| Front | Explain how the ventilation mechanism of a fish and the structure of its gills result in the efficient uptake of oxygen from water. ( 6 marks) |
|---|---|
| Back | filaments/lamellae ; large SA; gill plates or secondary lamellae; large number of capillaries; to remove oxygen / to maintain a gradient; thin epithelium; short diffusion pathway; pressure changes; to bring in more water / to maintain gradient; countercurrent flow (or description); exchange/diffusion along whole length / concentration gradient maintained / equilibrium not achieved / blood always meets water with higher oxygen concentration; |
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