Theory science family resemblance experiments proposed part pseudoscience

Text	Family resemblance for Pseudoscience: Belief in authority: It is contended that some person or persons have a special ability to determine what is true or false. Others have to accept their judgments.Nonrepeatable experiments: Reliance is put on experiments that cannot be repeated by others with the same outcome.Handpicked examples: Handpicked examples are used although they are not representative of the general category that the investigation refers to.Unwillingness to test: A theory is not tested although it is possible to test it.Disregard of refuting information: Observations or experiments that conflict with a theory are neglected.Built-in subterfuge: The testing of a theory is so arranged that the theory can only be confirmed, never disconfirmed, by the outcome.Explanations are abandoned without replacement. Tenable explanations are given up without being replaced, so that the new theory leaves much more unexplained than the previous one. (Hansson 1983) Some of the authors who have proposed multicriterial demarcations have defended this approach as being superior to any mono-criterial demarcation. Hence, Bunge (1982, 372) asserted that many philosophers have failed to provide an adequate definition of science since they have presupposed that a single attribute will do; in his view the combination several criteria is needed. Dupré (1993, 242) proposed that science is best understood as a Wittgensteinian family resemblance concept. This would mean that there is a set of features that are characteristic of science, but although every part of science will have some of these features, we should not expect any part of science to have all of them

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Family resemblance for Pseudoscience:

Belief in authority: It is contended that some person or persons have a special ability to determine what is true or false. Others have to accept their judgments.Nonrepeatable experiments: Reliance is put on experiments that cannot be repeated by others with the same outcome.Handpicked examples: Handpicked examples are used although they are not representative of the general category that the investigation refers to.Unwillingness to test: A theory is not tested although it is possible to test it.Disregard of refuting information: Observations or experiments that conflict with a theory are neglected.Built-in subterfuge: The testing of a theory is so arranged that the theory can only be confirmed, never disconfirmed, by the outcome.Explanations are abandoned without replacement. Tenable explanations are given up without being replaced, so that the new theory leaves much more unexplained than the previous one. (Hansson 1983)

Some of the authors who have proposed multicriterial demarcations have defended this approach as being superior to any mono-criterial demarcation. Hence, Bunge (1982, 372) asserted that many philosophers have failed to provide an adequate definition of science since they have presupposed that a single attribute will do; in his view the combination several criteria is needed. Dupré (1993, 242) proposed that science is best understood as a Wittgensteinian family resemblance concept. This would mean that there is a set of features that are characteristic of science, but although every part of science will have some of these features, we should not expect any part of science to have all of them

Tags: science

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