AP European History

Learn using these flashcards. Click a card to start.

• Full domination europe prevented vienna
• Widespread loss dark ages europe strength military
• Dark ages loss interest learning forgotten technology
• Completely inexistent dark ages needed medicine
• Germanic tribe sacked rome called visigoths
• Final roman emperor lost control rome romulus augustulus
• Plague prevented emperor constantinople reuniting byzantine empire justinian
• Culture influenced minorettes hagia sophia arabic pre-islamic influence
• Emperor justinian building hagia sophia
• Ransacking lindisfarne the  vikings the
• Marched northern france islamic armies
• Barely averted fall christian europe charles hammer martel
• Reunited western europe charlemagne who
• Charlemagne reduced holy roman empire greatly distributed land
• Byzantine emperor asked pope urban ii kemnonos
• Pope urban ii kemnonos dispached 50k armed knights
• Present country christians muslims fight span years palestine
• Empire claimed constantinople ottoman which
• Major religion fell muslims eastern orthodox christianity
• Full domination europe barely stop vienna
• Muslims convert christianity 1453-1650s when
• Augustulus lose control rome what
• Controlled france spread christianity clovis
• Plague prevented justinian reuniting byzanting empire
• Islamic armies n france where
• Charlemagne reunite western roman empire
• Ottoman emperor claim constantinople istanbul
• Visigoths sack rome when did
• Visigoths germanic tribe what are
• Augustulus lose control rome when
• Clovis gain control france when
• Justinian prevented reuniting byzantine empire plague
• Vikings attacked lindisfarne the first
• Easy vikings ransack lindisfarne good boats
• Constantinople istanbul when did become
• Dark ages start when did
• Dark ages end when did
• Muslim conversion happen 1453-1650s when
• Muslim conversion start when did
• Muslim conversion end 1650s when
• Asian goods reach europe prior muslim empiewa middle-men
• Muslims middle men european/asian trade
• Caused spain route asia connstantinople
• Traded columbian exchange ideas goods disease
• Spain involving americas early 1500s built discoveries columbus
• Spanish build discoveries christopher columbus control americas early
• Economic issue people face americas settled inflation
• King spain early 1500s philip ii
• Happened spanish armada lost british
• Economy develop based discovery world naval superiority
• British dynasty power hint monarchies tudors
• Henry switch religion catholicism power reasons
• Efficient land water which is
• Idea ancient greek roman principles classicism
• Main things classicism affected art science
• Major idea greco-roman culture people believed classicism realistic
• Medici borgias families famous patrons arts science
• Invention spread ideas classicism printing press
• Century peak renaissance 1500s the
• Renaissance happen italy netherlands venice florence antwerp haarlem
• Negative change renaissance bring conflict church
• People questioned church's authority the
• Discovered earth revolves sun nicolas copernicus
• Year copernicus reveal findings what
• Feudalism 1500s dies what happens
• Area europe important renaissance northwest
• Kings italy building modern institutions actively
• Italian kings build modern institutions actively
• Monarchs bring back civil peace
• Establishment monarchies lead creation states
• Class supported monarchies middle which
• King valois family louis xi
• Louis xi french borders rounded
• Set louis xi kings empires power church
• King pragmatic sanction agreement pope income allowed appoint
• France protestant king power choose bishops abbots
• Families spain divided aragon castile
• Unified spain ferdinand isabella's marriage
• Nationalism europe create anti-semitism what
• Jews defined europe outsiders what
• Monarchies centralize power/gov't what did
• Centralized government allowed 16th century political foreign colonization
• Centralized government offer economically rapid economic growth
• Monarchies guarantee problem dark ages law order
• People believed hereditary monarchies legitimate form public power
• Kind gov't early states require bureaucracy
• Monarchies employ defend power standing army
• Rulers achieve monarchies centralized power
• Dynasty england gave stability tudors
• France power monarchies consolidate what
• Spain marriage unification what did
• Traditional empire government monarchies decentralization
• Happened monarchies late middle ages redeveloped
• Economic characteristic monarchies additional taxation
• Power decreased monarchies clergy the
• Governments monarchies clergy power nobility
• Kings monarchies hire bureacracy class middle
• Lead spain global power renaissance americas
• Philip ii lead europe golden age
• Spain's golden age end exile/execution non-catholics
• Religion spain strengthen catholicism what
• Spanish inquisition kicking out/persecuting/executing non-catholics
• Spain successfully fight ottoman turks
• Spanish bring inquisition netherlands the
• Spain fail bring inquisition england
• Ship invented europeans made convenient caravel faster manuverable
• Sails ships invented square triangular
• Technology allowed ships float higher bilge pump system
• Technologies islamic peoples invent compass astrolabe maps
• Spanish spread christianity felt godly duty
• Event caused protestants catholics start competing reformation
