OCR A Biology
This OCR A Biology flashcard deck covers a range of advanced biology topics including ecological succession and adaptations of pioneer species, immunological memory via B cells, metabolic activities dependent on energy, photosynthesis mechanisms (cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation), the Calvin cycle, cellular respiration steps (glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation), and fermentation (lactic and alcoholic). It also addresses alternative respiratory substrates, fundamental ecological concepts such as ecosystems, abiotic and biotic factors, food chains/webs, biomass, trophic efficiency, and agriculture. Additionally, key biogeochemical cycles like the nitrogen cycle (fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification) and the carbon cycle are explained, linking them to environmental issues including global warming and CO2 absorption by oceans.
Esta baraja de tarjetas OCR A Biología cubre diversos temas centrales de biología a nivel avanzado, incluyendo sucesión ecológica y adaptaciones de especies pioneras, memoria inmunológica (células B), actividades metabólicas y dependencia energética, mecanismos de fotosíntesis (fotofosforilación cíclica y no cíclica), ciclo de Calvin, respiración celular (glucólisis, reacción enlace, ciclo de Krebs, cadena de transporte de electrones, fosforilación oxidativa) y fermentación (láctica y alcohólica), así como aspectos sobre sustancias respiratorias diferentes a la glucosa. Además, incluye conceptos ecológicos fundamentales como ecosistemas, factores abióticos y bióticos, cadenas y redes tróficas, biomasa, eficiencia trófica y agricultura. También presenta ciclos biogeoquímicos clave como el ciclo del nitrógeno (fijación, amonificación, nitrificación y desnitrificación) y el ciclo del carbono, relacionándolos con procesos medioambientales como el calentamiento global y la absorción de CO2 por océanos.
Learn using these flashcards. Click a card to start.
- Osmosis plants animals experiment 2.1.5(e potato/onion diff conc
- C
- Waters potential 2.1.5(e 0kpa it’s highest wp rest
- Ii
- Loop conc na+ cl fluid tissue descending medulla
- Blood na+ distal convoluted tubule water salt ph
- Blood fluid adh levels membrane water conc inorganic
- Antibodies form hcg monoclonal make pregnant women grown
- B
- 15/ans = 1/25 1/10 1/100
- Bar charts histograms independent variable non-numerical dont touch
- Line fit scale length gradient choose allowing graph
- C unsaturated fatty acid
- A
- Data q points evidence if
- Mix n-14 n-15 strand free nucleotides centrifuged cycle
- Affecting factors enzyme activity temp affects ke succesful
- Prosthetic comp non-comp bound cofactors/coenzymes groups cofactors minerals
- Chromosomes metaphase independent assortment anaphase splitting centromere sister
- Blood pain immune response key notes inflamation inflamation
- Intracellular extracellular enzymes intra catalase h2o2 h2o o2
- E.g recycling ecosystems n2 cycle main parts nitrosomas
- Abiotic biotic waterlogged soils factors photo water o2
- T cells clonal mediated humoral immunity extra notes
- Micropropagation process producing large numbers genetically identical offspring
- Enzymes conditions isolated organisms advanced ads waste microorganism
- Anabolic steroids urine drugs mimic action testosterone stimulate
- Drug sample testing metabolites breakdown products filtered kidneys
- Blood kidney effects pressure failure urine due build
- Dialysis blood machine membranes conc urea haemodyalsis involves
- Nuclear membrane poles spindle chromosomes cells equator nucleolus
- Cell growth phase dna stages interphase 2.1.6(a g1
- Checkpoint cell end mitosis 2.1.6(b control mechanisms cycle
- Chromosomes homo nuclear pair metaphase rejoin meiosis process
- Blood nuclei enzymes differentiated cells animals 2.1.6(h specialised
- Cells differentiated plants 2.1.6(h palisade cells chloroplasts absorb
- Tissue types it’s 2.1.6(i made collections differentiated cells
- Bronchioles b alveoli a
- Division cells stem it’s monitoration 2.1.6(j undifferentiated potential
- Types cells potency 2.1.6(j stem ability differentiate potential
- Stem cells embryo donation 2.1.6(j originally donated left
- Stem cells umbilical adult don’t induced problems 2.1.6(j
- Exchange gaseous system 3.1.1(c gasses lungs co2 removed
- Nasal cavity 3.1.1(c large sa w good blood
- Trachea 3.1.1(c main airway nose chest supported cartilage
- Alveoli air surface layer thin elastic structure 3.1.1(c
- Diaphragm internal/external inter coastal muscles 3.1.1(d broad domed
- Thorax pressure air diaphragm ecm vol dec atmospheric
- Air volume vol capacity lung vital exhaled reserve
- System changing air alternative methods gaseous exchange insects
- Fish water specialized respiratory systems 3.1.1(f dense o2
- Gills bony fish ventilatory system high o2 water
- Opercular water moves cavity floor pressure bc mouth
- Called medium heart can’t open circulatory system 3.1.2(b
- Groups hierachy 4.2.2(a as move level organisms
- Blood body pumped heart heart travels double closed
- Blood carries arteries arterioles pulmonary umbilical heart elastic
- Veins blood body heart venules vena cava low
- Pressure cap oncontic tissue fluid blood high hp
- Co2 rbc reaction hco3 diffuses reversible h+ lungs
- Why might micropropagation clone plant if readily produce seeds
- Blood lv rv ra opens full contracts closes
- Ventricles myogenic electrical excitation atria purkyne cardiac muscle
- Cells sieve transporting end tube phloem structures living
- Root hair cells water thin turgor pressure 3.1.3(d
- Water cell xylem moves root hair cytoplasm wp
- Animal cloning disadvantages cloned embryos fail develop produced
- Water leaf xylem transpiration roots molecules mesophyll cells
- Kidney risk immune system antigens treating failure transplants
- Examples drugs living organisms 4.1.1(m aspirin digoxin penicillin
- Air water make potometer precautions 3.1.3(c measures rate
- Bacterial meningitis 4.1.1(a infection meninges brain spread body
- Divisions micrometer eyepiece stage graticule u mag factor
- Aa solvent phase separated organic moved tlc 2.1.2(s
- Form leaves swell food buds stems give ways
- Plant tissue culture medium hormones outline steps micropropagation
- Glucose blood foods increase levels diet starch carb-rich
- Glucose form decrease blood conc respiration energy higher
- Glucose insulin cells rate blood convert roles beta
- Glucose glucagon cells liver blood roles alpha detect
- Cell glucose membrane insulin blood atp k+ channels
- Insulin advantages obtaining gm bacteria animals forms pure
- Cells ways replace pancreatic stem totipotent extracted early
- Dough baking active yeast mixture added flour mixed
- Break starch beer brewing malting enzymes sugars barley
- Milk curds bacterial whey cheese-making pasterised kill natural
