A-Level Biology OCR A

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• Cell smallest structural functional unit organism made
• Eukaryotic cells membrane bound organelles mitochondria true nucleus
• Draw diagram typical plant cell
• Draw diagram typical animal cell
• Cell ultrastructure define term structure fine detail electron
• Dna cell proteins nuclear structure function nucleus envelope
• Endoplasmic reticulum responsible synthesis outline structure function ser
• Golgi outline structure function apparatus body/apparatus stack membrane
• Ribosomes outline structure function site protein synthesis free
• Membrane dna outline function structure mitochondria site aerobic
• Membrane outline general structure function vesicles bound containers
• Responsible breaking food cells outline structure function lysosomes
• Vacuoles food membrane permanent cell outline structure function
• Envelope internal thylakoids outline structure function chloroplasts site
• Plasma outline structure function membrane cell surface structure: 
• Cell plant molecules outline structure function wall made
• Magnification high objects diff resolution makes small larger
• Cell outline structure function cytoskeleton network protein fibers
• Centrioles microtubules outline structure function component cytoskeleton eukaryotic
• Cells plant animal similarities differences membrane state typical
• Draw label diagram mitochondrion a
• Draw label diagram chloroplast a
• Proteins vesicles transport golgi cisternae move apparatus fuse
• Cells define term prokaryotic unciellular organisms membrane bound
• Eukaryotic prokaryotic list examples cells erythrocyte e coli
• Draw label diagram prokaryotic cell
• Cell outline structure function prokaryotic wall found slime
• Slime outline structure function capsule outer layer prokaryote
• Plasma outline structure function prokaryotic membrane membrane  eukaryotic
• Molecular motor outline structure function prokaryotic flagellum flagellum 
• Bacterial chromosome outline structure function located cytoplasm membrane
• Outline structure function plasmid small circular loops dna
• Outline structure function pili hair appendages found surface
• Outline structure function prokaryotic ribosomes site protein synthesis
• Cell made eukaryotic prokaryotic micrometers nucleus dna wrapped
• Prokaryotic endosymbiotic eukaryotic cells describe theory state evidence
• Electrons sem surface state stands outline works properties
• Electrons specimen image tem bits passed state stands
• Draw labelled water molecule atoms charges
• Structure water molecule hydrogen atoms oxygen slightly describe
• Bond links water molecules hydrogen
• Define term monomer individual molecules make polymer
• Hydrogen atom bonds electronegative slight charge molecule explain
• Draw water molecules label bond links
• Polar oxygen hydrogen share nucleus water electrons positive
• Define term electronegativity   the tendency atom molecule draw
• Define term dipole bond molecule ends opposite charges
• System roles water reactions list plays life solvent
• Water molecules polar dissolve solvent attracted chemicals explain
• Water transport bonds cohesion molecules explain polar nature
• Water heat high lot energy explain polar nature
• Water binds part explain polar nature reactant hydrolysis
• Water habitat high thermal stability due hydrogen bonds
• Condensation molecule reaction resulting formation larger release water
• Water molecules energy ice 4*c hydrogen bonds liquid
• Water substance hydrophilic dissolve tend define terms hydrophobic
• Substance cohesion ability stick define terms adhesion unlike
• Water cells animals made plant cytoplasm substances in/out
• Water molecules glass explain level shape adhesion stick
• H o capillary explain action occurs transpiration molecule
• Properties heat list main water adhesion cohesion hydrogen
• Monomers molecule repeating unit covalently bonded identical form
• Polymers chains repeating units monomers joined covalent bond
• Macromolecules molecules large number atoms
• Dimer molecule molecular complex consisting identical linked
• Oligomer polymer molecules consist repeating units
• Molecule hydrolysis hydrolysis breakdown smaller requiring addition water
• Metabolism  the sum chemical reactions place cell living
• Catabolic anabolic reactions metabolic molecules smaller units energy
• Main categories biological molecules carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic
• Bond single double chemical electrons shared atoms bond 
• Elements present carbs c h o
• General n formula carbohydrates ch o
• Sugar n monosaccharides single unit hydrolysed simpler ch
• General disaccharides formula carbohydrates formed monosaccharides link together 
• Polysaccharides consist of  monosaccharides  that linked polymers
• Monosaccharides carbon atoms pentose hexose sugars
• Triose sugar give monosaccharides carbon atoms phosphate
• F ring furanose uranose five-membered consisting carbon atoms
• Pyranose ring membered ring consisting carbon atoms oxygen atom. 
• Draw structure alpha glucose the
• Draw structure beta glucose the
• Define term isomer compounds number atoms empirical formula
• Transport mechanisms identify require input energy atp requiring
• Alpha beta glucose c1 ring side c4 describe
• Draw structure ribose the of
• Made glucose alpha list examples disaccharides state monosaccharides
• Water list properties functions glucose hexose monosaccharide chemical
• State properties functions fructose hexose monosaccharide chemical formula: 
• State properties functions galactose hexose monosaccharide chemical formula: 
• Alpha state properties functions maltose disaccharide composed glucose
• State properties functions sucrose disaccharide composed alpha glucose
• Beta glucose galactose state properties functions lactose disaccharide
• Formation draw diagram showing alpha beta glycosidic bond
• Water bond binds carbon glucose describe diagram hydrolysis
• Bonds monounsaturated polyunsaturated fatty saturated double/triple describe difference
• Alpha glucose beta form glycosidic bonds structure flipped
• Starch polysaccharides list diff make proportions amylose amylopectin
• Explain glycosidic bonds called why
• Number glycosidic explain calculate bonds carbohydrate monosaccharides involves
• Hexose h o formula number sugars c n
• Cellulose molecules made microfibrils describe structure fiber consist
• Bonds glucose energy glycosidic alpha bonding side hydrogen
• Bonds glucose energy branch bonding side hydrogen storage
• Biosensors immobilised describe principle work sensors biological components
• Bonds hydrogen glucose strength form cellulose wrt bonding
• Inorganic material compound define terms consisting deriving living
• Define term cation ion positive charge
• Define term anion   ion a  negative  charge
• Symbol calcium ions list biological process involved ca
• Symbol sodium ions list biological process involved na
• Symbol potassium ions list biological process involved k
• Involved symbol hydrogen ions list biological process h
• Symbol ammonium ions list biological process involved nh
• Symbol nitrate ions list biological process involved nitrogen
• Involved symbol hydrogen carbonate ions list biological process
• Symbol chlorides list biological process involved cl shift
• Symbol phosphate ions list biological process involved po
• Involved symbol hydroxide ions list biological process hydrolysis
• Elements present lipids include phospholipids c h o
• Define term macromolecule molecules large number atoms
• Categories lipids types triglycerides phospholipids sterols.  glycolipids cholesterol
• Components triglyceride what are the