• Catholics called jesuits what were
• Spanish colonize americas hint gold glory spread religion
• People americas originally freedom religion
• G's conquistadors gold glory god
• Native europeans americans gain high status society wealth
• Difference plot land native american society european n.a
• Gender roles native americans europeans women power society
• European colonization bring americas bad disease
• Fraction hispaniolas died european colonization
• Native survivors left americas how
• Ultimate conqueror america disease what
• Portuguese economic status 15th century poor
• Spain land empire portugal trade
• Bartholomeu dias discover cape good hope
• Portuguese asia porcelain tea spices
• Ferdinand magellan circumnavigated globe what
• Hernan cortes aztec king bowed
• Society francisco pizarro discover incas
• Europeans rely sea travel locals
• Class grew overseas expansion middle
• Power significant country's overseas exploration naval
• Facilitated interaction cortes aztecs malinche dona maria
• Treaty tordesillas sets permanent line demarcation setting country
• Trade shift overseas exploration asia americas
• Vasco de gama rounded africa
• Vasco de gama land country part today malabar
• Kind ships vasco de gama return india fighting
• Conflicted de gama returned india disturb trade routes
• Vasco de gama reach malacca
• Malacca singapore where is near
• Sir francis xavier portuguese missionaries
• Center european trade lisbon where
• Behaim's globe created supports christopher columbus views
• Amerigo vespucci discovered americas asia named
• Hernan cortes conquered aztecs what
• Francisco pizarro incas who did
• John cabot conqueror britain was
• Jacques cartier france conqueror was
• English discover white sea what
• Magellan land philippines where did
• Magellan win filipino people lost
• Bartolome de las casas abuse natives
• Spanish family looked american born whites castillians
• American born whites called creoles
• Brought mexico printing press what
• Bishropics viceroyalty how many were
• University founded harvard what was
• University founded harvard what was
• University founded lima which was
• Found potosi peru presently bolivia silver deposits
• Extracted silver peru native americans
• Silver deposits religiously/militarily anti-protestant phase
• Natural resources natives europeans longer lives
• Spanish est trade routine acapulco manila
• Silver traded asia chinese goods
• Flourished result spices bought east indies antwerp
• Common names plundering ships areas europe french cosairs
• Treasure ships europeans plunder iberian
• Organized effort plunder iberian treasure ships
• Stopped major european powers explore west domestic troubles
• Domestic wars fought 1500s religion
• Long british empire lasted centuries
• England fight conquest economy what
• Empire english called thrived world
• England experience settled world golden age
• Called virgin queen england elizabeth i marriage affect
• Humphrey gilbert successful indies largely unsuccessful
• Successor elizabeth i england united british empire
• Empires united britain wales scotland england
• Treaty london ended england's naval conflict spain
• Galleon type ship what was
• Proved england's downfall world search gold
• Trade helped british colonies fully hold sugar
• British settlement founded jamestown was
• Founded plymouth radical puritans mayflower escape religious persecutions
• Colony britain establish virginia what
• Colony britain found capital named person founded maryland
• Rhode island establishment maryland meant accompany religions specifically
• Died rose power james i charles
• Mistakes charles i make unwisely high taxes growing
• Charles i's failure cooperate parliament english civil war
• Parties english civil war called royalists parliamentarians
• Parliament executed king what did
• Parliament executed king what did
• Parliament executed king what did
• Parliament executed king what did
• Parliament king executed what did
• Colonies america affected civil war england self-sufficient
• Frontier battlefield age exploration global trade
• Frontier battlefield age exploration global trade
• Frontier battlefield age exploration global trade
• Subject reached high point europe philosophy
• Frontier battlefield europeans age exploration global trade
• Frontier battlefield europeans age exploration global trade
• Frontier battlefield europeans age exploration global trade
• Frontier battlefield europeans age exploration global trade
• Frontier battlefield age exploration global trade
• Frontier battlefield age exploration global trade
• Frontier battlefield age exploration global trade
• Country europe fight trade netherlands
• English parliament decree ships profit products
• Occurred won successive anglo-dutch wars england
• British success anglo-dutch wars britain gained stronger footholds
• Image effect charles ii's unusual tastes people's public
• Helped fuel british economy hint companies slave trade
• Successful mercantile slavery company royal african
• Company trade england control present-day manitoba called ran
• Percentage americas hudson bay company point
• Countries britain constantly odds france spain netherlands dutch
• Points trade triangle formed britain americas carribbean
• Main british ports global trade triangle liverpool bristol
• Country britain's biggest threat france
• Act union unified britain scotland wales
• Major powers years war britain france