- Form conditions disadvantages microoganisms food sterile costs involves
- Organisms break natural gm bioremediation pollutants/contaminents soil/water naturally
- Embryo artificial cells early split form ball divide
- Microorganisms nutrient medium broth l agar s optimises
- Broth inoculating bacteria make suspension grown mix sterile
- Inoculating agar loop lid wire sterilised holding close
- Products batch fermentation microorganisms growth inoculated medium occurs
- Continuous culture medium continually constant microorganisms inoculated sterile
- Messenger triggers camp membrane glucose action adrenaline model
- Chemoreceptors blood ph co2 detect increases heart rate
- Blood pressure impulses medulla heart decreases rate sends
- Adrenal release fight flight hypo ns hormones stress
- Immobalised enzymes attached inert support system substrate passes
- Enzymes cheaper immobalised expensive easily advantages disadvantages reused
- Control negative feedback common small dirrection detected sensory
- Water convection currents air processes controlling organisms heating
- Temperature responses sun bodies warm colours rate regulation
- Responses behavioral physiological inactivity weather endotherms ecotherms hibernation
- Body skin warming surface cooling muscles endotherms responses
- Responses core hypothalamus heat centre activated temp blood
- Prokaryotic ribosomes 2.1.1(k smaller involved formation complex proteins
- Hepatic liver blood hepatocytes bile portal vein oxygen
- Basis liver largest internal organ body diaphragm damaged
- Glucose glycogen blood sugar levels due liver functions; carbohydrate
- Aa hepatocytes convert nh3 urea toxic liver functions; deamination
- Virus plant diseases tobacco mosaic 4.1.1(a caused damages
- Animal diseases tubercolosis 4.1.1(a caused bacteria damages destroys
- Hiv strand susceptible rna dna animal diseases hiv/aids
- Blood kidney renal arteriole similar anatomy vessels supplied
- Tubule cortex loop bowmans glomerulus convoluted coiled medulla
- Dna base repeated types regions introns pairs number
- Light source position opaque samples 2.1.1(a specimen
- Contrast increase cells staining 2.1.1(c sample illuminated low
- Mag res 2.1.1(f zoomed smallest distance separate entities
- Diffraction structures res limited 2.1.1(b light specimen close
- Beam specimen difference tem sem 2.1.1(k focused transmitted
- Em artefacts 2.1.1(b visible errors caused sample prep
- Form solution benedicts test 2.1.2(q sample boiling tube
- Light rays laser scanning conforcal microscopy 2.1.1(a emitted
- Respiration enzymes mitochondria 2.1.1(g aerobic site double membrane
- Cell fibres movement organelle cytoskeleton 2.1.1(j network stability
- Cilia sensory cells microtubules pairs flagella 2.1.1(g mobility
- Er responsible endoplasmic reticulum 2.1.1(g network membranes enclosing
- Ribsosmes 2.1.1(g free cytoplasm attached er form rer
- Packaged proteins vesicles cell production 2.1.1(i made ribosomes
- Prokaryotic flagella 2.1.1(k thinner arrangement energy required gained
- Molecules bonds polar interact 2.1.2(a positive/negative regions attract
- Liquid h2 bonds waters specific heat capacity properties
- Water molecules capillary action 2.1.2(a cohesion stick adhesion
- Coolant waters properties 2.1.2(a acts regulate temp chemical
- E.g monosaccharides linked forms monomers carbs 2.1.2(e aka
- Glucose monosaccharide combinations dissacharides 2.1.2(e fructose sucrose galactose
- Glycosidic amylose amylopectin polysaccharides starch collectively 2.1.2(f alpha
- Cellulose glucose bonds 2.1.2(f beta linked glycosidic groups
- Mix lipids polarity 2.1.2(j polar electrons outer shell
- Molecules form tryglicerides 2.1.2(g)and(i glycerol alcohol fatty acid
- Fatty acid chain group h2o phospholipids 2.1.2(g modified
- Heads tails surfectants bilayers phospholipids interact h2o po4
- Cholesterol group sterols specifically 2.1.2(j complex alcahols type
- Amino acids structure 2.1.2(k r groups
- R forming group interactions 2.1.2(m interact types bonds
- Structure h2 forming sheet secondary protein 2.1.2(m o2
- R structure protein groups bonding tertiary 2.1.2(m folding
- Proteins water soluble r groups globular 2.1.2(n formed
- = 480-254/254 100 88.98 88.98/29
- Long molecules due aa fibrous proteins 2.1.2(o formed
- Sugar dna 2.1.2(d deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribose fewer o2
- Carbon dna bases 2.1.3(a t c pyramidines ring
- Parallel strand group dna antiparallel structure 2.1.3(a),(d anti
- Rna protein synthesis 2.1.3(g nucleotides degraded cytoplasm hydrolysed
- Dna backbone reactions bonds free forming replication 2.1.3(e
- Code degenerate codons start signal end aa 2.1.3(f
- Strand rna dna transcription sense antisense bases free
- Binds trna aa codon anticodon translation 2.1.3(g mrna
- Small energy properties atp 2.1.3(c moves in/out cells
- Type proteins enzymes 2.1.4(a globular biological catalysts interacts
- Energy activation 2.1.4(b required reaction start enzymes reduce
- Enzyme substrate induced fit hypothesis 2.1.4(c initial interaction
- Enzymes effect increasing temp 2.1.4(d ke successful collisions
- Optimum enzymes resistant change thermophillic phsycrophillic organisms 2.1.4(b
- Ph returns protein renaturation 2.1.4(d optimal original shape
- R groups interaction h+ bonds shape 2.1.4(d interacts
- Competitive inhibitors 2.1.4(f similar shape substrate fits active
- Rate facilitated diffusion dependent 2.1.5(d temp conc gradient
- Glucose pfk reaction enzyme produces atp breakdown broken
- Cofactors coenzymes obtained 2.1.4(e diet minerals vitamins
- Enzymes inactive precursor 2.1.4(f produced form damage cell
- Addition precursor enzymes change ts cofactor called activate
- Suited phosphate heads form outer structure phospholipid bilayer
- Proteins conc cell channel passive gradient attached carb
- Increases solvents polar factors affecting membrane structure 2.1.5(c
- Factors affecting diffusion 2.1.5(d temp higher ror ke
- Exchange surface faster ror factors affecting rate diffusion
- Region wp osmosis 2.1.5(e net movement water particles
- Cell water moves osmosis higher membrane lower solution
- Membrane endocytosis 2.1.5(d bulk transport cells types: phagocytosis
- Dna chromatids mitosis begins 2.1.6(c replicated interphase molecule
- Dna fragments membrane strands polymerase lots step temp
- Sinks main assimilates sources transported food actively 3.1.3(f
- Water loss adaptions low stomata lowers xerophytes 3.1.3(e
- Names organisms common binomial diff genus species nomeclature
- Diff galapagos islands evolution 4.2.2(e describes rganisms evolve
- Rarely change variability comparitive biochemistry 4.2.2(e molecules e.g
- Placental similar small examples convergent evo 4.2.2(g marsupials
- Selection variation species characteristics natural 4.2.2(e natural caused
- Bio balanced ecosystem species project biodiversity 4.2.1(a variety