• Solution benedict's method qualitative sugar tested reaction brick
• Qualitative chemical define term test process determining present
• Present define term semi-quantitative test semi quantitative process
• Quantitative test define term determines precise quantity chemical
• Test reducing act semi-quantitative concentration benedict's sugars benedicts
• Reducing give examples sugars glucose lactose fructose maltose
• Give non-reducing sugar sucrose one
• Reducing sugars explain called aldehyde group reduce molecule
• Test reagent determine presence describe strips concentration ion/compound
• Light colorimeter describe principle works piece equipment quantitatively
• Percentage absorbance transmission amount light define terms relation
• Explain convert transmission absorbance x transmitted 100-x absorbed
• Colorimeter quantitative test reducing filter benedict's transmission glucose
• Curve concentration calibration glucose substance unknown define term
• Draw diagrams show diff saturated monounsaturated polyunsaturated fatty
• Symbols milimeters micrometers nanometers what
• Unsaturated saturated triglycerides tend acids kink structure straight
• Triglycerides animals plants lipids rich fatty acids rtp
• Structure draw labelled diagram showing basic phospholipid
• Phospholipid state property end strucrtue water
• Triglycerides phospholipids fatty acids non-polar describe diff differences
• Draw diagram show triglyceride formed broken
• Bond holds building blocks triglyceride ester
• Reaction forms breaks triglycerides esterification hydrolysis
• Ester bond glycerol fatty formation molecules hydroxyl groups
• Digestion acids state products triglyceride ph fatty happen
• Hydroxyl group describe structure sterols/cholesterol complex alcohol molecules
• Energy water functions triglycerides proteins amount lipids plants
• Functions phospholipids polar water list relate properties membrane
• Convert measurements unit how do
• Resolution objects define terms magnification shortest distance separate
• Functions cholesterol membrane attracted list relate properties important
• Cholesterol describe presence affects properties cell membranes end
• Microscope electron scanning describe principle types insturment enables
• Label diagram light microscope names component parts
• Eyepiece lens function viewer specimen.  10x 15x power
• Arm microscope function connects body tube base safely
• Coarse adjustment function knob brings specimen general focus
• Fine adjustment function knob tunes focus increases detail
• Nosepiece revolving objective lenses function turret houses viewer
• Power obj lens objective magnification lenses function give
• Stage function clips hold slide place
• Function stage platform slide the
• Function iris/diaphragm adjusts amount light reaches specimen
• Light function condenser located source concentrate cone illuminates
• Light funciton illuminator source microscope older mirrors reflect
• Base function supports microscope illuminator located
• Light laser scanning confocal microscope specimen specific outline
• Power focus objective coarse stage slide lens adjust
• Wet mount put describe produce temporary living tissue
• Slide preparations thin explain light shine details cell
• Graticule stage micrometer divisions work real eyepiece explain
• Length eyepiece graticule add scale bar subject epu
• Number places describe choose significant figures decimal present
• Explain adjustment plane focus alter viewed cell adjusting
• Staining contrast structures components explain light microscopy works
• Specimen stained slide describe prepare viewing light microscope
• Stains molecules binds common iodine solution starch blue-black
• State rules biological drawings the
• Magnification formula state represent triangle diagram
• Size actual magnification calculate object formula image
• Resolution light sem state max magn microscopes tem
• Cell roles state membranes surface partially permeable barrier
• Cell reactions compartmentalisation separate incompatible define term explain
• Partially define term permeable membrane substances cross
• Cell define term signalling complex system intercellular communication
• Phospholipid define term bilayer arrangement found cell membranes 
• Fluid mosaic membrane weakly explain meant mosiac model
• Define term glycoprotein  membrane proteins attached carbohydrate molecules
• Define term phospholipid lipids consisting fatty acids glycerol
• End define term cholesterol lipid consisting of  carbon
• Define term glycolipid cell surface membrane lipids attached
• Channel define term protein hydrophilic passive movement polar
• Carrier define term protein membrane play part transport
• Genetic define biodiversity variety genes make species
• Intrinsic proteins membrane hydrophobic define term transmembrane embedded
• Proteins extrinsic define term peripheral present side bilayer
• Receptor proteins define term protein/glycoprotein bind specific molecule
• Draw diagram phospholipid label components annotate properties
• Draw label diagram fluid mosaic model cell membrane
• Role cell phospholipids membrane main component surface formation
• Role state cholesterol membrane maintaining fluidity stabilising bilayer
• Role cell state glycoproteins membrane adhesion communication/signalling receptors
• Role state glycolipids membrane cell recognition act antigens
• Proteins roles cell glycoproteins state membrane receptors signalling
• Cell define term adhesion join form tight junctions
• Cholesterol fluidity phospholipids bilayer preventing end interacts explain
• Membrane importance bound proteins explain chemical reactions chem
• Chemical binding molecule reaction explain membrane bound glycoprotein
• Temperature effect permeability membrane describe changing cell increasing
• Water draw table compare effects external solutions potentials
• Permeability increases phospholipid bilayer gaps membrane explain effect
• Solvent concentration effect permeability polar increase describe cell
• Bilayer water effect non-polar phospholipids heads intereact explain
• Temperature beetroot water pieces colorimeter effect permeability cell
• Test ethanol beetroot pieces tube colorimeter effect permeability
• Region define diffusion net movement particles atoms molecules
• Simple diffusion membrane define partially permeable assistance proteins
• Facilitated diffusion membrane define term partially permeable assistance
• Water define term osmosis osmosis net movement solution
• Passive transport energy define term require cellular respiration
• Active define term transport movement particles plasma membrane
• Exothermic define reaction releases heat
• Define term endocytosis endocytosis bulk transport materials cells
• Define term exocytosis exocytosis bulk transport materials cells
• Define term pinocytosis pinocytosis endocytosis liquid materials
• Define term phagocytosis phagocytosis endocytosis of  solid  materials
• Rate diffusion list factors affecting molecule affected surface
• Particles membrane simple moving area conc explain paragraph
• Simple molecules state types move membrane diffusion particles
• Particles pass facilitated membrane area concentration proteins carrier
• Facilitated particles proteins state types molecule move membrane
• Protein carrier molecule cell inside phosphate active specific
• Cell phagosome contents explain paragraph diagram substances move
• Protein cell secretory vesicle secreted explain paragraph diagram
• Oxygen water diffusion bilayer small repelled hydrophobic interior
• Steroid hormones hydrophobic explain easily cross membrane simple
• Surface rate area diffusion increase describe explain results