• Treaty ended years war called paris
• Places americas france give years war canada dominica
• Political tension britain americas years war taxation increase
• Boston tea happened party patriots angry british taxes
• Patriots reject parliamentary control when
• Ideas conflict revolutionary war independence imperialism
• Forced britain accept colonies independence peace paris french
• Biggest encouragement british colonization privately owned mercantile businesses
• World helped privately owned mercantile businesses expand natural
• Navigation acts british ensured britain's dominance trade severed
• Year slavery abolished what was
• Negative thing british navigation acts create black market
• Treaty utrecht end spanish war succession
• Battled spanish throne war succession france portugal savoy
• Discovered australia james cook who
• James cook's original task happened follow path venus
• America's main objectives end war britain recognize independence
• Opening important factor commercial revolution trades
• Population europe million what was
• Population england million what was
• People lived germany france million
• People lived russia million in
• People lived london paris in
• Populated countries europe germany france
• Prices rose commercial revolution agriculture
• Prices rose commercial revolution hired labor wages
• Capital owned money what is
• German mercantile family albrecht durer paint piece called
• Member fugger family start business type cloth
• Type cloth fuggers produce fustian
• Fuggers lend money charles v holy roman emperor
• System europe break commercial revolution guild
• Main things bad guild system rely gendered division
• French cotton dealers hire peasants increase production goods
• Examples industries require initial outlay mining shipbuilding books
• Caused demands trades requiring initial outlay i.e things
• Linked small merchant families major exterior trade private
• Usury high rates interest of
• High interest rate commercial rev
• Theologians uni paris feel interest thought usury
• Major religious figure fuggers martin luther
• Filled role merchants commercial revolution producers
• Merchants rely industrial revolution industrialists operate machinery
• Bullionist ideas set poor work
• Mercantilists guilds conservative outlook what
• Statute artificers regulate admissions apprenticeship wages
• Country relied guilds convenient tax france
• English poor law forced bodied people work.  
• England skilled workers helped immigrate
• Backed merchants stronger monarchies cities
• Henry vii negotiate treaty flanders
• England erected imports tariffs against
• Country internal tariffs removed local interests strong england
• Countries protect ships pirates what
• Farther effect discovery white sea england companies russia
• Company england found east india
• Find required companies chartered monarchies expected markets national
• Basis society 15th century europe agriculture
• Economy transform commercial revolution local global
• Things needed trans-oceanic trade banks stock exchange insurance
• Overseas trade lead creation european empires
• Easiest ensure resources land the
• Wealth power europe based commercial revolution amassing gold
• Business owners risk order make profits capital
• Sign wealth middle class grew commercial revolution tax
• Social structure main thing classes
• Revolution social structure commercial industrial
• Top social class commercial rev called aristocracy
• Business peasants commercial rev involved agriculture
• Class grew commercial revolution miscellaneous middle
• Lowest social class commercial revolution urban poor
• Changed manors commercial revolution original system peasants plot
• Subsistence level amount needed sustain oneself
• Yeomanry england small estates what
• Rurals experience economically commercial rev international economy
• People commercial rev power dark ages western europe
• Payed feudal lords afloat landlords tenants
• Nobles commercial rev modern aristocracy
• Estates failed commercial rev jobs lords joined royal
• Important determining social class commercial rev ancestry
• Middle class called commercial revolution industrial rev meme
• Aristocrats bourgeoisie similar level economically
• Social class participated stock exchange england aristocracy
• Social class higher aristocrats urban elites
• Rankings clergymen derived social classes
• Middle class involved commercial revolution trade guilds
• Classes represented majority population working poor
• Poor people turned commercial rev vagabondage begging
• Poverty begin viewed commercial rev immorality
• Poor mercantilist governments commercial revolution put work
• Common occupation women modern history domestic service
• Gained commercial developments centuries poor
• Factor left poor worse commercial rev growth social
• Commercial revolution demand clergy educated
• Job commercial rev lawyers what
• Schools kind founded england commercial revolution universities grammar
• French colleges founded when were
• Happened freshman admissions oxford 1600s rose
• English universities grew rich 1600s oxford cambridge
• Term lesser spanish nobles hidalgos
• Group people operated spanish colleges jesuits
• Students oxford record admission commercial rev social status
• Social class made half oxford students plebeians
• Spanish man painted woman cooking eggs diego velazquez
• Greatly contribute development social classes government