- Pop capture recapture size species capture-recapture 4.2.1(b estimate
- Polymorphic loci genes number 4.2.1(e quantify genetic bio
- Seeds species breeding partners genetic situ stored embryo
- Chemical insects plant defences 4.1.1(c powerful repel vectors
- Tissue pathogens redness swelling causing vessels inflammatory response
- T cells mediated helper activated interleukins clone stimulate
- Due bacteria works antibiotic caused people resistence 4.1.1(n
- Activity organism dependent metabolic reactions/processes e.g uptake nitrates
- Energy sun universally conc forever uni expands dissipated
- Energy bonds released form lots atp atoms molecules
- E energy releases protons gradient atp transport chain
- E's rc ps1 light ps2 released entering atp
- Atp molecules phosphorylation forming nad pi attached tp
- Reduced nad form cycle acetyl dehydrogenation atp formed
- Lactate lactic acid pyruvate h2 nad converted o2
- Rq lipids measured respirometer rq=co2 formed/o2 consumed 6o2
- Factors ecosystem abiotic/biotic living e.g made organisms interacting
- Biomass tl lower previous consists cells/tissues organisms present
- Molecules organic decomposers dead essential detritivores breaks smaller
- Nh3 n2 atm living non-living processes n2-fixing bacteria
- Soil species organisms small colonisers pioneer organic secondary
- Pop sample estimate size formula individuals estimating plant/animal
- Pop growth phase steady individuals birth constraints limit
- Pop stage size survival/repro comp intraspecific growth curve
- Words importance conservation social/economic/ecological aswell factors e.g affecting
- Reflex blinking reflex knee-jerk overview spinal cranial
- Computational data biology bioinformatics biological e.g models development
- Insects plant responses herbivory chemical defences tannins phenol
- Vocs chemical trees leaves form plant made e.g
- Chlorosis body mass chlorophyll environmental genetic factors examples
- Alleles inherited passed dominant expressed present homo genotype/phenotype
- Homo state genetic hetero phenotype cross monogenic rules
- X allele sex sex-linked chromo chromosomes females males
- Light auxins side grow unlit unilateral phototropisms all-round
- Ethene ripening rate time commercial plant hormones control
- Weeds main narrow-leaved broad-leaved plants commercial hormones hormonal
- Repro difficult wild maintain gene pool ex-situ protects
- Species constantly evolving/extinct difficult distinguish
- Comparative biochemistry phylogeny anatomy and
- Cells lining cheek
- Test interbreeding applies asexual relationships
- Sct glt affected pass offspring genetic disease comparing
- Competition barnacles/musscels algae from for
- E,g,b,d,f,h,c,f
- Unlike forrest s chlorophyll breaks d bog minerals
- 0.01-0.018
- Units ethanol x-axis incorrect scale title
- Liver pancreatic skeletal
- Measure diff volume peaks minuite 30s b
- I size stated ii not
- Seed dispersal
- Constant carry temp concs substances remove amount sample
- Heartbeat anomalous cycles only 1
- Called plasmodium
- W sucrose solution opp situation water
- Respiring tissue high pco2 takes o2
- Methyline blue
- Peer-review replicating studies and
- End cells xylem phloem s made joining d
- A
- B
- Sa:v rate o2 absorption inc
- C,d,b,a b d,a,b,c,e a
- Ii beetroot samples temp pieces sa:v
- High habitat ice property act buffer chemical reactions
- Lots saturated fat/fatty acids ldl
- Branched differences glycogen cellulose alpha beta glyco straight
- Animals plants cleavage furrow centrioles
- Metabolites formed microorganism substances e.g primary secondary desired
- N formula number individual organisms
- Plant diseases animal bacteria virus protoctista fungi overview
- Natural passive active artificial forms immunity overview breast
- Synaptic neurone components synapse overview cleft presynaptic postsynapyic
- Gross structure brain cerebrum cerebellum medulla hypothalamus pituitary
- Endocrne glands overview pituitary pineal thyroid thymus adrenal
- Response abiotic stresses herbivory overview leaf loss deciduous
- Aerobic respiraton overview glycolysis link reaction krebs cycle
- Pyruvate lactate ferm anaerobic respiration overview acts h2
- Availability abiotic factors overview light temperature water o2
- Contraction muscles summary fibre appearance control arrangement speed
- Mutation aa codon gene sequence affects frame protein
- Chromosome section breaks mutations joins gene single gene/sections
- Tissue fluid plasma leaves surrounding larger molecules pass
- End cell walls bordered pits
- Bubbles present blockage xylem restore column water
- Dihybrid inheritance diff seeds hetero crosses genes e.g
- Modified translation gene regulated transcriptional turned on/off post-transcriptional
- Dna wound histones addition tightly makes cell chromatin
- Genes bv autosomal linkage crossing recombinant unexpected ratio
- Observed phenotypes offspring chi-squared expected sig diff state
- Dont cheap quick carry expose bacteria ineffective antibiotic
- D,a,b
- Microscopes havent resolved lack em small
- Frequency
- Ii f iii d a
- E convoluted tubule f bowmans capsule
- +ve ii charge repels ions small passage ions
- 1 none 2/3
- Iv release nad glycolysis continue atp formed
- B
- B
- B
- D
- Ii dominant epistasis iii codes repressor protein binds
- Random sampling chance variation small samples repeat find
- High young lactose diet milk lac y transcribed
- Tlc electro seperates interactions stationary phase wheras electropheresis
- Feature refers environment genetics cause
- Length end middle 20/2 =
- C2
- 30-35c
- Triglycerides phospholipids chloresterol soluble water
- Matrix
- D
- C4
- Anaphase
- Ii
- Factors affecting transmission diameter temperature
- C11
- C11
- C12
- Resources sustainable run management aims save renewable economically
- Large prod cutting dec soil scale timber large-scale
- Human balance pops animals density masai mara ele
- Hypothalamus produces regulates temp water balance centres parasympathetic/sympathetic
- Lowland water bogs decline conserve peats conserved maintain
- Include supported animals red plant lake district animals/plants
- Diff neurones stimuli nervous ways responding n/h change
- Schwann cells impulses accross transmitted gaps speed small
- Na+ potential stimuli resting stretch mediated channels receptors
- K+ na+ resting creating pot actively transported leads
- Knob synop synoptic swollen end presynoptic neurone ser
- Channels na+ k+ making axon resting open voltage
- Action size stimuli pots created threshold effect level
- Region depolarised stimuli wave depolarisation quick acts repolarised
- Areas cerebral passed cerebrum impulses brain info motor
- Nerve impulse end ap starts/ends action potential starting
- Refractory action period period/hyperpolarisation pot axon exited short
- Nt muscle cholinergic synapses acetylcholine present cns neuromuscular