• Rate diffusion temperature increase higher particles avg describe
• Define solvent liquid dissolve substances
• Define solute substance dissolved solvent
• Define solution liquid mixture solute distributed evenly solvent
• Water potential define symbol pressure exerted molecules collide
• Water potential pure solute state explain positive 0kpa
• Cell define plasmolysis plasmolysis plant membrane pulled wall
• Cell define protoplast contents membrane
• Define crenation contraction cell exposure hypertonic solution shriveling
• Cell define turgid plant swollen water uptake wall
• Cell define cytolysis cytolysis bursts releases ints contents
• Define haemolysis haemolysis rupture destruction red blood cells
• Meaning lesser greater describe symbols equal to  proportional
• Solute potential define component plant cell water caused
• Potential write equation link water pressure solute
• Uncertainty explain meant measurements interval true lies expressed
• Absolute define uncertainty number combined reported range true
• Relative uncertainty define ratio absolute reported represented percentage
• State equation straight line y=mx+c
• Straight line state meaning m c equation gradient
• Find straight equation describe line intercepts x-axis graph
• Concentration osmosis equilibrium water explain significance line fit
• Anomalies define term explain identify experimental measurements  values
• Define precision closeness agreement measurements refers repeated results
• Define accuracy closeness agreement individual test result true
• Define repeatability precision obtained results produced short timescale
• Define reproducibility precision obtained measurement results produced wider
• Define resolution smallest change measured measuring instrument incriment
• Define validity extent method experiment makes effects observed
• Cell period mitotic phase list stages cycle order
• Draw label diagram amino acid
• Identify part amino acid variable r-group
• Amino acids state occur life number nature
• Amino types acids essential describe life non-essential body
• Condensation hydrolysis draw labelled diagram demonstrating pepide bonds
• Polypeptide define chain amino acids joined peptide bonds
• Define proteins polypeptides arranged complex macromolecules specific biological
• End terminal group describe polypeptide chain differs amino
• Primary define structure describe held sequence amino acids
• Secondary structure describe types held bonds group δ
• Structure bonds r-groups tertiary polypeptide amino acids define
• Quaternary structure protein define describe held place bonds
• Globular define term protein compact water soluble roughly
• Define holoenzyme active form enzyme
• Fibrous define term protein long insoluble structural arent
• Prosthetic protein define term group  component permanently attached
• Conjugated define term protein globular prosthetic group
• Fibrous give examples proteins elastin collagen keratin
• Functions properties globular fibrous shapes ph temp draw
• Define enzymes biological catalysts interact substrate molecules faclitate
• Substance define substrate acted process reactant enzyme-catalysed reaction
• Define product species formed chemical reaction
• Enzymes metabolic reactions conditions exmplain life importance important
• Reactions catabolic metabolic smaller units energy define anabolic
• Define digestion process large biomolecules carbohydrates lipids proteins
• Define metabolism sum reactions pathways happening cell organism
• Enzymes act cells intracellular extracellular define terms intra
• Amylase state substrates products enzymes catalase trypsin examples
• Give general role adh increases reabsorption water kidneys
• Cells extracellular role enzymes raw materials nutrients explain
• Digestion starch broken maltose summarise role extracellular enzymes
• Digestion proteins peptides amino acids absorbed summarise role
• Active enzyme define site area shape complementary specific
• Define specificity term describes enzyme catalyses biochemical reaction
• Specific enzyme type active shape substrate explain catalyses
• Enzyme specific substrate active complex product(s state sequence
• Lock key shape enzyme specific describe hypothesis action
• Substrate induced-fit enzyme describe hypothesis shape slightly enters
• R-groups bonds interact substrate suggest amino acids involved
• Activation energy define required initiate reaction
• Rate define reaction speed reactants turned products
• Graph draw energy-level show reaction progresses enzyme present
• Competetive inhibitor active site enzyme define competes substrate
• Energy rate activation enzymes particles react higher state
• Enzyme factors concentration state affect rate controlled reaction
• Rate reaction initial define describe significance investigations factors
• Increasing temp optimum increases rate particles explain reaction
• Temperature rate reaction coefficient 10˚c define state usual
• Enzyme increasing bonds protein structure changed shape longer
• Ph change h optimum bonds r-groups active site
• V max define maximum initial rate enzyme-catalysed reaction
• Rate substrate increasing increases concentration explain affects initial
• Non-competetive inhibitor define binds enzyme allosteric site
• Rate enzyme increasing increases substrate explain conc affects
• Conc solution factors enzyme-controlled add hydrogen peroxide describe
• Calculate rate change linear units explain graph showing
• Point rate change non-linear find gradient explain estimate
• Cofactor organic define coenzyme non-protein component effective functioning
• Prosthetic coenzymes cofactors groups organic permanently attached describe
• Prosthetic explain chloride ion correct formation active site
• Permanently cofactor attached explain zinc ion forms important
• Examples vitamin b3 give coenzymes synthesised diet nad
• Inhibition ways multi step reaction pathways regulated describe
• Enzyme define inhibitor molecule prevents carrying normal function
• Molecules define term polymer long-chain composed multiple bonded
• Reversible inhibitor define dissociate enzyme ease binds noncovalently
• Irreversible inhibitor enzyme define dissociate ease permanently disabling
• Active substrate enzyme competetive inhibitor rate site molecules
• Examples competetive inhibitors synthesis state describe actions statins
• Inhibitor enzyme active site substrate non-competetive rate shape
• Examples non-competetive inhibitors enzyme state describe action organophosphates
• Substrate v max inhibitors enzyme-controlled comp effect lower
• End-product reaction define inhibition describe usefulness controlling metabolic
• Inactive enzyme prevent precursor proteases digesting vesicles define
• Inactive precursor describe ways activated activating adding cofactor
• Define apoenzyme protein forms active enzyme combination cofactor
• Define zymogens inactive enzymes that  require biochemical change
• Define proenzymes inactive enzymes require biochemical change conditions/acted
• Examples inactive precursor give enzymes describe activated pepsinogen
• Stages g organelles cell dna list interphase order
• Stages mitotic divides list phase outline mitosis nucleus
• Cells g phase enter cycle longer damaged describe
• Ensures cell role outline checkpoints control cycle divides
• Checkpoint examples g give cell cycle m spindle
• G1 checkpoint cell phase dna requirements satisfied state
• G2 cell checkpoint dna satisfied state occurs checked
• Checkpoint mitosis m cell requirements satisfied state occurs
• Define mitosis mitosis nuclear division stage mitotic phase
• Define chromosome structure condensed coiled dna form chromatin