• Owned social class commercial rev government
• Government signal higher social standing tax exemption
• Advantaged commercial rev west middle class
• Advantaged commercial rev east feudal lords
• Increase incentive eastern lords output shipping
• Peasants east individual plots land
• Eastern peasants earn back unpaid labor individual plots
• Serfdom called germany hereditary subjection
• Examples things german serfs marry leave manor learn
• Forced labor days week called robot
• Days year serfs owe robot time called corvee
• Social class missing east bourgeoise
• Wealthy called commercial rev germany junkers
• Kinds consequences spe overbearing power landlords east political
• Martin luther's occupation priest what
• Major document luther wrote theses
• Theses church corruption what is
• Luther corrupt sale indulgences what
• Johann tetzel preach indulgences stairway heaven
• Pope leo x excommunicated luther
• Jan hus protestants burned stake heretic
• Diet luther excommunicated worms was
• People call abolition tithes what
• Idea sects protestantism disagree communion
• Henry vii spend years rule foreign affairs
• England break catholic church henry vii marriage anulled
• Act succession declare king england supreme head church
• Excommunicated oath to what did
• Excommunicated luther oath thomas who
• Happened anne boleyn henry vii's wife executed
• Henry vii move ireland who
• Rough wooing make match son edward scottish heir
• King edward's main strategical goal continue henry's expensive
• Named successor england edward's death lady jane grey
• Crowned queen england mary who
• Mary english queen marry philip ii spain
• University luther attend erfurt what
• Join religious luther order caught storm survived vow
• University luther teach wittenberg what
• Caused luther travel rome opposed branches catholicism merged
• Luther steps st john lateran basilica prayed lord's
• Pope leo x publish indulgence reconstruction basilica st
• Luther's belief ordaining priests believed baptized ordained allowed
• Heads holy roman states called elector palatine
• Towns passed react luther's trial considered messiah
• Huldrych zwingli swiss leader reformation
• Luther stay sentenced wartburg castle
• Protestant princes protested support protestantism
• Hre originally extend france poland/hungary
• United hre years war religion
• Religion people austrian hapsburgs protestant
• Religion hre protestant what was
• Campaigns 1600s western europe witchcraft
• River dutch control years war spanish
• Peace augsburg gov't state require religion
• Radical religion spread germany 1600s calvinism
• Lutheran germans scandinavians experience lessened aspect culture 1600s? 
• Organized league catholic states country bavaria spain
• Spain netherlands years truce what
• Spain 1600s planning dutch crush wanted rhine swiss
• Family spain 1600s counter hapsburgs
• Years war german states caused fall
• Kind power germany reject 1600s central/imperial power/absolutism
• Frederick nicknamed yrs war winter king
• Years war begin bohemia where
• Happened vienna yrs war defenstation
• Defenstation throwing people window what
• Religion elector ferdinand years war elect calvinist
• Calvinist king years war bohemians brought aid
• Won part years war catholics
• Hanging tree jacques callot event years war continued
• Power years war french swedish alarmed combined forces
• France sweden provide vice versa part years war
• Switched sweden france phase years war swedish stacks
• Provided positive turning point protestants 3rd part years
• Addition french gave funds sweden years war dutch
• Big protestant victories years war breitenfeld luetzen
• Battle years war adolphus killed luetzen
• Gained power lost outcome years war inconclusive france
• Initial largely unsuccessful treaty emperor hre saxons peace
• Isolated germany peace prague years war swedes
• Houses rebelled philip iv catalonia portugal
• Kind nation common years war sovereign nations 
• Edict restitution territory related confiscated returned catholic church
• Major powers wanted control rhine fought end years
• Resentment years war foreign invaders
• Peace talks years war begin westphalia
• War final treaty years called peace westphalia ended
• Europe years war secularization territory
• War remained years france spain
• Years war considered french spanish fought focused hre
• Treaties westphalia comprised osnabrueck muenster
• Treaty renewed thirty years war augsburg
• Countries independent hre result years war dutch swiss
• Newly years war independent united provinces dutch swiss
• Territory france end years war lorraine bishropics
• Confused alsace leading trouble rights
• Biggest victory france result allies swed/fr/dutch constitution
• States hre raise taxes make laws start war
• Peace westphalia block happen hre counter-reformation
• Weaker hapsburgs result war ottoman expansion
• Times years war magdeburg besieged
• Times years war leipzig besieged
• Countries years war trade success france dutch english
• Began form berlin vienna years war central powers
• Prevailed religious conflicts shaping foreign policy years war
• Phases years war bohemian danish swedish french
• 科學革命 ke1xue2 ge2ming4 scientific revolution
• 自行 zi4xing2 self on your
• 自行設計 zi4xing2she2ji4 self-designed
• 完成 wan2cheng2 complete to
• Culture began enlightenment salon what
• Tulip popular rare hard grow europe
• Single rare tulip considered status symbol