- Synoptic vesicle vesicle nt travels pre synop membrane
- Single multiple roles synapse impulses post synoptic pre
- Stimuli release nt causing number synapse reach threshold
- Spatial summation diff presynoptic neuornes form nt pass
- Temporal nt ap summation summataion single presynoptic neurone
- Diameter transmission effect speed trsnsmission action potential affected
- Pns cns ns made brain spinal cord neurones
- Ns muscle autonomous autonomic system subconscious control involuntarily
- Brain scan scanned photo mri magnetic resonance imaging
- Medulla controls autonomous e.g heart rate/breathing rate regulatory
- Synoptic neurone transmission ap membrane ca2+ channels open
- Cell signalling hormonal/nervous systems cell-signalling releases chemical affects
- Dendrons cell short extensions body transmit impulses divide
- Sensory neurone transmits impulse receptor motor relay brain
- Relay neurone transmits impulses made short axons dendrons
- Resting neurone transmitting impulse channels gated membrane accross
- Sensory receptors detect change enviro
- Sensory receptors stimuli connvert pathway specificity transducers convert
- Thermoreceptors detect heat e.g end bulbs krause tongue
- Selection pressures 4.2.2(e factors affecting chances survival/repro natural
- Proteins links diff dna evolving comparisons 4.2.2(c organisms
- Prokaryotae kingdom split 4.2.2(c prokaryotae kindoem divided kingdomes
- T values students test pops sd^2 h0 diff
- Corrolation data rank corr coefficient sets +ve rs
- Groups organisms ads phylogenetic trees 4.2.2(d advantages confirms
- Behaviours behavioural adaptations 4.2.2(g behavioral survival playing dead
- Evidence evo study comparative 4.2.2(e palaeontology fossils record
- System taxanomic 4.2.2(a famous taxonomic hierachy groups domain
- Species individual organisms fertile offspring 4.2.2(a ends classification
- Plantae kingdom 4.2.2(c multicellular n/mbo cloroplasts cellulose cell
- Moths peppered ir dark mutations 4.2.2(h pale camo
- Dec bio number species deforstation animal 4.2.1(f directly
- Dec agriculture grow species food kill pests reduce
- Organisms classify abundance conservation extinct species endangered 4.2.2(a
- Genetic indivuals dec bio breeding pop captive small
- Species areas situ allowing preserves wildlife time 4.2.1(h
- Economic reasons maintain bio 4.2.1(g soil erosion/desertification occur
- Low bio areas conserving 4.2.2(a species adapted extreme
- Random sampling 4.2.1(b selecting individuals chance indual equal
- Random sample strata systematic smaple line transect non-random
- Biodiverse species alleles survival rates 4.2.1(a variation dna
- Genetic bio 4.2.1(a mutation create allele interbreeding diff
- Sampling species quadrat bar recorded frame plants 4.2.1(b
- Toxins hosts bacteria produce indirect/fungi 4.1.1(a damage tissues
- Drugs loss bio life derivation effect 4.1.1(m derived
- Pharmocognetics e.g drugs gene 4.1.1(m interweaving knowledge actions
- T helper cells production 4.1.1(f cd4 receptors bind
- T cells memory 4.1.1(f part immunological invasion divide
- Plasma cells 4.1.1(f produce antibodies antigen release circulation
- B cells antibodies humoral immunity activated antigens pathogen
- Indirect transmission pathogens animal 4.1.1(b travel individuals incodirectly
- Pathogens plant transmission 4.1.1(b direct contact healthy part
- Bacteria cell walls shaped diff gram red gram-positive
- Gm yield resistence +ve ve soya transfer insect
- Pathogens specific phagocytes antigens defences rid temp stimulate
- Phagocytes englulfed pathogens opsonins bind 4.1.1(e produce chemicals
- Antigens immune specific cells system surface speeds specific/non
- Antigen antibody chains bind specific identical polypeptide 4.1.1(h
- Cells callose infected physical defenses deposited prevent pathogens
- Artificial active immunity safe pathogen bacteria/viruses live antigens
- Temp limiting factors photo reactions cc controlled enzymes
- Specific defences em skin microorganisms pathogens body lysozymes
- O2 e's rc ps2 photolysis basics e formed
- P+ o2 h+ conc form photolysis waste product
- Conc atp protons gradient energy primary prod chemiosis
- Pigments embedded chloro diff primary b carotenoids xanthophylls
- Light harvesting chloro system b carotenoids xanthophylls embedded
- Water balance needed gain/loss co2 diffuses stoma promoting
- Co2 limiting factors photo source c conc fixation
- Conc li gp tp photo limiting factors explained
- Co2 conc tp photo limiting factors explained fixation
- Light form nadp reduced stages photo overview dependent
- Nad fad h+ reduced nad/fad e accepts oxidises
- Atp fermentation breaks organic molecule small inorganic o2
- Lactate ferm alcoholic occurs cells forms overview yeast
- O2 obligate aerobes atp forms presence individual cells
- Proteins lipids carbs respiratory energy alcohol pathway store/release
- Cristae structure mito foldings membrane sa
- Light plants abiotic factors success adapted diff intensities
- Temp abiotic factors affect enzyme-controlled metabollic reactions rate
- O2 availability water abiotic factors fast flowing cold
- Co2 atm released levels rising global concs increasing
- Secondary succesion occurs areas land soil present animal/plant
- Primary succession begins colonisation of inhospitable enviro pioneer
- Denitrification n2 denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates soil back
- Transfer energy tl energy measured kj/m2/y biomass transferred
- Climax species bio dominant stable change time making
- 083426df68c44b26b1318d883ae7afb3-ao-5
- Distribution organisms factors uneven ecosystem due residing areas
- Gross prod energy production converted net prod/net total
- Mass dry calcing water dry/fresh material scientists calc
- Peat bogs wet composed wetland vegetation shrubs mosses
- Shoots area small-scale coppicing maintains bio cut grow
- Include power station snowdania park animals/plants supported powerstation
- Sustainable management forrest forrestry terrai region achieved working
- Prey evolved techniques predator adaptations predators highly efficient
- O2 called oxidative h+ atp requires form energy
- Neurone reflex arc involuntary action stimuli receptor sensory
- Reflex knee-jerk type spinal brain involved
- Reflex patella knee-jerk knee-cap tapped tendons stretch acting
- Occurs cornea e.g blinking reflex stimulated touched protects
- Response brain blinking reflex consensual eyelids shut examine
- Reflexes chances survival involuntary brain focus complex tasks
- 083426df68c44b26b1318d883ae7afb3-ao-1
- 083426df68c44b26b1318d883ae7afb3-ao-3
- Muscle skeletal mito spr fibres sarcolemma sarcoplasm made
- Myofibrils sarcomere light bands present region dark myosin
- Contraction light bands dark simult sarcomeres effect h-zones
- Actin heads filaments binding binds contraction sites myosin