• Define chromatids halves replicated chromosome
• Sister copies define chromatids identical formed dna replication
• Define centromere region chromatids held
• Spindle define fibers structures made microtubules organise chromosomes
• Homologous define pairs matching chromosomes inherited parent
• Dna chromatin describe packaged chromosome formation proteins histones
• Stages list mitosis order mitosis prophase metaphase anaphase
• Fibers chromosomes nuclear spindle draw annotate describe occurs
• Draw annotate describe occurs metaphase chromosomes moved spindle
• Chromatids draw annotate describe occurs anaphase centromeres holding
• Chromosomes draw annotate describe occurs telophase chromatids reached
• Spindle centrioles fibers role explain mitosis organise attached
• Animal middle describe process cytokinesis cells cytokinesis cleavage
• Structure types carbon ring outline nitrogenous base bases
• Cell plant vesicles dividing sections wall form describe
• Animal plant cells compare cytokinesis cytokinesis form cleavage
• Draw label graph showing relative quantity dna dividing
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase start cytokinesis of
• Cell purpose mitotic daughter identical describe division ensures
• Roles list mitosis mitosis growth organisms repair replacement
• Number cells mitosis mitotic index sample total calculate
• Cell cycles number x calculate produced mitosis thenumber
• Cell time cycle calculate total length takes mitotic
• Draw label basic structure nucleotide
• Attach draw nucleotide showing structure pentose sugar phosphate
• Nucleic types acid state main deoxyribo dna ribo
• Draw table show similarities differences nucleotides dna rna
• Ribose draw structure deoxyribose and
• Nitrogenous list full names bases nucleic acids adenine
• Types nitrogenous base state bases belong
• Nucleic define term acid state chemical elements large
• Define term polynucleotide polymer composed nucleotide monomers covalently
• Define term nucleotide monomers form nucleic acids made
• Phosphodiester bond define term covalent  in phosphate group
• Draw label diagram show nucleotides link form polynucleotides
• Reaction nucleotides phosphodiester state joins breaks bonds joining
• State main types activity cells require energy cellular
• Adenosine draw label diagrams atp adp triphosphate diphosphate
• Dna rna atp similarities differences nucleotides pentose sugar
• Energy atp draw reaction show released provide cellular
• Interconversion atp draw diagram show adp names types
• Energy properties small easily large cellular heat quantities
• Define term phosphorylation addition phosphate organic compound
• Structure draw label diagram dna
• Complementary base rules binds define term pairing state
• Sugar-phosphate define term backbone forms structural framework nucleic
• Define term antiparallel dna strands run parallel opposite
• Double define term helix strands wind twisted ladder
• Define term strand dna polynucleotide chains make double
• Equal amounts base dna nitrogenous explain molecule adenine
• Significance double stranded complementary nature dna describe base
• Sequence bases describe significance dna strand function carries
• Dna describe explain importance steps isolation purification precipitation
• Dna replication explain importance cell divide mitosis/meiosis
• Replication dna strand define term semi conservative semi-conservative
• Dna draw annotate diagram show sequence events replication
• Dna nucleotides complementary bases joined describe process replication
• Dna polymerase helicase state roles replication enzymes joins
• Importance dna genetic explain replication conserving information accuracy
• Define term mutation change base sequence dna affect
• Sequence primary base code structure polypeptide determines amino
• Define term codon three-base sequence dna/rna codes amino
• Define term gene section dna complete sequence bases
• Triplet code acid define describes genetic sequence nucleic
• Codon define term non-overlapping read separately base shared
• Degenerate amino acids define term code describes diff
• Code define term universal refers fact specific codons
• Code amino triplet codons acids genetic sequence mutations
• Start codon stop marks site translation describe meant
• Structure mutations alter changed outline protein occurs randomly
• Define term transcription process copying sections dna base
• Define term translation process complementary code carried mrna
• Rna types state trna transfer mrna messenger rrna
• Carries bases mrna molecule g c codon sequence
• Protein draw annotate diagram outline process synthesis
• Draw annotate diagram show sequence events transcription
• Dna strand gene sense mrna complementary ribonucleotides transcribed
• Draw annotate series diagrams show sequence events translation
• Trna mrna amino binds codon ribosome start bound
• Sense strand define term dna runs genetic code
• Strand antisense define term dna runs complementary sense
• Strand template dna define term antisense acts transcription
• Ribosome describe structure explain role rrna ribosomal made
• Draw label diagram trna and
• Define diploid homologous chromosome pairs complete sets parent
• Define haploid chromosome homologous pair
• Define gamete haploid sex cell produced meiosis organisms
• Define zygote initial diploid cell formed gametes joined
• Define meiosis meiosis nuclear division purpose gamete production
• Reduction define division chromosome number halved diploid haploid
• Reproduction role sexual number chromosomes explain meiosis life
• Meiosis independent assortment metaphase state ways produces variation
• Importance allele suggest creation combinations populations means phenotypes
• Homologous define chromosomes matching pair inherited parent
• Define bivalent pair homologous chromosomes crossing
• Crossing define exchange genes homologous chromosomes resulting mixture
• Define chiasmata points chromatids break rejoin
• Recombinant chromatid define combination dna homologous chromosomes,  formed
• Draw label annotate diagram summary meiosis simplified single
• Stages prophase metaphase anaphase telophase state meiosis order
• Stages draw label annotate sequence diagrams show meiosis
• Chromosomes p1 prophase condense nuclear envelope disintegrates nucleolus
• Metaphase m1 homologous pairs assemble plate independent assortment
• Chromatids entangled a1 anaphase homologous chromosomes pulled opposite
• Chromosomes t1 telophase assemble pole nuclear membrane reforms
• P2 prophase chromosomes consist chromatids condense visible nuclear
• Metaphase m2 individual chromosomes assemble plate due crossing
• A2 anaphase chromatids individual chromosomes pulled opposite poles
• Cells daughter t2 telophase chromatids assemble poles uncoil
• Stage meiosis p1 what of
• Stage meiosis m1 what of
• Stage meiosis a1 what of
• Stage meiosis t1 what of
• Stage meiosis p2 what of
• Stage meiosis m2 what of
• Stage meiosis a2 what of
• Stage meiosis t2 what of
• Crossing genetic forming chromatids describe process explain produces
• Random independent produces genetic homologous pair maternal paternal
• Give general role gonadotrophins control development ovaries testes
• Number genetically explain calculate total gametes produced independent
• Haploid meiosis diploid daughter starts ends cells chromosomes
• Meiosis mitosis cells stages chromosomes produced mitosis diploid
• Levels outline organisation multicellular organism order
• Define specialised structure serve specific function
• Define differentiated specialised carry specific functions
• Define cell smallest structural functional unit organism
• Define tissue collection cells types working perform function
