individual oragnisms area
• Define emigration movement individual organisms area
• Competition define intraspecific intra specific members species 
• Competition define interspecific inter specific species
• Population intraspecific competition density dependent size decrease explain
• Define predation organism kills eats organism  interspecific competition
• Separate species horses donkeys mules explain scientific interbreed
• Binomial organisms explain nomenclature system ot scienfic community
• Describe characteristics prokaryotae unicellular nucleus membrane-bound oragnelles small
• Describe characteristic features fungi unicellular multicellular nucleus membrane
• Describe charateristics animalia characteristics multicellular nucleus membrane bound
• State domains life kingdoms system
• Describe characteristic features eukarya domain 80s ribosomes rna
• Describe characteristic features archaea domain 70s ribosomes rna
• Evolutionary define tree diagram represent relationships organisms
• Asexual define reproduction production genetically identical offspring single
• Discontinuous variation explain examples discrete characteristics result values 
• Sources study comparative anatomy similarities differences organisms state
• Age fossils strata explain determined period time sediment
• Anatomy comparative explain evidence evolution study similarities differences
• Structure homologous define appears superficially underlying
• Divergent define evolution process groups common ancestor evolve
• Comparative define biochemistry study similarities differences proteins molecules
• Describe organism generates heat internally exothermic chemical reactions
• State characteristics solely genetically-determined genetically determined blood group
• State characteristics solely environmentally-determined environmentally determined scars hair
• Combination state characteristics genetics environment environmental height skin
• Continuous variation explain characteristics range
• Discontinuous describe variation result purely genetic
• Define multifactorial characteristic caused factors genetic environmental
• Continuous describe variation result multiple genes polygenic influenced
• Median set define mode average data common number
• Define adaptations characteristics increase organism's chance survival reproduction
• Define variation differences characteristics organisms
• Interspecific variation define members species
• Define range difference largest smallest
• Sd values describe uasefulness standard deviation range extreme
• Standard deviation describe meaning symbol formula
• Graph state type show correlation variables scatter
• Correlation explain variables direct causal link causation missing
• Statistical tests explain important determine significance data collected
• Test statistic explain random sample population decide reject
• Significance level reject null hypothesis explain interpretation drawn
• Student's t-test describe compare means data values populations
• Paired unpaired determine significant difference means samples describe
• Student's describe meaning symbols equation calculating t-value unpaired
• Behavioural define adaptation organism acts inherited learned
• Behavioral give examples adaptations survival behaviors opossum plays
• Analagous define structure adapted perform function genetic origin
• Convergent similar define evolution unrelated species begin share
• Change define evolution gradual takes place generations organisms
• Natural define selection process organisms suited environemnt survive
• Gene define pool sum population time
• Allele frequency define relative popularion time
• Selection define pressure factors affect organism's chance survival
• Waste nylon describe human activity resulted evolution populations
• Energy atp explain life perform respiration living organisms
• Energy atp molecule add glucose explain source metabolic
• Activities give metabolic require atp requiring active transport
• Draw label annotate diagram mitochondrion state functions component
• Site glycolysis state cells cytoplasm
• Step explain draw diagram show glycolysis phosphorylation phosphates
• Draw diagram summarise glycolysis link reaction krebs cycle
• Step phosphate triose explain draw diagram show glycolysis
• Atp nadh required products glycolysis state molecules glycolysis
• Substrate level define phosphorylation formation atp involvement electron
• Link draw diagram show reaction
• Link acetyl required pyruvate state molecules reaction products
• Define decarboxylation removal carbon dioxide
• Define dehydrogenation removal hydrogen of
• Oxidative define decarboxylation carboxylation removal carbon dioxide result
• Step state krebs cycle draw diagram citrate decarboxylated
• Required krebs fadh state molecules cycle products fate
• Krebs draw diagram show cycle
• Electron define carrier molecules accept donate process transport
• Electron transport define chain series carriers embedded mitochondrial
• Site oxidative phosphorylation state cells electron transport chain
• Oxidative draw diagram show process phosphorylation cells
• Role oxidative describe mitochondrial cristae process phosphorylation partially
• Sites chemiosmosis cells chemiosmosis mitochondria chloroplasts
• Atp draw diagram summarise produced chemiosmosis synthesis
• Atp enzyme produces chemiosmosis synthase
• Anaerobic respiration define absence oxygen
• Compounds define fermentation process complex organic broken simpler
• Alcoholic fermentation define end products ethanol carbon dioxide 
• Lactate fermentation define results production
• Anaerobic describe usefulness respiration respiration  oxygen unavailable/cannot supplied
• Alcoholic draw diagram show fermentation
• Lactate draw diagram show fermentation
• Lactate pyruvate explain fermentation step reduced accepts hydrogen
• Regeneration nad explain crucial part form fermentation nadh
• Rate aerobic respiration anaerobic measured describe yeast measuring
• Amino describe proteins respiration respiring hydrolysed acids  acids
• Respiratory quotient define write equation ratio carbon dioxide
• Typical state rqs carbs proteins lipids
• Define conservation maintenence biodiversity t hrough human action
• Define preservation protection area restricting banning human interference
• Define reclamation process restoring ecosystems damaged destroyed
• Controlled give examples conservation grazing fens burning forest
• Give examples preservation banning human development areas ban
• Define sustainability ability ecosystem stay stable diverse time
• Sustainable resource define renewable economically exploited diminish run
• Define pollarding tree trunk cut higher deer animals
• Cut describe process coppicing tree trunk close ground
• Pollarding explain advantage coppicing animals eat shoots growth
