Microbiology week 1

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• Classification differentiates taxonomic groups nomenclature names shit characteristics
• Coccus round bacillus rods vibrio banana shaped shits
• Cell divides plane creates diplo strepto arrangements
• Diplo pair strepto chain =
• Cell divides planes creates staphylo tetrad sarcina arrangements
• Unique feature bacterial cell membrains sterols
• Functions bacterial cell wall maintaining shape preventing lysis
• Virtually cell walls peptidoglycan repeating disaccharides cross-linked tetrapeptides
• Nam repeating disaccharides peptidoglycan nag tetrapeptide bridges attach
• Secretion ways organisms attack bacterial cell walls antimicrobial
• Gram negative bacteria stain red thin peptidoglycan layer
• Gram positive bacteria stain purple thick peptidoglycan layer
• Grams stains important initial identification knowing tests early
• Weird bacteria gram stained called acid-fast
• Gram negative cell walls layers peptidoglycan
• Peptidoglycan gram negative cell walls outer membrane made
• Common gram negative genera include escherichia salmonella neisseria
• Outer portion lipopolysaccharide lps o antigen. 
• Middle portion lps connects lipid antigen o
• Lipid portion lps toxic bacterial sepsis
• Lps complement activation lead bacterial septic shock
• Gram negative outer membrane trimeric porins non-specific channels
• Abundant protein gram negative cells lipoprotein functions stabilize
• Gram negative cells periplasmic space houses peptidoglycan layer
• Acid wall teichoic wta lipoteichoic lta provide elasticity
• G+ cell walls thick peptidoglycan layer
• Common g+ genera staphylococcus streptococcus bacillus lactobacillus listeria
• Wta lta increase virulence functioning adhesins initiating endotoxin-like
• Acid-fast bacteria mycolic acid layer waxy coat protect
• Acid-fast cell walls tetrameric porins small hydrophillic shit
• Main acid-fast organisms mycobacterium nocardia
• External virulence factors include flagella pili/fimbrae glycocalyx
• Internal virulence factors include nucleoid region plasmids ribosomes
• Significant feature flagellum h-antigen filament
• Bacteria pili adhesins tip stick shit bone
• Adhesins made lectins bind sugars
• Genetic exchange sex pili bacteria resistant drugs
• Glycocalyx polysaccharide layer source k antigen aka capsule
• Capsule slime layer difference rigid loose
• Glycocalyx virulence factor protects cell induce abscess formation
• Bacterial dna circular nucleus is
• Extra plasmids dna floating give bacteria superpowers
• Bacterial ribosomes 70s 30s 50s subunits
• Antibiotics target bacteria's ribosomes often
• Inclusions granules vesicles shit cytoplasm
• Volutin granules store polymers inorganic phosphate
• Glycogen granules store polymers a-d-glucose
• Phb granules store chains b-hydroxybutyric acid
• Endospore formation triggered depletion nutrients
• Endospores chromosome minimal shit lots calcium coated keratin
• Endospores protective function reproductive a
• Endospores resistant heat calcium chemicals keratin persist months-years
• Endospore producing genera bacillus clostridium
• Phase bacterial growth curve lag exponential stationary decline
• Bacterial measuring technique measures viable cells cfu colony-forming
• Biomass optical density measure viable non-viable cells
• Divide lag phase bacteria bigger make shit
• Virulence factors made exponential phase
• Phase log exponential is another
• Late log phase secondary metabolites produced include antibiotics
• Cell stationary phase division rate death resources growth
• Decline phase cell death exponential measured cfu
• Means exact defined media culturing recipe complex
• Growth media enriched complex factors fastidious organisms
• Selective growth media antibiotic select unwanted shit
• Differential growth media color shit
• Fastidious organisms picky eaters harder grow haemophilus/neisseria
• Obligate organisms live narrow range parameters
• Facultative organisms capable living multiple types environments
• Type bacteria grow human body temperature mesophiles
• Low temperatures bacteria lose enzyme activity decrease membrane
• Neutrophiles common type bacteria growing human ph level
• Organism enzymes care reactive oxygen species ros means
• Enzymes dispose ros superoxide dismutase catalase peroxidase
• Capnophiles require high co2 levels
• Halophiles require high salt concentration
• Osmophiles high osmolarity/sugar need
• Body colonization interference function infection maniffest disease interferes
• Disease happen presense microbe toxins
• Stages disease incubation prodrome invasive acute decline convalescence
• Severity disease depends pathogen virulence host susceptibility
• Incubation stage signs symptoms immune activation contagious
• Non-specific signs symptoms prodrome stage innate immune system
• Acute stage illness severe acquired immune system activated
• Decline stage illness duh pathogen cleared host contagious
• Convalescent stage symptoms immune activity pathogen contagiousness...why fuck
• Opportunistic pathogens home team nuts move unprotected site
• Virulent pathogens foreign disease are
• Mechanisms bacterial virulence metabolites invasins adhesins toxins
• Virulent metabolites acids gases directly damage host tissues
• Invasins aka spreading factors soften local tissue penetration
• Cell exotoxins surface exreted endotoxins components wall lipid
• Enterotoxins exotoxins give shits are
• Host cell a-subunit exotoxins attack b-subunits bind
• Toxoids inactivated toxins are
• Superantigens activate t cells result massive cytokine release
• Membrane active exotoxins include proteases lipases hemolysins
• Virulence mechanisms slides spreading encapsulation inactivation antibodies intracellular
• Antigenic drift accumulation mutations make strains e coli
• Antigenic shift reassortment viral genome cell infected strains
• Antigenic switching due recombination group genes makes surface

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