• Define organ collection tissues working perform function
• Organ define system collection working perform function
• Multicellular organisms specialised cells efficiently explain complex require
• Oxygen draw label annotate erythrocytes specialised function flattened
• Neutrophils draw label annotate specialised function multi-lobed nucleus
• Rhythm explain identify afib ecg atrial fibrillation abnormal
• Sperm draw label annotate cells specialised function tail/flagellum
• Palisade cells chloroplasts absorb large light photosynthesis rate
• Root hair draw label annotate cells specialised function
• Guard cells stomata plants water change shape draw
• Tissue main adapted state categories animals nervous support
• Squamous specialised cells draw label annotate diagram show
• Ciliated cells goblet mucus lungs particles draw label
• Ends bones draw label annotate diagram show cartilage
• Muscle tissue draw label annotate diagram show specialised
• Draw label annotate diagram show epidermis tissue specialised
• Opercular valve define attached operculum water in/out cavity
• Xylem tissue plants draw label annotate diagram show
• Phloem tissue draw label annotate diagram show specialised
• System body organ state examples animals describe funciton
• Cell stem define undifferenciated potential differentiate variety specialised
• Define undifferentiated unspecialised cell originating mitosis meiosis
• Define totipotent stem cells capable dividing produce types
• Stem cells embryonic define pluripotent capable dividing produce
• Stem cells define multipotent capable dividing produce types
• Stem embryonic cells define pluripotent
• Stem cells define tissue adult multipotent
• Cells stem specialised characteristic abilities undergo division describe
• Importance stem cells explain activity carefully controlled source
• Stem types cells state give examples occur animals
• State stem cells plants found tissue occur potency
• Increases diffusion sa:v ratio increasing organism oxygen surface
• Cell stem specialised outline cycle replicate indefinitely point
• Erythrocytes constantly important neutrophils replaced explain produced replacement
• Xylem phloem sieve tissues cells outline vessels tubes
• Disease stem cells list potential treat heart type
• Heart stem cells suggest treat disease treating repair
• Stem cells type suggest treat diabetes treating replace
• Stem cells parkinson's suggest treat disease treating replace
• Stem cells alzheimer's suggest treat disease treating replacing
• Stem cells macular suggest treat degeneration treating replacing
• Stem spinal suggest cells treat injuries treating replacing
• Stem cells treating describe burns grown biodegradable meshes
• Cells stem tested describe ways research usefulness drug
• Cell life describe arguments agaisnt embryonic stem research
• Stem cells induced plurpotent embryonic define term pluripotent
• Circumference area circle state formulae r π 2rπ
• Surface state formulae areas volumes spheres rectangular prisms
• Describe convert areas volumes unit converting sa v
• Activity organism oxygen demand energy describe level related
• Volume surface related oxygen demand area organisms cells
• Supply increase organisms cells large diffusion explain meeting
• Surface area exchange sa:v body explain volume ratio
• Features exchange state efficient surfaces.  surfaces increased area
• Increased surface area exchange explain increases efficiency needed
• Thin explain layers increase efficiency exchange surfaces distances
• Good blood exchange gradient means explain supply increases
• Ventilation explain increases efficiency exchange surfaces gases system
• Human draw label diagram gaseous exchange system respiratory
• Air structure nasal temp humidity dust surfaces describe
• Trachea structure cartilage describe explain makes adapted function
• Structure bronchi trachea left describe explain makes adapted
• Structure bronchioles describe explain makes adapted function bronchi
• Alveoli air surface elastic structure makes epithelial fibres
• Cells goblet epithelial mucus explain ciliatead trachea bronchi
• Elastic lung alveoli air describe importance fibres surfactant
• Circulatory system define transport animal
• Exchange mammalian gas system explain adapted efficient surface
• Define breathing process taking air expelling lungs
• Define ventilation movement air lungs result pressure thorax
• Gas transfer blood define exchange oxygen inhaled air
• Specialised transport lots food waste diffusion distances transported
• Diffusion volume sa:vol ratio organism distances bigger cells
• Activity organism oxygen demand energy describe level related
• Volume related oxygen surface demand supply organisms cells
• Supply organisms increase cells large diffusion explain meeting
• Diffusion multicellular organisms large transport slow explain meet
• Mass define flow movement fluid bulk direction
• Region of  define diffusion net overall  movement  of 
• Type pathogen ring rot bacterium
• Circulatory open system define heart vessels transport medium
• Circulatory blood closed system vessels define enclosed directly
• Define haemolymph transport medium insects
• Single circulatory system define circulatroy blood passes heart
• Blood circulation double circulatory pumped heart define system
• Pulmonary side heart define circulation passage blood arteries
• Systemic the  side  of heart define circulation passage
• Closed draw diagram show realtionship types circulatory system
• Examples circulatory closed state organisms type system open
• Organisms mass large features circulatory transport medium multicellular
• Transport medium haemolymph open circulatory diffusion describe features
• Blood closed circulatory vessels heart describe features systems
• Blood single circulatory heart closed systems fish passes
• Heart blood double closed circulatory system circuit pumped
• Circulation closed open blood similarities differences involve vessels
• Blood open diffusion advantages disadvantages closed requires energy
• Blood elastic stretching recoiling state properties function fibres
• Single double circulation blood flows heart similarities differences
• Blood single pressure advantages disadvantages double complex animals
• Pulmonary blood systemic carried lungs body deoxygenated ventricle
• Blood vessel list order sequence types passes leaves
• Define lumen inside space tubular structure artery intestine
• Tunica layers fibres state names anatomical blood vessels
• State properties functions endothelium blood vessels smooth minimises
• Blood smooth state properties function muscle tissue contract
• Blood connective tissue collagen vessels state properties function
• Aorta blood smooth muscle collagen medium sized arteries
• Single describe structure capillaries layer endothelial cells gaps
• Diffusion blood capillaries area substances describe adapted function
• Blood low pressure heart resistance explain structure veins
• Valves blood flows describe function veins explain work
• Veins pressure blood heart adaptations low chest describe
• Veins draw table comparing similarities differences arteries capillaries
• Blood vasoconstriction vasodilation flow smooth muscle arteriole vessel
• Heart double side pump sends blood oxygenated explain
• Blood left atrium structure receives pulmonary pumps describe
• Blood flow draw diagram showing heart include names
• Muscle type heart made describe features cardiac contracts
• Blood vessels supply heart muscle oxygen glucose coronary
• Heart pericardial prevent state role membranes stretching much from
• Walls ventricles thicker blood explain of  atria pump
