The lungs are adapted for rapid oxygen exchange due to a large surface area provided by many alveoli and capillaries, thin alveolar and capillary walls creating a short diffusion pathway, and ventilation and circulation maintaining a diffusion gradient.
Os pulmões são adaptados para a rápida troca de oxigênio devido à grande área de superfície fornecida por muitos alvéolos e capilares, às paredes finas dos alvéolos e capilares que criam um caminho de difusão curto, e à ventilação e circulação que mantêm um gradiente de difusão.
| Front | Describe and explain how the lungs are adapted to allow rapid exchange of oxygen between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries around them (5 marks) |
|---|---|
| Back | Many alveoli/alveoli walls folded to provide a large surface area; Neutral: alveoli provide a large surface area Many capillaries provide a large surface area; (So) fast diffusion; Alveoli or capillary walls/ epithelium/lining are thin/short distance between alveoli and blood; Accept: one cell thick for 'thin' Flattened/squamous epithelium; Accept: endothelial (So) short diffusion distance/pathway; (So) fast diffusion; Ventilation / circulation; Accept: descriptions for ventilation / circulation Maintains a diffusion / concentration gradient; |
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