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Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary pe·nal \\ˈpē-nəl\\ adjective ETYMOLOGY Middle English, from Anglo-French, from Latin poenalis, from poena punishment — more at pain DATE 15th century 1. of, relating to, or involving punishment, penalties, or punitive institutions 2. liable to punishment a penal offense 3. used as a place of confinement and punishment a penal colony • pe·nal·ly \\-nəl-ē\\ adverb English Etymology penal "pertaining to punishment," 1439, from O.Fr . peinal (12c.), from M.L. penalis, from L. poenalis "pertaining to punishment," from poena "punishment," from Gk. poine "blood-money, fine, penalty, punishment," from PIE *kwoina, from base *kwei- "to pay, atone, compensate" (cf. Gk. time "price, worth, honor, esteem, respect," Skt. cinoti "observes, notes," Avestan kaena "punishment, vengeance," O.C.S. cena "honor, price," Lith. kaina "value, price"). Penalty is first attested 1512, from http://O.Fr M.Fr . penalité, from M.L.poenalitatem (nom. poenalitas), from L. poenalis. The sporting sense is first recorded 1885. Penalize formed in Eng. 1868.http://M.Fr Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary-牛津双解-OALD7 penal penal / 5pi:nl / adjective[usually before noun] 1. connected with or used for punishment, especially by law 惩罚的；刑罚的: penal reforms 刑罚改革 the penal system 刑罚制度 Criminals could at six time be sentenced to penal servitude (= prison with hard physical work). 曾经有个时期,罪犯可以被判服劳役刑。 a penal colony (= a place where criminals were sent as a punishment in the past) 罪犯流放地 2. that can be punished by law 应受刑罚的: a penal offence 刑事犯罪 3. very severe 严重的；严厉的: penal rates of interest 很重的利率 Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged Search result show the entry is found in: penal action , or penal code , or penal law , or penal servitude , or penal statute , or penal sum , or penal theory , or penal suit pe·nal I. \ˈpēnəl\ adjective Etymology: Middle English, from Middle French, from Latin poenalis, from poena penalty, punishment + -alis -al — more at pain 1. : designed to impose punishment : prescribing, enacting, or threatening punishment : punitive < the penal clause > 2. : liable or subject to punishment or a penalty : incurring punishment < a penal offense > 3. : inflicted as or constituting punishment or penalty or used as a means of punishment < marks for any infraction of the rules … were worked off in penalstudy — A.W.Long > 4. a. : forfeitable or payable as a penalty b. : involving or imposing a pecuniary penalty — see penal sum 5. : of or relating to punishment, penalty, penal laws, or penal servitude < penal reform > 6. : used as a place of confinement and punishment < a penal colony > < a penal farm > 7. : inflicting a penalty : severely disadvantageous < terms decidedly penal to those who … put their money into steel — Economist > II. adjective Etymology: penis + -al : penial |
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