• Culture tulip festival dutch what
• Tulip mania?  17th century time prices rose
• People pay bulb price house
• Phases bubble stealth awareness mania blow
• Rate price increase bubble constant
• Thomas lewis concerned churches stank dead
• Habsburgs blame corpses reason spreading disease non-modern
• Summoned villagers believed grave bringing death homes kameral
• Illness people 18th century caused vampires hour
• Elizabeth i succeeded james vi
• 1600s dubbed century genius the
• Scientists revolution born newton galileo
• Science people widely accepted in
• Scientists called natural philosophers what
• People scientific revolution begin making conclusions based experimentation
• Scientific revolution offshoot renaissance the
• Geocentric model solar system show earth center universe
• Things widely accepted knowledge scientific revolution bible aristotle
• Printing press affect european society ideas spread rapidly
• Exploration fuel navigation technology science research
• Works culture's opened europeans mind scientific knowledge muslim
• Class middle dutch golden age productive
• Peter great originally rule ivan
• Died monarch russia ivan in
• Regent peter ivan sophia who
• Dynasty russia ivan peter romanov
• Dynasty lost power ivan's death rurikids
• Social class russia constantly fight control government boyars
• Countries advantage rurikids loss power russia poles swedes
• Romanov member dynasty established themself tsar mikhail
• Ptg's goal modernize russia what
• Ptg tsar russia travel was
• Technology ptg russia gain printing press
• Academy russia established sciences in
• City ptg build st petersburg
• Determined person's status russia ptg rule table ranks
• System asia russia determine politicians civil service
• Regent louis xiv cardinal mazzarin
• Louis xiv call sun king
• Privilege gained french society reign louis xiv ettiquete
• Helped louis xiv pay palace versailles tax income
• Palace versailles converted hunting lodge
• Treaty brought monetary gains france splurge louis xiv
• Risings attempted restore stuart dynasty jacobite uprisings
• Dynasty deposed stuart hanovers which
• Leader hanovers viscount dundee the
• Battle viscount dundee killed killiecrankie
• Jacobite uprisings spain diversion english mediterranean
• Jacobite uprisings happen james ii/vii son changed line
• General lead jacobites victory john graham
• Jacobite pretender throne charles edward stuart
• Youngest son george ii charge land forces jacobites
• Estuary st petersburg founded river neva
• Sea russia gain access founding st petersburg baltic
• Style russian buildings built baroque
• Building st petersburg deadly peasants put construction gangs
• Dynasty louis xiv bourbon which
• Age louis xiv king what
• Record louis xiv hold longest reign european monarch
• Called god gave kings rule divine
• Long grounds versailles miles how
• People stood louis xiv's agenda ceiling frescos
• Person close louis xiv made france economic superpower
• Greatly helped louis xiv talk show host jean
• Regime caused establishment estates ancien
• Peter tg make courtiers shave beards
• Continued ptg's ruling style catherine great
• Azov campaigns russia improved naval power access baltic
• War sweden gained russia military success great northern
• Executed czar bolsheviks who the
• Russian families great struggle 17th century miloslavsky naryshkin
• Assembly chose ptg tzar duma
• Main target naryshkins ivan the
• Ivan naryshkin lead  a conspracy
• Russia renew hostilities turks who
• Treaty ended russian war church karlowitz
• King killed siege fredriksten charles xii
• Part england's history brought charles ii back exile
• Political parties england whigs tories
• Tories support absolute royal power
• Newton live lincolnshire england made theory gravitation avoid
• English philosopher believed people improve experiences john locke
• Famous american idea john locke life liberty property
• Country eastern europe germany prussia
• Founding prussian kingdom byword german militarism authoritarianism
• Treaty utrecht spain partitioned what
• Spanish war succession dutch portugal austria wanted throne
• Leader made russia distrustful west ptg
• Ptg's methods make russians distrust west forceful cruel
• Ruler austria caused austrian war succession maria theresa
• War occured shortly treaty paris pontiac's
• Times poland divided how many
• Sea russia gain access fighting ottomans black
• Countries poland divided end letters russia prussia austria
• Countries hre encompass existed today
• Union lublin establish polish-lithuanian commonwealth
• Military economic reasons decline turks commercial rivals looming
• Turks called b/c corruption terrible
• Social reasons decline turks cultural institutions
• Laws turkey based quran what
• Jannissaries turkish infantry what were
• Political reason decline turks suleiman magnifient seperation secularized
• Turks grant france extraterritorial rights
• City turks attack unsuccessfully vienna
• Turks country hungary what did
• Countries turks continued disputes germany polish russians
• Countries personal union crowns poland lithuania
• Group attacked p-l commonwealth ukranian cossacks russia
• Country invaded p-l sweden which
• Deteriorated p-l's economy pillaging constant war
• Happened p-l partition what to
• Economic class p-l significant activity rich
• Disease reduce p-l's population how
• Classes lacked influence p-l urban