- Acetylcholine ap reaches nj ca2+ synoptic transmission binds
- Head ca2+ binds binding myosin actin filament atp
- Common anions 2.1.2(p uses of
- Occur due hypo pituitary gland located close hormonal
- Examples endocrine glands pituitary forms growth hormone adh
- Examples endocrine glands pineal forms melatonin affects reproduction
- Examples endocrine glands thymus forms thymosin controls production
- Examples endocrine glands adrenal forms adrenaline heart/breathing rate
- Examples endocrine glands testis forms testosterone controls production
- Hormones released/transported? chemical messengers released directly bloodstream gland
- Transcription steroid hormones lipid soluble pass membrane bind
- Hormonal nervous system communicates transmission travels targets differences
- Cortisol main types hormones produced adrenal cortex glucocorticoids
- Glandular organs forms digestive enzymes secretes hormones pancreas
- Staining iol pa islets langerhans lightly stained form
- E.g adrenaline blood hormones adrenal medulla released sympathetic
- Water good medium transport h2o solvent/transport habitats why
- Light colorimeter 2.1.2(r quantifies absorption/transmission colored sol higher
- Property globular proteins regulate vital processes examples vps
- Cofactor prosthetic group amylase h2co3 2.1.4(e cl- zn2+
- Red pigment betalin 2.1.5(c betroot membrane beet distrusted
- Animals human gm pharming ethical issues swine form
- Histology kidney of
- Roles plant hormones of
- Water extra xerophytic features explain reduces loss vapour
- Seed gibberellins evidence role embryo food stores gib
- Apical auxins growth shoot root lateral grow cells
- Haemoglobin prosthetic collagen group haem describe ways structure
- Describe advantage staining specimens viewed microscope increases contrast
- Present identify features prokaryotic cell eukaryotes nucleus mito
- Blood student red cells observe wanted microscope small
- Genes control humans suggest characteristics fruit fly drosophila
- Ethanol wines deg active information fig explain alcohol
- Cube student liver frozen carried investigation catalase procedure
- Air improve gaseous exchange alveoli refreshed ventilation movement
- Calculate rate peaks breathing minute trace oxygen consumption
- Held open suggest expel air lungs trachea cartillage
- Blood contraction suggest explain effect supraventricular tachycardia flow
- Foramen left ovale blood fetus hole septum atria
- Sickle cell haemoglobin oxygen treatment adults fetal anaemia
- Xylem vessel walls water pass adjacent bordered pits
- Fever accompanied sweating explain effect body suggest shivering
- Suggest explain cell continues secrete insulin continued secretion
- Plants explain form natural reproductive clones animals meristems
- Blood glucose patient’s result fasting test concentration normal
- Dialysis water wp fluid peritoneal dextrose solution remove
- Desert kangaroo conditions henle mammals longer water rat
- Loop water explain role henle production urine ascending
- Raw material chloroplast fat droplets act reserve suggest
- Oxygen measuring produced discuss carbon dioxide uptake give
- Glucose anaerobic respiration produces atp explain incomplete breakdown
- Anaerobic respiration pathway cells yeast pyruvate converted lactate
- Light/sem/tem micro image scientific drawings lscm image 2.1.1(a)and(d
- Dna sample break add cell extracting 2.1.3(d grind
- Diffusion specialised animal tissues 2.1.6(h squamous epithilium present
- Specialised plant tissues 2.1.6(i epidermis cover surface waxy
- Investigate effects diff factors enzymes 2.1.4(d catalase readily
- Diffusion rates investigating factors affecting 2.1.5(d small particles
- Dissecting heart 3.1.2(e
- Vascular structure function system roots stems leaves herbaceous
- Micro images skeletal/cardiac/involuntary muscle of
- O2 photorespiration competitively inhibits rubisco forms phosphoglycolate gp
- Investigating factors affecting respiration respirometer koh absorbs co2
- Xylem vascular meristems phloem 2.1.6(j cambium form tissue
- O2 tidal vital breathing rate link demands volume
- Xerophyte:hydrophyte examples 3.1.3(e xerophytes cacti marram grass hyfrophytes
- Form proteins proteomics aa functional mrna study sequencing
- Organelles protein synthesis of
- Mutation 2.1.3(e alteration dna base sequences spontaneously
- Res increased 2.1.1(b electrons short wavelengths rays diffracted
- Size magnification image actual 2.1.1(e i=am
- Light electron microscopes 2.1.1(a vs
- Cytoplasm type structure eukaryotes prokaryotes 2.1.1(k single undivided
- Membranes animal cells 2.1.1(g selectively permeable
- Proteins dna nuclear form called nucleus 2.1.1(g triggers
- Vesicles break lysosomes 2.1.1(g membranous sacs storage/transport roles
- Centrioles 2.1.1(g component cytoskeleton made microtubules form centrosome
- Molecules water cohesive adhesive properties 2.1.2(a moves mass
- Golgi apparatus 2.1.1(g similar structure ser formed cisternae
- Cell rigid cellulose wall 2.1.1(g surrounds surface membrane
- Cell vacuole membrane 2.1.1(g lined sacs sap maintains
- Chloroplasts 2.1.1(g found green parts plant double membrane
- Genes prokaryoticdna 2.1.1(k molecule dna chromosome grouped operons
- Prokaryotic cell wall 2.1.1(k peptidoglycan murein complex polymer
- Comparisons eukarotes prokaryotes 2.1.1(k between
- Carbon h2 nucleic o2 elements carbs proteins lipids
- Atom electrons slightly protons molecule polar 2.1.2(a spend
- Conc simple diffusion 2.1.5(d net movement particles region
- Carbohydrates 2.1.2(c molecules carbon h2 o2 general formula
- Alpha beta glucose 2.1.2(d hexose monosaccharide carbons molecule
- Glucose polar 2.1.2(d groups end interact water form
- Bond forms alpha glucose molecules 2.1.2(b)and(e glycosidic c1
- Branching glycogen 2.1.2(f)and(g starch compact good storage important
- Reaction release glucose starch glycogen 2.1.2(b hydrolysis addition
- Reducing sugars 2.1.2(q mono/some disaccharides rs means donate
- Reducing sugars 2.1.2(q donate colour change positive result
- Starch test 2.1.2(q add drops iodine sample turned
- Lipids 2.1.2(c c h2 o2 large complex molecules
- Fatty oils fats saturated bonds acids compact saturation
- Diffusion occur 2.1.5(d particles gas/liquid state ke random
- Insulation roles lipids 2.1.2(j thermal electrical buoyancy thrust
- C
- Lipids mixed test 2.1.2(q sample ethanol h2o shaken
- Proteins 2.1.2(a made polypeptides arranged macromolecules c h2
- Amino acids linking 2.1.2(b k l condensation reactions
- Proteins primary structure 2.1.2(m sequence amino acids joined
- Proteins quaternary structure 2.1.2(m result joining subunits interactions
- Protein affects folds r group hydrophobic hydrophilic
- Reaction peptides broken aa 2.1.2(b hydrolysis
- Group haem proteins prosthetic conjugated 2.1.2(n quaternary structure
- Nucleic acids 2.1.2(c c h2 o2 n2 p4
- Bonds nucleotides link 2.1.2(b)and2.1.3(a),(b condensation reaction po4 group