• Ventricle left pumps blood lungs wall explain thicker
• Valves backflow blood chordae tendinae prevents ventricle atrium
• State location function septum heart dividing wall prevents
• Blood cardiac cycle systole contract push ventricles stages
• Explain identify tachycardia ecg beats evenly spaced rate
• Type pathogen tmv virus what
• Type pathogen potato blight protoctist
• Ventricles pressure atria valve aorta atrioventricular open semilunar
• Blood pressure ventricles contract rises volume fill atria
• Ventricular p(v pressure valve opens systole aorta/pulm artery
• Happening work side heart explain thing simultaneously
• Stage diastole what
• Stage atrial systole what
• Stage ventricular systole what
• Define myogenic muscle intrinsic rhythm
• Sino-atrial heart define node san region initiates wave
• Atrio-ventricular define node avn stimulates ventricles contract imposing
• Bundle define conducting tissue composed purkyne fibres passes
• Purkyne define fibres tissue conducts wave excitation apex
• Electrical events heart draw annotate diagram describe sequence
• Ectopic beat explain identify heartbeat ecg abnormal qrs
• Type pathogen black sigatoka fungus
• Electrical excitation ventricles sequence events wave bundle apex
• Events cardiac systole link electrical heart beat cycle
• Delay explain importance conduction avn permits atria finish
• Layer non-conducting atria explain importance tisssue ventricles tissue
• Define electrocardiogram ecg recording electrical activity heart
• Define tachycardia rapid heartbeat 100+bpm
• Define bradycardia slow heart rate 60bpm
• Ectopic heartbeat define extra normal rhythm
• Define fibrillation rapid irregular contractions muscle fibers heart
• Define arrhythmia abnormal rhythm heart
• Electrodes skin electrical outline ecg recorded recording stuck
• Draw label ecg names sections
• Ventricles wave excitation node causing contract describe happening
• Heart explain calculate rate ecg calculating count number
• Normal heart explain identify action ecg beats evenly
• Explain identify bradycardia ecg beats evenly spaced heart
• Structure peptide describe haemoglobin globular protein made chains
• Write reversible equation show haemoglobin carries oxygen
• Oxygen alveoli haemoglobin gradient erythrocytes air low steep
• Partial pressure define exerted component mixture gases
• Oxygen draw annotate dissociation curve showing percentage saturation
• Define affinity strength molecules interact bind
• Define dissociation process mols ionic compounds separate split
• Positive oxygen define cooperativity describes haemoglobin shape binds
• Oxygen hb binding affinity shape molecule explain affects
• O high low hb draw annotate oxygen dissociation
• Bohr effect define concentration uptake release o hb
• Bohr o bc high  and h low explain
• Fetal adult draw annotate oxygen dissociation curves show
• Increases spirometer trace exercise rate describe differ compared
• Ring identify host species rot potatoes tomatoes aubergines
• Fetal hb adult oxygen o blood explain important
• Oxygen higher partial organisms low high pressure shift
• Transporting list methods  in blood dissolved plasma combined
• Write reversible set equations show production hydrogencarbonate ions
• Carbonic state location enzyme catalyses production acid anhydrase
• Carbonic h acid ions form hydrogencarbonate dissociates describe
• Ions rbc diffuse describe  to leave lungs formation
• Structures involved draw label diagram showing arrangement breathing
• Define inspiration act drawing air lungs
• Define expiration act expelling air lungs
• Active process define requires atp
• Passive process define require atp
• Pressure thorax muscles lungs describe process inspiration linking
• Pressure normal thorax muscles lungs describe process expiration
• Process forced normal muscles expiration contract expiraiton describe
• Air forcefully quickly breathe volume state pieces equipment
• Explain spirometer measure absolute lung volume knowing air
• Tidal volume define air entering/leaving hte lungs normal
• Inspiratory reserve volume define max additional air inhaled
• Expiratory reserve volume define additional air exhaled normal
• Residual volume define air left lungs exhaled hard
• Vital capacity define maximum volume air forcefully exhaled
• Total lung capacity define sum vital residual volume
• Breathing define rate number breaths minute
• Ventilation define rate total volume air inhaled minute
• Lung label graph voluem breathing volumes missing total
• Breathing rate tidal volume measure number breaths explain
• Rate ventilation write equation linking breathing tidal volume
• Compare dialysis transplantation and with
• Tidal breathing rate oxygen volume uptake greater increases
• Define exoskeleton external skeleton organisms insects made chitin
• Define spriacle small openings side insects air enters
• Define tracheae largest tubes insect respiratory system lead
• Define tracheoles narrow tubes formed branching tracheae single
• Tracheal fluid define lining found end tracheoles oxygen
• Oxygen tracheoles insect gas tracheae cell outline structure
• Spiracles closed water explain insects tend oxygen demands
• Exchange gas adaptations insect oxygen surface area tracheae
• Tracheal fluid exercise oxygen describe activity volume tracheoles
• Air movements adaptations insects high energy system thorax
• Water challenges gas exchange systems describe advantages faced
• Bony define operculum flap covering gills fish
• Buccal define cavity space gills mouth
• Gill define arch bony support made lined hundreds
• Gill define filament thin plates attached arch folds
• Gill define lamellae folds filaments network capillaries  site
• Describe mechanism ventilation bony fish
• Exchange water adaptations fish gas system gill filaments
• Countercurrent system define exhange exchange exchanging materials heat
• Parallel exchange system define exchanging materials heat components
• Oxygen blood higher saturation achieved countercurrent exchange system
• Draw table compare mammalian insect bony fish gas
• Gill filaments raker arch 1
• Gill bony fish filaments covered lamellae
• Mammalian trachea 
• Insect tracheae tracheoles and
• Describe features gas exchange system apparent microscope arent
• Microtubules flagella cillia common extensions protrude cell types
• Move cells  or  to describe function structure cilia
• Tmv spread direct contact soil contamination human vectors
• Cells describe function structure flagella whip-like  structures have 
• Cell move form outline structure function component cytoskeleton
• Glucose list properties functions monosaccharide 6-membered ring structure
• Amylopectin energy storage list properties functions starch polysaccharide
• Mixed w  cell walls  for  in list properties
• Cells list properties functions glycogen polysaccharide made alpha
• Structural subunits heam oxygen identify key components properties
• Structural catalase heam hydrogen peroxide breakdown identify key
• Structural subunits identify key components properties functions peptide
• Strong inflexible insoluble describe structure properties location function
• Location function describe structure properties elastin quaternary protein
• Components blood list describe funcitons plasma carries erythrocytes
• Cells functions food state blood transport o2 co2
• Plasma blood define state functions protein yellow liquid
• Tissue cells plasma define fluid solution surrounding multicellular
• Lymph define modified tissue fluid collected system oxygen
• Tissue fluid plasma blood lymph proteins low draw
• Describe total cross sectional area blood vessels varies
• Hydrostatic pressure blood define vessels generated contraction cardiac