• Made p-l's geographic location bad enemies borders
• Cultures encompassed p-l tartars germans russians ukranians
• P-l finally back divided when
• Turks invade austria where did
• War turks austrians great turkish
• Holy league consist austria hre p-l venice
• Occured great turkish war long stalemate years
• Turkish place russians fail crimea
• Treaty ended great turkish war karlowitz
• Hre economically lead downfall revenue
• City stock market europe vienna
• Fell hre led downfall science
• Hre specific nationality expand since
• Power pass hre seamless what
• Dynasty ruled prussia hohen(friedberg what
• Class poland middle what didn't
• Important part hre gov't power leading downfall diet
• Parts hre emerging independent states caused downfall prussia
• Government poland weakened greatly centralized power
• Part poland independent east prussia
• Partition poland begin when did
• Describes culture polish pop heterogenous
• Groups poland consist  germans jews
• Percent poland aristocracy what of
• Places poland important cities kiev smolensk
• Kind gov't poland made weak elected posigion
• Fact poland consisted parts led downfall
• Outlying lords leading poland's downfall freedom
• Kings poland natives how many
• Part gov't poland ineffective leading downfall diet
• Made liberum veto polish diet innefective exploded times
• Decade height enlightenment the what
• Inspired enlightenment scientific revolution what
• Method helped people discover law society nature scientific
• Big enlightenment thinkers voltaire rousseau montesquieu locke
• Opinion area developed result enlightenment liberalism
• Enlightenment thinkers government created establish individual welfare
• Principal targets enlightenment thinkers religion domination hereditary aristocracy
• Idea hobbes establish leviathan men created free equal
• Smith enlightenment free market allowed regulate trade
• John smith's main work wealth nations
• Locke's big idea natural rights
• Voltaire's big idea free speech
• Rousseau's big idea social contract direct democracy
• Montesquieu's big idea checks balances
• English philospher ideas human rights relationship ruler john
• Locke people mandate heaven china government
• Result locke's ideas enlightenment american revolution
• Believed people good corrupted society jean jacques rousseau
• Enlightenment thinker believed direct democracy rousseau
• Class voltaire prosperous middle family
• Considered greatest figure enlightenment voltaire
• Voltaire's views christianity criticized believed religious tolerance
• Treatise toleration state men brothers god
• Idea voltaire deism what did
• Year reformation begin what did
• Galileo publish siderus nuncius starry messenger contained observation
• Newton's main work principia outlines concept universe based
• City ben franklin visit paris
• Added feminism enlightenment ideas mary wollstonecraft
• Mary wollstonecraft's main work vindication rights women
• French philosopher wrote classified dictionary sciences arts trades
• Special encyclopedie large encyclopedia feature content named authors
• People agricultural revolution terms career choose meant fewer
• Economic aspect characterized industrial revolution huge growth
• Industrial revolution born england 1700s
• Industrial revolution 1760-wwi when did
• Major event industrial revolution end wwi
• Percent britain's population grow to
• Population density people move britain industrial revolution lived
• Aspects city life london dirty noisy overcrowded
• Live cities rich only who
• Houses people lived industrial revolution tenement
• People england live towns compared cities main benefit
• Children viewed industrial revolution small adults
• Britain outlaw labor age what
• Pre-industrial revolution times people start future past
• Europeans draw profits global trade
• People growing belief enlightenment human progress growth
• Elite suggest years scientific revolution minority range interests
• Culture term means masses popular
• People pc share elites social/intellectual culture
• Kind language people pc local form speech
• Language sign elite culture facility national
• Elite culture transmitted books how
• Ideas spread popular culture orally
• Access renaissance elites the who
• Social aspect life cities made protestant reformation powerful
• Principle support scientific ideas partially today consulted pre-industrial
• Idea relating science church denounce superstition astrology horoscopes
• People eat pre-industrial europe meat
• Belief pre-industrial europe newspapers today horoscopes
• Bread european person consume pre-industrially average day pound
• Common foods bread eaten poor cabbage beans
• Installation furniture item sign wealth glass mirrors
• Plates kind common pre-industrial wealthy population china
• Class furniture pre-industrially poor which
• Furniture middle class industrial revolution beds
• Rooms house elite europeans enlightenment specialized
• House rooms viewed pre-industrially europe focus privacy private
• Salon france large room created entertainment
• Furniture goal home enlightenment europe focus anatomy health
• Poor sit salon chests sat floor
• Foods/drinks exotic rarities 1600s widely enjoyed 1700s coffee
• Public places popularized 1700s coffee shops taverns
• Writers coffee shop discuss share gossip argue abt
• Visible problem relating taverns 1700s drunkness
• Started produced human consumption middle ages alcoholic beverages