- Succession ss occurs seral stages main ss's pioneer
- Rna 2.1.3(g transfers genetic info dna proteins
- Rna compared dna 2.1.3(a ribose deoxyribose uracil thymine
- Genetic code 2.1.3(f dna sequence aa carries instructions
- Triplet code 2.1.3(f sequence bases codons coding aa
- Gene 2.1.3(a section dna codons code protein
- Dna 2.1.1(g nuclear envelope protect damage
- Ribosome structure 2.1.1(g made subunits rrna maintains stability
- Trna 2.1.3(g transfer rna clover shape anticodons end
- Base ribose po4 atp structure comparison dna/rna 2.1.3(c
- Energy atp release break released po4 adp 2.1.3(c
- Atp lots stored cells 2.1.3(c bonds po4 unstable
- Phosphorylation 2.1.3(b condenation reaction po4 group attaches adp
- Metabolism anabolic catabolic reactions sum reactions build break
- Intracellular intercellular work 2.1.4(b inside cells made
- Pepsin proenzyme 2.1.4(f inactive pepsinogen transforms active stomach
- Digestion starch broken maltose digested mouth it’s partially
- Temperature coefficient 2.1.4(d temp increases degrees ror doubles
- Past optimum temp 2.1.4(d enzymes change shape complementary
- Ph h+ conc 2.1.4(d potential hydrogen concentration low
- Increasing ror conc substrate enzyme 2.1.4(d increased collisions
- Step regulated multi reaction pathways 2.1.4(f prevent excess
- Inhibitors 2.1.4(f prevent enzymes carrying catalysis competitive competitive
- Competitive inhibitors 2.1.4(f bind allosteric site enzyme tertiary
- Diffusion short/long distances high speeds collisions slows net
- Cofactors coenzymes 2.1.4(e protein components allowing enzymes carry
- Cofactors bound prosthetic groups comparison 2.1.4(e tightly permanent
- Membranes plasma compartmentalization it’s advantages cell and 2.1.5(a
- Fluid mosaic model 2.1.5(b phospholipids free move layer
- Proteins hydrophobic membrane intrinsic 2.1.5(b transmembrane embedded layers
- Cell signaling/communication direct/sets cascade events response chemical binds
- Proteins extrinsic 2.1.5(b present side bilayer hydrophilic r-groups
- Cholesterol 2.1.5(b lipid duel hydrophilic/phobic ends regulate fluidity
- Proteins positions 2.1.5(a chemical reactions occur
- Diff passive/active 2.1.5(d passive utilizes energy natural motion
- Diffuse pass molecules(e.g membranes partially permeable 2.1.5(c particles
- Diffusion facilitated 2.1.5(d membrane protein channels
- Protein channels membranes selectively permeable 2.1.5(d specific molecule/ion
- Water potential 2.1.5(e tendency flow measure kpa symbol
- Pressure hydrostatic 2.1.5(e due water diffusing solution
- Stem cell 2.1.6(m treat diseases diverse areas e.g
- Cells wp animal prevent cytolysis/crenation 2.1.5(e continuously surrounded
- Conc active transport require 2.1.5(d movement molecules/ions into/out
- Cp cell po4 inside molecule binds atp adp
- Large bulk transport 2.1.5(d form active molecules it’s
- Cell exocytosis 2.1.5(d reverse endo vesicles golgi move
- Mitosis it’s 2.1.6(b)and(e cell division eukaryotes growth replacement
- B memory cells 4.1.1(f provide immunological remembers specific
- Phases cell cycle 2.1.6(a interphase mitosis
- Interphase 2.1.6(a periods growth normal working separating divisions
- Processes occur interphase 2.1.6(a dna replication checked errors
- Cells longer divide g0 occurs temp/permanent 2.1.6(a differentiation
- Pyramid energy represents amount biomass/energy converted biomass
- Cells divide 2.1.6(b size dna error free chromosomes
- Gametes 2.1.6(f haploid cells half parent chromosomes
- Homologous nucleus chromosomes 2.1.6(f full sets genes pair
- Alleles genes loci 2.1.6(f versions locus homologous chromosomes
- Part division meiosis 2.1.6(f)and(g pairs homo chromosomes seperated
- Organization multicellular organisms 2.1.6(i specialised cells tissues organs
- Tissue plants 2.1.6(i epidermis covers surfaces vascular transport
- Organs 2.1.6(i collection tissues adapted perform function organism
- Organ systems 2.1.6(i number working carry major function
- Cells stem blood lifespan 2.1.6(k derived bone marrow
- Cells present embryonic adult stem meristems found 2.1.6(j)and(k
- Diffusion low metabolic high single celled organisms multicellular 3.1.1(a
- Sa calc sa:v cube sphere 3.1.1(a side*6 vol
- E.g exchange alveoli/villi conc gradient characteristics specialized surface
- Variation discontinuous 4.2.2(f discontinous characteristics result values inbetween
- Bronchioles bronchi form left leads lung smaller air
- Loss water alveoli 3.1.1(c evaporate air adaptions limit
- Good alveoli adaptions 3.1.1(b large sa folded shape
- Ventilation 3.1.1(d movement air caused changing pressure thorax
- Air in/out quickly breathed measuring volume drawn lungs
- Ventilation rate 3.1.1(e total vol air inhaled minuite
- Insects specialized gaseous exchange systems 3.1.1(f tough exoskeleton
- Insoluble unreactive flexible
- Spiracles sphinctors 3.1.1(f insects small openings air enters/leaves
- Tracheae chitin gas tracheoles insects 3.1.1(f tubes carrying
- O2 fluid tracheal cells tracheoles system 3.1.1(f diffusion
- Water flow stops fish movement generated 3.1.1(f moving
- Gill water filaments flow exchange extra adaptations 3.1.1(f
- Specialized transport systems needed multicellular organisms 3.1.2(a metabolic
- Mass transport system medium mechanism features circulatory 3.1.2(b
- Blood heart closed circulatory system 3.1.2(b vessels direct
- Tissues roots leaves dicots 3.1.3(b types herbaceous soft
- Blood fish heart body single closed circulatory system
- Shape components utilized blood vessels 3.1.2(c elastic fibres
- Water production physiological adaptations 4.2.2(g physiological poision kill
- Arterioles venules substances cap cells endothelial blood deoxy
- Blood plasma 3.1.2(d carries glucose aa mineral ions
- Lymph nodes fluid form 3.1.2(d returning drained system
- O2 conc rbc haem bind steep gradient inside
- Genetic bio species biodiversity 4.2.1(a variety genes making
- O2 hb p curve partial saturation pressure co2
- O2 blood fetus 3.1.2(j dependent mother oxy runs
- Similar structures convergent evo diff due analogous 4.2.2(e
- Heart inelastic pericardial membranes cardiac muscle 3.1.2(g relaxes/contracts
- Blood pressure heart vol/pressure arteries cardiac cycle 3.1.2(e
- Sound forced ventricles heartbeat 3.1.2(e stethoscope hear blood
- Heart contract beat e.g heartbeat fast electrocardiogram ecg
- Transport systems plants 3.1.3(a metabolic demands o2 mineral
- Removing co2 prevents photo
- Water xylem cells endodermal root endodermis vascular tissue
- Root pressure dec temp evidence role d poisons
- Xylem cohesive tree vessel stem water evidence tension
- Water transpiration summary delivers minerals cells loss cools
- Cells turgor stomata opening/closing low guard 3.1.3(d driven
- Air high rate water vapour lower movement dec
- Sd normal distribution curve values lie 4.2.2(f continuous