• Oncotic pressure define osmotic created proteins dissolved blood
• Pressure filtration hydrostatic define interaction osmotic driving fluid
• Define filtration movement fluid dissolved substances pores capillary
• Describe pressure/hydrostatic pressure varies circulatory system highest arteries
• Oncotic capillaries pressure blood potential water surrounding fluid
• Pressure hydrostatic fluid draw label annotate diagram explain
• Pressure oncotic draw label annotate diagram explain movement
• Tissue blood production fluid capillary end pressure lymph
• Lymph fluid lymphatic system nodes describe structure function
• Communicable define disease  -disease passed organism species caused
• Define pathogen microorganism disease that
• Pathogen state types give examples virus bacteriophage hiv
• Draw label annotate diagram generalised virus
• Reproductive cycle draw label series diagrams describe general
• Cell ways host viruses digest fungi describe pathogens
• Identify host species tmv tobacco plant tomato peppers
• Identify host species blight potato tomatoes
• Black identify host species sigatoka bananas
• Type pathogen tuberculosis bacterium what
• Type pathogen bacterial meningitis bacterium
• Type pathogen aids virus what
• Type pathogen influenza virus what
• Type pathogen malaria protoctist what
• Type pathogen ring worm fungus
• Type pathogen athletes foot fungus
• Identify host species tb humans cattle badgers deer
• Bacterial identify host species meningitis humans
• Identify host species aids humans
• Identify host species influenza mammals birds
• Identify host species malaria humans
• Ring identify host species worm mammals
• Identify host species athletes foot athlete's humans
• Define vector living non-living factor transmits pathogen organism
• Define spore reproductive cell capable developing individual fusion
• Contagious define disease passed person direct contact
• Direct transmission describe meant pathogen transferred directly indiv
• Direct contact skin hands give types examples transmission
• Indirect give types examples transmission fomites inanimate objects
• Ring rot spread direct contact plants soil contamination
• Potato vector blight spread soil contamination wind water
• Black sigatoka spread wind vector direct contact
• Tb spread droplet infection how
• Bacterial meningitis spread direct contact kissing/contact w body
• Infected aids spread break skin inoculation blood contact
• Influenza spread droplet infection how
• Ring worm spread direct contact fomites
• Malaria spread mosquito vector bite
• Athlete's foot spread fomites direct contact
• Factors transmission affect diseases poor vectors describe communicable
• Factors affect transmission describe explain communicable diseases plants
• Barriers state examples pathogens plants waxy cuticle leaves
• Describe major difference plants response pathogens explain successful
• Plant cell receptors respond describe ways detect presence
• Molecules produced plants limit spread pathogen callose lignin
• Linkages describe strucutre callose polysaccharide ß-1,3 ß-1,6
• Chemical list types plant defences insect repellent insecticide
• Insect give repellents pine resin 
• Give insecticides pyrethrins made chrysanthemums act insect neurotoxins
• Give antibacterials phenols antiseptics made plants
• Give antifungals chitinases break chitin fungal cell wall
• Give anti-oomycetes glucanases made plants break glucans polymers
• Give toxins chemicals broken form cyanide compounds plant
• Non-specific define defences innate immune system made phagocytes
• State barriers human body minimise entry pathogens cells
• Skin acts barrier pathogens explain effective entry defence
• Mucous explain membranes act effective barrier entry pathogens
• Expulsive large quantity reflexes explain protection pathogens cough
• Blood draw flow chart show process clotting
• Blood importance clotting serotonin explain release platelets cut
• Histamines blood cytokines make vessels describe processes involved
• Pathogens higher temp describe fever initiated response invasion
• Define phagocyte specialised white blood cells engulf destroy
• Give types phagocytes neutrophils macrophages
• Pathogen phagocytes phagosome lysosome describe stages phagocytosis phagocytosis
• Major histocompatibility complex macrophage antigens pathogen surface membrane
• Antigen-presenting cell define displays foreign antigens complexed mhc
• Phagocytes body describe role cytokines non-specific defences cell
• Opsonins describe role phagocytosis chemicals bind pathogens tag
• Blood explain smears stained viewing light microscope stain
• Blood types cell nucleus cytoplasm diff found outline
• Surface non-self cells define antigens explain difference identifying
• Define antibody y-shaped glycoproteins made b cells immune
• Antigen-antibody complex define formed binding antibody antigen
• Define lymphocyte wbc make specific immune system
• Immune specific response define acquired triggered antigens distinguish
• Draw label annotate diagram antibody
• Chains structure identical describe explain antibodies glycoproteins made
• Antigen-antibody complex pathogens toxins describe explain ways antibodies
• B lymphocytes t called mature explain marrow  lymphoctes
• T cell main types lymphocytes lypmhocytes helper killer
• T stimulate helper cells production describe role produce
• T killer describe role cells produce perforin kills
• T memory describe role cells live long time
• T regulator describe role cells suppress immune system
• B cells main types lymphocytes plasma effector memory
• B plasma describe role cells produce antibodies antigen
• B effector describe role cells divide form plasma
• Memory describe role b cells t live long
• Cell mediated immunity effective define suggest t lymphocytes
• T cell helper pathogen process mediated antigens form
• Humoral immunity effective define suggest b lymphocytes produce
• B cell humoral complementary receptor binds antigens apc
• Clonal specific cells define selection theory exposure antigen
• Clonal define expansion mass proliferation antibody-producing cells selection
• Antigen presentation specific immune summarise role response ensures
• Cell signalling specific describe role immune response immunity
• Wide flat leaves hydrophytes capture light maximise photosynthesis
• Primary immune define response slow production small number
• Secondary immune define response fast production large quantities
• Response secondary antibody time primary immune draw label
• Active define immunity exposure antigen triggering specific immune
• Passive define immunity exposure antigen pre-made antibodies received
• Artificial passive define immunity results administration antibodies animal
• Artificial active define immunity results exposure safe form
• Natural active define immunity results response body invasion
• Natural passive define immunity infant mammal mother placenta/breast
• Active passive term draw table comparing immunity natural
• Autoimmune define disease condition/illness resulting immune system acting
• Describe examples autoimmune diseases 3
• Autoimmune diseases immune suggest occur system recognises antigens
• Antigen define vaccine safe form injected bloodstream provide
• Antigens describe ways obtained vaccines contents killed/inactivated bacteria
• Roots small hydrophytes water diffuses directly stem leaf
• Vaccination immune response triggered describe results artificial active
• Define epidemic communicable disease spreads rapidly lot people
• Define pandemic disease spreads rapidly number countries continents
• Herd immunity define large part population area immune