• Classes gathered coffee shops industrial revolution low middle
• Kinds alcohol plentiful southern europe cheap wines
• Kind alcohol popular northern europe beer
• Alcohols 18th century gin whiskey
• Economically common cities poverty what
• Births out-of-wedlock happened pre-industrially couple married increased greatly
• France births abandoned had 30000
• Aspect european society 1700s remained cohesive unit classes
• Popular relating religion pc internal missionary work
• Rich health area society 1700s europe access university-trained
• Kinds doctors pc rely healers women denied access
• Kinds medicines pc access herbs potions
• Kinds organizations developed towns charitable
• Hunger 1700s europe lead riots
• Etiquette princely courts change formal
• People watch 1600s public theaters shakespeare
• Rich learn dancing 1700s dance teachers
• Upper class entertainment/theater 1700s private theaters
• Dances kind people pc jigs country
• Sold books info advice 1700s traveling peddlers
• Kinds books sold traveling peddlers popular pc 1700s
• Books traveling peddlers sold practical advice social situations
• Kinds stories educated schooled ancient greek roman heroes
• Belief disappeared elite 1700s witchcraft
• Judges people supernatural powers empirical evidence
• People 1700s flock yearly fairs peddlers entertainment itinerant
• Long mardi gras directly couple weeks lent
• Point mardi gras 1700s heavy drinking merrymaking playful
• Holidays people celebrated change 1600s 1700s gap widened
• Healers thought medical profession developed charlatans
• Withdrew 1700s pc elites who
• Elites rediscover 1800s pc the
• Rediscovery elites pc set foundation folklore
• Europe part 1700s center global communication western
• Industry boomed 1700s?  uryu bleach handicraft
• People live 18th century country
• Industry located 1700s europe rural country
• Kinds people lived towns outsourced work rural areas
• British population involved manufacture half population 
• Populous france england in 1800
• Lead 1700s europe increasingly important largest business empires
• System people worked home employed wage earners merchant
• Happened dutch peace utrecht ceased great political power
• Remained dutch peace utrecht hurt greatly major role
• Meteoric ascendancy cultural growth britain france affect dutch
• Dutch investments lend capital british french entrepreneurs
• Bank chief financial center europe 1700s amsterdam
• Bank amsterdam end france invaded holland
• Countries reorganize east india companies britain france
• Scots swedes danes hamburg venice prussia austria shortly
• Outcome east india companies countries britain france established
• East india companies win shortly british french
• Caused great commercial explosion mercantilism
• Asia european products feel buying buy elites lacked
• Currency accepted 1700s asia gold silver coins
• British gold coin guinea the
• Products europeans wanted asia cotton spices rugs chinaware
• Discovered formula porcelain comparable china boettecher
• Acknowledged papal power kings napoleon
• Asian industry britain compete invention machinery?t textiles india
• Country 1700s forbade import indian cotton germany
• Noted indian cotton germany's restrictions imported daniel defoe
• Main export beic tea the
• Product caused plantation-based economies thrive sugar cane
• Plantation economically based unit big plot land
• Cheap sugar successful industry 1700s labor produced market
• Century golden age west indies 18th
• Richest sugar colony santa dominigo
• Country britain import 16x russia
• British import west indies india combined china
• Liverpool economic center 1700s slave trade
• Trade stimulated industrial revolution manchester slave
• Kind labor russia rely 1700s serfdom
• Eastern europe bonded serfdom what
• Germany's source revenue taxes loans
• Played essential economic role carefully arranged marriages women
• Upper class women important marriages people wanted protect
• People buy nobility purchasing estates g offices patent
• Forms property bourgeois commerce aristocratic land
• Century considerable social stability 18th
• French revolution social political order europe disrupts transform
• Men found ways accumulate wealth finding influential national
• 1760s britain great parliamentary reform
• Western europe number revolutions in
• Revolutionary ideas parts europe sparked french revolution
• Affirmed modern principles atlantic/democratic revolution
• S revolution america france britain
• 1760s english demanded universal suffrage
• America britain wanted total male universal suffrage
• Revolutionary king parliament the was
• French declared republic in 1792
• Poles opposite french s power strengthen king
• French revolutions surprising male militant universal suffrage
• Democratic hurt areas church english dutch catholic anglican
• Jewish democratic revolution gave political social rights emancipation
• England democratic revolution shifted scientific political secularism
• Opinion progress liberty in was
• Privileges important anymore france active supporters nobles/nobility poor
• Middle class normalized france societies upheavals bourgeois
• Total britain governments in had
• Politics western asia governed east india companies
• England pop million france austria
• England's revolution philosophers addressed issues david hume edward
• England's revolution philosophers prevailed complacency
• George iii crowned nickname king patriot