• Soil timber describe disadvantages large scale production large-scale
• Aims fishing species fish maintain describe international agreement
• Overfishing area explain make species extinct removes fish
• Mmnr state stands masai mara national reserve
• Negative draw flow chart outline processes involved feedback
• Acacia impact human masai describe local populations mara
• Define ecotourism tourism directed natural environments support conservation
• Negative impacts describe ecotourism repeated hiking trails mechanical
• Describe threats black rhino main illegal poaching horns
• Conservation black reserve describe efforts put place rhinos
• Masai reserve describe preservatory action mara preservation local
• Terai describe location region nepal stretches nepal's southern
• Terai region describe ecosystem nepal hot humid summer
• Impact terai describe local populations ecosystem region human
• Forestry community improved describe positive outcomes groups terai
• Peat impact describe local populations ecosystem bogs human
• Conservation peat organisations helping balance conflict human conservation/preservation
• Environmentally sensitive define ecosystem regions resistant
• Galapagos describe location nature islands pacific ocean 1000km
• Zone plants species describe state examples found galapagos
• Define flora plants region of
• Define fauna animals region of
• Define clone offspring produced mitosis genetically identical parent
• Describe nature plant fungal live antarctica fungi lichens
• Human describe impacts antarctica global warming hunting whales
• Antarctic management describe provisions treaty scientific cooperation nations
• Define effector organ/cell acts response stimulus
• Habitats birds describe give examples snowdonia national park
• Give plant adapted extreme conditions mount snowdon lily
• Power dinorwig station human inside describe managing conflict
• Lake describe location nature district england largest national
• Lake describe animals found district fauna water moles
• Give plant found lowland regions lake district sundew
• Park authority conserve lake state purposes set biodiversity
• Perennating define organ survives germinating season another  stored
• Perennating organs vegetative describe link propagation involves enables
• State ways plants naturally clone natural cloning bulbs
• Constant explain meant terms homeostasis homeostasis dynamic equilibrium
• Plant explain natural cloning occurs runners strawberry lateral
• Stem explain natural cloning occurs tubers plant potato
• Define horticulture art/practice garden cultivation management
• Factors inside list keeping constant cells ph water
• Conditions cells explain important inside constant importance keeping
• Process cells communicate signalling name
• Give examples systems purpose cell signalling communication
• Nervous endocrine compare systems cell signalling
• Negative define feedback mechanism works reverse initial change
• Positive define feedback mechanism works reinforce initial change
• Define homeostasis homeostasis maintenance constant internal environment
• Give effect substitution mutation sickle cell anaemia
• Define endotherm animal dependent on/capable fo internal generation
• Define ectotherm animal dependent external sources body heat
• Core body temperature define body's internal organs
• Metabolic reactions explain temperature maintained narrow range cells
• Describe advantages disadvantages ectotherm endotherm
• List types organism ectotherms invertebrates fish amphibians reptiles
• Rely outline ectotherms regulate internal temperature thermoregulation metabolism
• Internal outline endotherms regulate temperature thermoregulation exothermic metabolic
• Negative thermoregulation draw diagram show components feedback mechanism
• Brain state part involved thermoregulation describe role process
• Pituitary hormones gland secrete growth adh gonadotrophins
• Peripheral temperature explain role tempearture receptors thermoregulation located
• Define vasodilation widening blood vessels result relaxation muscular
• Define mutation change sequence bases dna
• Point mutation define single base pair altered
• Define deletion bases removed when
• Define insertion addition nucleotide base pairs dna sequence
• Mutation silent dna define do not observable effect organism's
• Missense mutation amino acid define single base pair
• Gene define mutation affects single gene/section dna
• Chromosome define mutation affects number cell
• Change neutral describe sequence nucleotides effect protein synthesised
• Physical give mutagen ionizing radiation 
• Biological give examples mutagens alkylating agents base analogs
• Insertion deletion give effect cystic fibrosis huntington's disease
• Gene define expression process specific activated produce required
• Transcriptional give examples control chromatin remodelling histone modification
• Post-transcriptional rna give examples control processing editing
• Translational give examples control degradation mrna binding inhibitory
• Define chromatin complex dna protein histones
• Genes define euchromatin explain significance expression loosely packed
• Chromatin cell genes heterochromatin explain remodelling division transcribed
• Define introns non-coding dna
• Define operon group genes control regulatory mechanism expressed
• Structural proteins define gene code synthesis regulatory factors
• Thyroid hormone gland secrete thyroxine
• Thymus hormone secrete thymosin what
• Lac codes proteins lactose produced structural gene operon
• Regulatory gene transcription describe role lac operon codes
• Structural genes describe role lac operon code proteins
• Promoter region describe role lac operon rna polymerase
• Lac lactose binds explain operon works present growth
• Rna modification define processing made transcription final function
• Degradation mrna describe translational control resistant longer lasts
• Binding describe inhibitory proteins translational control inhibtory prevents
• Adrenal gland main hormone secretes adrenaline
• Pancreas hormones secrete insulin glucagon
• Protein kinases phosphorylation describe role regulation gene expression
• Body define plan general structure individual organism assumes
• Define morphogenesis morphogenesis regulation pattern anatomical development
• Define homeodomain section protein coded homeobox binds dna
• Hox genes define group homeobox present animals responsible
• Define apoptosis apoptosis programmed cell death
• Explain apoptosis controlled control apoptosis hox genes
• Apoptosis describe role growth development shapes body parts
• Apoptosis describe rates mitosis maintained correct level occur
• Endocrine define gland group cells specialised secrete chemicals
• Define hormone chemical messenger travels body bloodstream stimulate

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