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Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary phi·los·o·phy \\fə-ˈlä-s(ə-)fē\\ noun (plural -phies) ETYMOLOGY Middle English philosophie, from Anglo-French, from Latin philosophia, from Greek, from philosophos philosopher DATE 14th century 1. a. (1) all learning exclusive of technical precepts and practical arts (2) the sciences and liberal arts exclusive of medicine, law, and theology a doctor of philosophy (3) the 4-year college course of a major seminary b. (1)archaic : physical science (2) ethics c. a discipline comprising as its core logic, aesthetics, ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology 2. a. pursuit of wisdom b. a search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather than observational means c. an analysis of the grounds of and concepts expressing fundamental beliefs 3. a. a system of philosophical concepts b. a theory underlying or regarding a sphere of activity or thought the philosophy of war philosophy of science 4. a. the most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or group b. calmness of temper and judgment befitting a philosopher English Etymology philosophy c.1300, from O.Fr . filosofie (12c.), from L. philosophia, from Gk.philosophia "love of knowledge, wisdom," from philo- "loving" + sophia "knowledge, wisdom," from sophis "wise, learned." Nec quicquam aliud est philosophia, si interpretari velis, praeter studium sapientiae; sapientia autem est rerum divinarum et humanarum causarumque quibus eae res continentur scientia. [Cicero, "De Officiis"]Meaning "system a person forms for conduct of life" is attested from 1771. Philosophize is attested from 1594.http://O.Fr Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary-牛津双解-OALD7 ☞ philosophy phil·oso·phy / fE5lCsEfi; NAmE -5lB:s- / noun1. [U] the study of the nature and meaning of the universe and of human life 哲学: moral philosophy 伦理学 the philosophy of science 科学原理 a professor of philosophy 哲学教授 a degree in philosophy 哲学学位 2. [C] a particular set or system of beliefs resulting from the search for knowledge about life and the universe 哲学体系；思想体系: the philosophy of Jung 荣格的哲学体系 3. [C] a set of beliefs or an attitude to life that guides sb's behaviour 人生哲学；生活的信条(或态度): Her philosophy of life is to take every opportunity that presents itself. 她的处世态度是不放过任何呈现眼前的机会。 Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English philosophy noun 1 study of ideas about the meaning of life ADJ. ancient, classical | contemporary, modern | Eastern, Western | experimental, moral, natural (historical), political, religious, social PHRASES the philosophy of history/religion/science • Note at SUBJECT (for verbs and nouns) 2 particular system of beliefs ADJ. competing, differing | prevailing humanism?the prevailing philosophy today in the Western world | basic, general, underlying | personal | homespun, simple the homespun philosophy that kept her going during this difficult period | liberal | design, economic, educational, management, market, political, religious, social a furniture-maker's design philosophy VERB + PHILOSOPHY develop, formulate developing a personal philosophy | articulate | adopt, embrace, espouse | reject PHILOSOPHY + VERB inform sth, underlie sth, underpin sth the philosophy underlying the education system | prevail the management philosophy which prevailed at that time PREP. ~ behind The new measures were introduced with no explanation of the philosophy behind them. PHRASES a philosophy of life/mind OLT philosophy noun ⇨ values Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged phi·los·o·phy \fə̇ˈläs(ə)fē, -fi sometimes -äzəf-\ noun (-es) Etymology: Middle English philosophie, from Old French, from Latin philosophia, from Greek, from phil- + sophia wisdom, from sophos wise + -ia -y 1. a. : a love or pursuit of wisdom : a search for the underlying causes and principles of reality : investigation , inquiry < philosophy is a natural function of the human mind — Stuart Hampshire > — see first philosophy b. : a quest for truth through logical reasoning rather than factual observation < every advance in knowledge robs philosophy of some problems which formerly it had — Bertrand Russell > c. : a critical examination of the grounds for fundamental beliefs and an analysis of the basic concepts employed in the expression of such beliefs < the job of philosophy is the study and statement of the logic, informal and formal, of the employment of expressions — V.C.Aldrich > d. : a synthesis of learning < it is the primary aim of philosophy to unify completely … all departments of rational thought — Henry Sidgwick > 2. a. archaic : the study of natural phenomena : physical science — see second philosophy b. : the study of the principles of human nature and conduct :ethics c. : a science that comprises all learning exclusive only of technical precepts and practical arts d. : the coordinate disciplines of sciences and liberal arts exclusive only of medicine, law, and theology < the philosophy of the medieval universities > < the academic degree doctor of philosophy > < an English bachelor of philosophy > e. : a science that comprises logic, ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, and epistemology 3. a. : a system of motivating beliefs, concepts, and principles < the philosophy of a culture determines the general pattern of its … institutions — David Bidney > < three philosophies contending for dominance in contemporary politics — Times Literary Supplement > < the changing philosophy of the courts with regard to many questions — Margaret Nicholson > < set the … philosophy and the basic course of the museum — Roger Angell > b. : a basic theory concerning a particular subject, process, or sphere of activity < design philosophy in chemical plants — D.E.Pierce > — usually used with of < philosophy of religion > < philosophy of education > < the whole philosophy of the bill is to ignore the realities — New Republic > < a chance to prove my philosophy of flying the mail — C.A.Lindbergh b.1902 > < automation is a completely new philosophy of production — John Diebold > 4. a. : the sum of an individual's ideas and convictions : personal attitude < lived by the plain philosophy … do your best, be loyal to your friends, never forget your enemies — Time > < every writer has not one but two philosophies — his more or less conscious artistic credo and … his often unconscious vision of life and scheme of values — Max Lerner & Edwin Mims > b. : calmness of temper and judgment befitting a philosopher :mental serenity or equanimity < this is the place that calls out all a composer's self-control; it's a moment for philosophy — Aaron Copland > |
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