Question

Effects of mutations

Accepted Answer

no effect - no effect on phenotype as normally functioning proteins still formed, e.g silent mutations - can occur at introns or code for same AA due to degenerate code, can change PS but not overall structure of protein
damaging - phenotype affected negatively as proteins not synthesised/non-functional e.g nonsense mutations - result in codon becoming stop codon (instead of coding for AA), so shortens protein formed (normally non-functional now), so harmful effects
beneficial - new and useful characteristc e.g mutated receptors on some cells prevent HIV binding, or the ability to digest lactose due to mutation, helps prevent certain diseases so may have been advantageous characteristic
missense mutations

Mutations E.G Effects Phenotype Proteins Due Codon Prevent