OCR A Biology
Mutations E.G Effects Phenotype Proteins Due Codon Prevent
Mutations can be harmless, resulting in no change in protein function, detrimental, leading to non-functional proteins, or beneficial, providing advantageous traits.
Mutations can have no effect (silent mutations), be damaging (nonsense mutations leading to truncated proteins), or be beneficial (e.g., conferring resistance to diseases).
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Effects of mutations |
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- no effect - no effect on phenotype as normally functioning proteins still formed, e.g silent mutations - can occur at introns or code for same AA due to degenerate code, can change PS but not overall structure of protein
- damaging - phenotype affected negatively as proteins not synthesised/non-functional e.g nonsense mutations - result in codon becoming stop codon (instead of coding for AA), so shortens protein formed (normally non-functional now), so harmful effects
- beneficial - new and useful characteristc e.g mutated receptors on some cells prevent HIV binding, or the ability to digest lactose due to mutation, helps prevent certain diseases so may have been advantageous characteristic
- missense mutations
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OCR A Biology