• Unvaccinated population explain vaccination significant number people provide
• Herd people suggest members population protection immunity allergic
• Vaccination programmes provide herd give examples aim immunity
• Influenza redeveloped people suggest vaccine revaccinated year virus
• Describe examples common medical drugs derived living organisms
• Biodiversity explain maintain relation discovery medicines make destroy
• Personalised combination define medicine drugs work individual genetics
• Cancer gene give treatment personalised medicine breast patients
• Medicine suggest personalising person's genetic information personalised improve
• Synthetic biological systems define biology design construction parts
• Synthetic biology produce drugs give examples lead medical
• Define antibiotic chemical kills inhibits growth bacteria
• Selective define toxicity ability interfere metabolism pathogen affecting
• Antibiotics bacterial human suggest ways act selectively cells
• Antibiotics work explain viral infections dont viruses  specifically
• Cell outline ways common antibiotics effect examples penlillin
• Explain population bacteria develop resistance antibiotic
• Antibiotics resistance suggest ways increasing likelihood evolving reasons
• Give examples antibiotic resistant bacteria mrsa c difficile
• Suggest methods reduce likelihood resistance developing bacteria preventing
• Herbaceous plants define non-woody stems 
• Dicotyledonous define plants produce seeds cotyledons act food
• System vascular define plants transport vessels running thru 
• Vascular define bundles system herbaceous dicots made xylem
• Types transport vessels vascular bundles xylem phloem
• Transverse stem draw label annotate diagram section typical
• Transverse root draw label annotate diagram section typical
• Transverse leaf draw label annotate diagram section typical
• Function xylem plant transport state phloem vessels water
• Vessel water xylem flow structure long hollow element
• Describe patterns lignification xylem state function rings spirals
• Draw label annotate diagram longitudinal section xylem vessel
• Sieve tube define element main cells phloem greatly
• Sieve phloem define plate areas cells walls perforated
• Companion cells define active found sieve tube elements
• Sieve tube elements cells companion describe structure phloem
• Sieve adaptations tube elements cytoplasm assimilates lots companion
• Drawl label annotate longitudinal section phloem tissue show
• Xylem phloem materials plant end transports flow cell
• Plant stained sections put dye make clean describe
• Water define transpiration loss vapour leaves plant result
• Transpiration define stream movement water plant roots lost
• Transpiration water define pull force aids drawing upward
• Habitats define xerophytes plants adaptations enable survive dry
• Water moves stomata transpiration diffusion open explain loss
• Route water outline takes plant transpiration absorbed roots
• Define stomata pores surface leaf stem opened closed
• Guard cells define open/close stomatal pores controlling gaseous
• Water xylem transpiration leaf move results mesophyll cells
• Draw label annotate diagram show transport water plant
• Xylem evidence cohesion-tension cut shoot transpiration dye diameter
• Guard cells explain open/close stomata turgor low asymmetric
• Water rate transpiration increases humidity air factors light
• Rate water measure transpiration uptake factors affect draw
• Root pressure evidence role active transport energy describe
• Water setting explain precautions potometer leafy shoot cut
• Functions water turgor describe plants pressure result osmosis
• Root hairs soil water describe ways cells adapted
• Water root hair moves soil low potential explain
• Water pathways travels root xylem symplast apoplast
• Cell water symplast moves root hair describe pathway
• Water importance potential movement explain gradients plant passive
• Water apoplast moves cell mols describe pathway movement
• Define endodermis layer cells surrounding vascular tissue roots
• Casparian define strip band waxy material suberin runs
• Root xylem define pressure active pumping minerals cells
• Water casparian describe function strip blocks apoplast pathway
• Active endodermal xylem water transport cells potential pressure
• Reduced structure hydrophytes water supports entire plant strong
• Define hydrophytes plants adaptations enable survive wet habitats
• State examples xerophytes cacti marram grass conifers
• State examples hydrophytes water lilies duckweeds bulrushes
• Water conserve state ways plants gain access general
• Water conditions environmental describe loss access real problem
• Leaves adaptations stomata reduced list examples xerophytes conserving
• Waxy cuticle thick explain helps xerophytes hydrophobic layer
• Sunken stomata explain xerophytes located pits reduce air
• Reduced stomata explain numbers xerophytes water lost transpiration 
• Reduced leaves lower rate explain helps xerophytes leaf
• Hairy leaves water explain helps xerophytes trap humid
• Curled leaves stomata explain helps xerophytes confines microenvironment
• Water explain succulent helps xerophytes plants store specialised
• Loss leaf water explain helps xerophytes lose leaves
• Root adaptations explain xerophytes long tap growing deep
• Water air plant describe problems faced hydrophytes logging
• Roots list adaptations hydrophytes thin/no waxy cuticle always-open
• Thin/no waxy cuticle water hydrophytes conserve access lot
• Always-open stomata bc hydrophytes maximises gas exhange risk
• Large surface areas stems roots water hydrophytes maximises
• Air sacs hydrophytes enable buoyancy
• Aerenchyma hydrophytes specialised parenchyma tissue leaves stems roots
• State form carbs transported plants sucrose 
• Define translocation mass flow o f assimilates phloem
• Define source part plant loads assimialtes phloem storage
• Define sink part plant assimilates removed phloem storage
• Define assimilates products photosynthesis transported plant sucrose
• Give examples sources green leaves stems storage organs
• Give examples sinks roots growing/actively absorbing ions meristems
• Phloem define loading process assimilates selectively actively sieve
• Phloem route state ways loading occurs actively apoplast
• Sucrose symplast route phloem moves sieve describe loading
• Phloem apoplast route sucrose describe loading travels cell
• Companion cells protons apoplast gradient diffuse co-transport sucrose
• Draw diagram show active movement sucrose companion cell
• Cell companion transport describe adapted function adaptations infoldings
• Water assimilates moves pressure source buildup companion cell
• Phloem cells conc gradient maintained sucrose surrounding moves
• Give examples sucrose converted converting glucose respiration starch
• Evidence active flow companion cells process mass aphids
• Compare transpiration translocation and
• Structure long form end tropocollagen describe collagen polypeptides
• Collagen describe properties strong flexible
• State location collagen skin tendons ligaments nervous sys
• State function collagen connective tissues
• Define classification process living orgnaisms sorted groups
• Define ecosystem interacting living organisms non-living conditions area
• Define community populations living organisms habitat
• Define habitat natural home environment plant animal organism
• Define population  group individuals species habitat
• Define species  group organisms similar features breed produce
• Define biodiversity variety living organisms present area
• Habitat define biodiversity number found area

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