- Inc/dec pop sizes immigration/birth indivuals emigration/death decreases
- Flow phloem mass cc evidence for/against translocation 3.1.3(f
- Water adaptions loss hydrophytes 3.1.3(e live high availability
- Organisms find diff classification 4.2.2(a living sorted groups
- Animalia kingdom 4.2.2(c animalia multicellular n/mbo heterotrophic feeders
- 70s ribo domains 4.2.2(b archaea bacteria eukarya 80s
- Phylogenetic evolutionary phylogeny trees early/late based 4.2.2(d links
- Form layers palaentology 4.2.2(e fossils formed animal/plant remains
- Diff structures evolved common comparitive anatomy 4.2.2(e homologous
- Enviro genetic variation skin chance 4.2.2(f caused both
- Resistence antibiotic natural selection 4.2.2(h kills bacteria helps
- Glands exocrine secrete hormones ducts organs
- Organisms sampling 4.2.1(b taking measurements indiviual represent pop
- Sample e.g sampling completely reliable 4.2.1(b due smapling
- Number species diversity bio simpsons index account n
- Areas high bio species enviro 4.2.1(a lots succesful
- Dec warming sea-level species climate change bio affected
- Ecological reasons maintain species effect bio 4.2.1(g organisms
- Adaptations pioneer species produce lots seed/spores blown wind
- Countries conserve bio local/international requires 4.2.1(i conserve coop
- Fungi 4.1.1(a eukaryotic saprophytes feed dead/decaying matter parasitic
- D
- Direct animal skin hands transmission 4.1.1(b pathogens directly
- Blood scab clot pathogens damaged wound 4.1.1(d cut
- Antibodies complex body pathogens act modes action 4.1.1(h
- Lymphocytes mature 4.1.1(f sis based wbcs called b
- Vaccines havent prevented diseases 4.1.1(l malaria protoctista causing
- Selective toxicity theyre 4.1.1(m drug inteferes pathogens metabolisms
- Photo resp biomass/interelation forms biomass respiro breaks atp
- Electrons excited e chemiosis pigments absorb suns energy
- Om heterotrophic/autotrophic hetero gains ingestion auto produces photo
- Light harvesting system reaction centres collective collectively photosystem
- E's ps1 cyclic photo cyclic photophosphorylation leaving release
- Give disadvantage taking cuttings seeds lack genetic variation
- Carbon calvin cycle unstable 3-carbon molecules co2 diffuses
- Fixation cc co2 fixed incorperated organic molecules
- Limiting factors law law reactant shortest supply
- Photo limiting factors explained temp all reactions cc
- Glycolysis stage occurs cytoplasm anaerobic dont require o2
- Primary occurs sand succession when; volcanoes erupt depositing
- Matrix structure mito mitochondrial dna enzymes needed kc
- Form acetyl oxidative reaction aerobic h2 atoms co2
- Nad written ways writing nadh reduced number charged
- E energy form h2 h+ atp o2 oxidative
- Aerobic molecules o2 anaerobic efficient forms atp glucose
- Fermentation o2 e stops nad/fad important absence act
- Pyruvate ethanal nad continues ethanol alcoholic fermentation irreversible
- Atp acetyl respiratory substances form fatty glycerol coa
- Soil abiotic factors diff types affect organisms chances
- Food webs/chains energy trophic consumer show transfer biomass
- Biomass tl biomass/pyramid mass living material present organism
- Biomass consumers convert food tissue energy lost dont
- Tls producer pc energy agriculture max animal feed
- Bacteria n2 plants nh3 mutualistic gain nitrogen-fixing relationships
- Compounds ammonification ammonification decomposers convert n2 dead organisms
- Photoreceptors photoreceptors detect light e.g cone cells eyes
- Co2 c atm forms organic passed released dead
- Co2 global warming atm seas/oceans inc leading temp
- Excitatory nt depolarisation postsynoptic membrane threshold met ap
- Animal succession consumers plant suitable species undergo similar
- Human activities climax succession effect halt natural flow
- Chromatic buiret test conversions abberation preparing sample 2.1.2(q
- Factors expo limiting carrying density independent growth max
- Comp factor interspecific species resource pops types outcompeting/cep
- Predator pop stage prey survival/repro dec predation pops
- B
- Importance organisms conservation economic resources required survival income
- Preservation sensitive protection areas bannning/restricting human influence preserves
- Inhibitory nt hyperpolarisation postsynoptic membrane preventing initiation ap
- Fish fishing caught overfishing dec pops dont regenerate
- Crop techniques improve land damage terrai region sustainability
- Whalers access galapogas islands theyre dealt released domestic
- Effects human activities antartica preventing global warming breaks
- Respond animals plants responses animals/plants stimuli internal/external enviros
- Motor neurone transmits impulses sensory/relay effector muscles/glands long
- Fungi kingdom 4.2.2(c e.g yeast mould uni/multicellular n/mbo
- Initial 1st wave depolarisation stimuli region depolarising triggers
- temp transmission faster effect temp diffusion ions high
- Ns ans split outcome activity e.g heart dec
- Pituitary stores hormones section pitiuitary glands releases regulate
- Rbc cells nucleus/stem nucleus replicate haematopoietic stem maintain
- Neurone na+ pacinian ending layers membrane channels background
- Ap postsynoptic broken triggerred neurone nt triggers released
- Acetylcholine ap triggered hydrolysed actelycholinesterase form choline ethanoic
- Summation nt trigger ap postsynoptic neurone
- Unmyelinated depolarisation nodes protein channels myelinated occurs myelin
- Repolarisation efficiency myelinated efficient requires atp na+ pump
- Somatic ns system concious control voluntarily input sense
- Neurones brain advantage central control centre communicate quicker
- Info cerebellum balance controls unconscious functions e.g posture
- Synapse nt junction neurones effector signal transmitted neurotransmitters
- Synoptic cleft gap axon neurone dendrites
- Presynoptic neurone impulse arrives along
- Postsynoptic neurone recieves neurotransmitters that
- Receptor neurotransmitter neurotransmiter specific molecules binding nt postsynoptic
- Stimuli stimuli change enviro is
- Cell body nucleus surrounded cyto er/mito produce neurotransmitters
- Axons transmit electrical impulses cell body cylindrical cyto
- Pathway receptor--sensory--relay--motor--effector
- Myelin schwann cells axons neurones sheeth speed covered
- Action voltage pot potential occurs membrane shape due
- Mechanoreceptors respond pressure/movement e.g pacinian corpuscle skin detecting
- Chemoreceptors respond chemicals e.g olfactoryreceptor detects smell
- Continuous variation 4.2.2(f characteristics takie range controlled polygenes
- Domain organisms system groups 4.2.2(c current classification systrem
- Sum x number sd 4.2.2(f root x)^2 n-1
- Organisms fossil record rocks complex ads 4.2.2(e evidence
- Fossil record disads 4.2.2(e incomplete organisms soft bodied