• George iii wanted power created circle s giving
• British party derogatory term whigs tory
• Protestants accepting english church called dissenters
• Cromwell era english revolution commonwealthmen
• Mixed pseudo-history anglo-saxon england crushed conquest norman
• Reform bill success parliamentarily in
• Current northern europe latitude upper canada similar climate
• Current makes canada cold labrador
• Mediterranean climate warm pleasant coastal temperatures
• Empires access black sea rivers ottomans russians austrians
• Black sea rivers start d danube dniester dnieper
• Western europe access black sea success esp economically
• East west access black sea geographically crucial
• Sea northern europe border baltic
• Sea southern europe border adriatic
• Sea eastern europe access black
• Country byzantine empire ottomans greece
• Greece gain independence ottomans who
• Form government russia tsars autocracy
• Trust peter i russian throne unlike sophia people
• Table peter i russia create ranks
• Noble group russia replaced patriarch created peter i
• Streltsy restore sophia peter i's regent
• Alliance countries defeated swedish charles xii poland/denmark
• Social concept enlightenment peter i support feminism
• Policy peter i remove belief feminism veiling
• Peter's modernization involve giving protection serfs
• Good bad serfs russia treated travel artisans artists
• Family early 1700s prussia gained power hohenzollern dynasty
• Hohenzollern kings frederick what was
• Reinfudation regulations tightening serf obligation lords
• Borders 1700s prussia heavily fortified
• Position weakened frederick william i prussia estates general
• Nobles prussia exchange losing estates general power politics
• Military position king frederick william i prussia create
• General directory prussia raised taxes recruited giant tall
• Prussia called relation military large army small state
• French pop million.  compare rest europe highest
• Half europe's french gold pieces
• Regime france pre-revolutionary.  belonged estate
• Rev france church agriculture products tithe
• State men composed clergy the
• Land france 1700s owned church
• Estate france people nobles the
• Fold trade growth from 1713-89
• Common people rev france wealth bourgeois equal
• Peasants owned land france rev
• Nobles owned land pre-rev france
• Land pre-rev france?  owned waste crown commons
• French revolution things stolen animals ran enclosures
• Peasants resent dues contribute economy
• Louis xvi arrested varennes where
• Revolution disoriented centralized the was
• Men active citizen pre-rev france money pay tax
• Class owed french debt middle
• Assignats bonds issued gov't sale lands paid debt
• Ideas upheld abolishment guilds france john smith
• Trade unions formed journeymen allowed exist guilds compagnonnages
• Wave france economically strikes what
• France wave strikes compagnonnages prohibitions
• Revolution france important symbols of
• Symbols french revolution tricolor flag festival federation liberty
• Church french rev separate government
• Civil constit clergy moved french creating national church
• Role clergy abolished revolutionary france archbishropics
• Number france revolution reduced dioceses
• Bishops revolutionary france claim authority papal
• Clergy salaries called violation roman cath church's power
• Half oath revolutionary rules church power clergy
• France revolution churches there were
• Schism french church divided clandestine refractory official
• Greatest tactical problem french revolution civil constitution clergy
• Roman church fr-rev anti democratic
• Proclamation papal infallibility centralized modern vatican catholic church
• European governments revolution involved france
• Doctrine revolution highly exportable french
• Poland england thought intimidate revolution france
• Business leaders england 1700s pro revolutionary
• Watt boulton pro rep house commons revolutionary
• Watt boulton invent steam engine
• Hungarians french rev working monarch ii joseph
• Silesian weavers wanted france revolution
• Thomas paine richard price wanted overthrow parliament
• Germany pro-revolutionary france hegel from
• Uk pro-french-revolution wordsworth in the
• Edmund burke wrote france reflections revolution
• Thomas paine wrote rights man
• Radischev evils french rev serfdom
• Connection preach revolution france emigres
• Jacobins france aristocrats the in
• French rev situation kind protestant reformation
• French rev event kind revolution russian
• Involved french rev catherine didn't
• French gov't power lack consent
• Goal declaration pillnitz rid emigres leopold
• Jacobins/girondins advantage politics what did
• France rev debated making overthrow gov't alliances
• Wanted french revolution war believed government lafayettes restore
• Pope succeeded leopold francis ii
• French assembly declared war king austria hungary bohemia
• Non-propertied classes feel gov't worked rev france property
• Discontent france money paper in
• Cost living france increased winning war prussia austria
• Republicanism french rev historical accident
• Marching song recruits streamed paris marseillaise
• Working class revolt france commune
• Commune paris start constitutional convention
• Massacres rev france killed counter revolutionaries september
• Violent phase french rev september massacres

Next deck: History of Psychology - Exam 1

Previous deck: Japanese prefectures and regions

Up: Index