- Anatomical adaptations 4.2.2(g body coverings hair feathers shells
- Variation alleles diff genetic parents 4.2.2(f include genes
- Enviro variation 4.2.2(f plants affected animals due mobility
- Variation inter/ra 4.2.2(f differences characteristics species interspecific diff
- Species kingdom groups 4.2.2(a kingdoms are biggest/broadest smallest specific
- Prokaryotae kingdom 4.2.2(c unicellular nucleus/membrane bound organelle small
- Protoctista kingdom 4.2.2(c proroctista unicellular eukaryotes nucleus/memrane bound
- Captive animals organisms suitable release 4.2.1(e diseases havent
- Situ natural habitat in/ex 4.2.1(h
- Habitat bio species 4.2.1(a number found area supports
- Species bio diff living meadow 4.2.1(a components richness
- Aesthetic reasons enviro maintain bio 4.2.1(g presence diff
- Conditions organisms abiotic factors sensors non-living habitat direct
- Areas low bio species 4.2.1(a succesful stressful enviro
- B effector cells 4.1.1(f divide form plasma clones
- Sampling animals insects tree living organisms 4.2.1(b pooter
- Quadrat density 1m estimate grids frame 4.2.1(b individual
- Host virus directly attacks 4.1.1(a viral gm cell
- Protoctista fungi cells digest directly attacks 4.1.1(a break
- Scientists design drugs models molecules 4.1.1(m complex computer
- Synthetic biology 4.1.1(m bioogy genetic engineering pops bacteria
- T killer cells 4.1.1(f destroy pathogen antigen perforin
- T regulator cells 4.1.1(f supress immune system control/regulate
- Disease autoimmune 4.1.1(k immune system attcks healthy body
- Transmission dieses animals humans reduced increased poor 4.1.1(b
- Disease factors affecting transmission plants 4.1.1(b crops susceptible
- Viruses gm host 4.1.1(a parasitic non-living agents basic
- Protoctista 4.1.1(a group eukaryotic cells protistsa disease parasitic
- Blood smear lymphocytes 4.1.1(e made spreading single drop
- Factors affecting predator prey pops affect sizes e.g
- Respond rapidly pathogen attack molecules cell plants 4.1.1(c
- Active natural immunity memmory cells 4.1.1(j t/b produced
- Baby natural passive immunity antibodies makes 4.1.1(j born
- Artificial passive immunity 4.1.1(j antibodies formed individual extracted
- Immunity disease vaccine prevents spreads rapidly number pan/epidemics
- Bond energy amount involved is
- Artificial cloning invertebrates fragment animal form
- Antibiotic mrsa c.difficile resistent bacteria examples 4.1.1(n body
- regeneration tp molecules regenerated rubp energy supplied atp
- Reduction molecules reduced cc gp tp nadp atp
- Organic molecules smaller inorganic photo/respiration breaking/forming photo forms
- Light forming organic atp energy bonds molecules build
- Break bonds energy respiro om organic molecule broken
- Pigments absorb specific wavelengths light reflect
- Primary pigment chlorophyll absorbs red/blue light reflects green
- Diff shades/colours leaves due combo pigments
- Light independent occurs stroma raw mat co2 deprndent
- Li light limiting factors photo intensity energy source
- Water limiting photo stoma co2 factor closes dry
- Respiration coenzymes reactions multi step pathway enzyme controlled
- obligate anaerobes anaerobes survive o2 presence e.g prokaryotes
- Faculative anaerobes o2 respire aerobically presence anaerobically absence
- Respiro occurs prokaryotes cell membrances mito
- Outer membrane structure mito creates cellular compartment ideal
- Membrane structure mito atp synthase
- Intermembrane spaces structure mito small builds steep conc
- Plant h2o availability abiotic factors availability low leads
- Co2 levels fluctuate photo occurs atm day presence
- Change succession process ecosystems time e.g organisms moving
- Primary succession occurs newly formed land exposed areas
- Nitrification oxidation reaction well-aerated soils nitrifying bacteria oxidise
- Prod generation primary/secondary biomass producers primary consumer secondary
- Ecological effiency biomass/energy transfer/biomass/energy transfer
- Ecotourism tourism directed natural enviro supports conservation efforts
- Active conservation/protection programs masai mara ensure balance locals
- Dec interspecific squireels food chances pop red/grey grey
- Dec terrai deforestation continues region and if left
- Techniques conservation maintaing bio human actions manages ecosystems
- Substrate level phosphorylation phosphorylation forming atp
- predation comp factor biotic form interspecific
- Reflex arc describing situation identify specific receptor stimulus
- Spinal cord column nervous tissue running back protected
- B
- Reflex leg knee-jerk hammer/diagnoses tap hammer extends relaxes
- Reflex knee-jerk maintains posture balance
- Reflex blinking type in/voluntary cranial involves brain sc
- Neurone cranial blinking reflex process cornea irritated foreign
- Skeletal common movement e.g biceps triceps
- Muscle involuntary walls smooth found hollow organs e.g
- 083426df68c44b26b1318d883ae7afb3-ao-2
- 083426df68c44b26b1318d883ae7afb3-ao-4
- 083426df68c44b26b1318d883ae7afb3-ao-6
- Hormones main types formed adrenal cortex androgens release
- Parallel protein filaments long made myofibrils cylindrical organelles
- Fibres features skeletal muscle individual muscle streaks connective
- Myosin filaments globular heads whihc binding sites atp
- Hb saturation partial pressure o2 3.1.2(j
- Fibres motor supply supplied neurone unit stronger force
- Depolarisation spread sarcolemma t-tubules spr runs deep muscle
- Atp periods excercise short creatine store po4 ways
- Pressure time heart 3.1.2(e vs
- Translocation 3.1.3(f
- Common cations 2.1.2(p uses of
- Endocrine system made glands specialised secrete hormones directly
- Examples endocrine glands thyroid forms thyroxine controls metabolic
- Converts examples endocrine glands pancreas forms insulin glucose
- Forms examples endocrine glands ovary oestrogen controls ovulation
- Non-steroid hormones hydrophillic repelled membrane bind receptors triggers
- Adrenal region gland forms location structure found top
- Hormones production adrenal cortex controlled produced pituitary glands
- Hormones main types produced adrenal cortex mineratocorticoids e.g
- Digestive exocrine glandular tissue enzymes forms enzymes/pancreatic juice
- Exocrine glands tissue small regions endocrine islets langerhans
- Cells alpha produce/secrete iol glucagon beta insulin abundant
- Potato blight 4.1.1(a fungus-like protoctist hyphae penetrate host
- Contamination binding primer wrong dna sequence amplication error
- Differential staining 2.1.1(c distinguish cellular components cell types
- Res light electron images red/mag comparison 2.1.1(f typically
- I 1.7mm ii 80/1.8
- Glucose stored amylopectin/glycogen suited storage plants roles 2.1.2(f)and(g
- Reagent strips 2.1.2(q test presence rs finds exact
Next page »
Next deck:
极品GRE红宝书(简体中文)
Previous deck:
MCAT Biology to come (Jojo)
Up:
Index