NCERT Biology Class 12 Chapter 8 HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES

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• Chikungunya caused by  alphavirus rna virus
• Chikungunya transmitted through  aedes aegyptii mosquitoes::vector dengue
• Interferons proteins secreted by virus-infected cells protect non-infected infections
• Response acquired/adaptive immunity characterized by memory primary secondary
• Severe case pneumonia by bluish lips finger nails
• Pneumonia a chronic::acute/chronic disease is
• Common cold caused by rhino viruses
• Common cold transmitted through droplets and contaminated surfaces
• Common cold infects the nose and respiratory passage lungs
• Common cold lasts for 3-7 days acute disease
• Dengue caused by  flavivirus rna virus
• Dengue chikungunya transmitted through  aedes aegyptii mosquitoes::vector
• Widal test detects presence antibodies against  salmonella typhi
• Amoebiasis characterized abdominal pain constipation cramps stools excess
• Antigen binding fab region antibody fragment
• T-lymphocytes cells mediate cell-mediated immunity cmi
• Response ability body differentiate non-self mediated by t-lymphocytes type
• Person wuchereria  is transmitted infected healthy through biting female
• Parasites live inside body host organisms called endoparasites examples
• Diseases broadly grouped into congenital and acquired
• Pathogens belong to bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans and helminths
• Typhoid caused by  salmonella typhi pathogen
• Typhoid transmitted through contaminated food water
• Salmonella typhi infects small intestine::part body
• Severe cases typhoid show intestinal perforations lead to death
• Pneumonia transmitted through droplets, aerosols contaminated surfaces
• Plasmodium falciparum malignant malaria causes
• Malaria transmitted through female anopheles  mosquito::vector
• Female anopheles plasmodium requires hosts: a healthy human and a
• Sporozoites initially multiply the liver cells
• Rupture rbcs releases toxic substance called haemozoin
• Fertilization development gametocytes places the small intestine mosquito
• Sporozoites escape the intestine migrate the salivary glands mosquito
• Ascaris lumbricoides ascariasis caused by   is intestinal parasite
• Filariasis/elephantiasis transmitted through female culex mosquito::vector
• Filariasis a chronic::acute/chronic disease is
• Immune responses carried special types lymphocytes: b-lymphocytes and t-lymphocytes
• B-lymphocytes generate humoral immunity antibody-mediated
• T-lymphocytes generate cellular immunity cell-mediated
• Antibodies produced by b-lymphocytes t-lymphocytes are with
• Antibody has two small light chains longer heavy chains::types
• Yellowish fluid colostrum secreted mother initial days lactation abundant iga
• Vaccination based property of memory immune system
• Ige antibodies produced allergic reactions
• Allergies due release chemicals like histamine serotonin the mast cells
• Immune system includes lymphoid organs tissues cells soluble molecules
• Bone marrow main lymphoid organ blood cells including
• Thymus lobed organ located the heart beneath the breastbone
• Thymus large birth gradually reduces size
• Spleen contains lymphocytes and phagocytes
• Spleen large reservoir of erythrocytes rbcs
• Lymph nodes small solid structures located the lymphatic system
• Lymphoid tissue mucosa-associated malt located lining the major tracts
• Lymphoid tissue mucosa-associated malt constitutes human body
• Rejection transplanted organs avoided taking immuno-suppressants
• Based auto immune diseases caused due to due genetic
• Syndrome group symptoms/diseases is a
• Aids reported in 1981 the united states killed over 25 million
• Aids caused the human immuno-deficiency virus hiv member group
• Retroviruses an rna genome enclosed a viral envelope
• Hiv enters body into macrophages the
• Rna genome hiv replicates form viral dna of reverse
• Hiv infection leads decrease number healthy helper t-lymphocytes body
• Tumors types: benign and malignant are of
• Cancers treated combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy
• Drugs obtained from flowering plants from fungi
• Opioids bind to specific receptors in cns gastrointestinal tract
• Opioids/morphine extracted the latex poppy plant papaver somniferum
• Morphine effective sedative painkiller surgery type opioid
• Low quality heroin is brown colour as brown sugar
• Generally morphine a pill whereas heroin by snorting injection
• Heroin obtained by acetylation morphine is
• Cannabinoids interact with cannabinoid receptors the brain
• Cannabinoids obtained the inflorescence of  cannabis sativa hemp plant
• Flower tops leaves resin cannabis plant produce marijuana hashish
• Cannabinoids affect the cardiovascular system
• Coca alkaloids obtained from  erythroxylum plant native to south
• Coca alkaloids interfere transport of the neurotransmitter dopamine
• Coca alkaloids stimulate cns produce euphoria increased energy
• Tobacco is smoked, chewed a snuff snuff inhaled
• Nicotine present tobacco stimulates the adrenal gland release adrenaline noradrenaline
• Smoking increases carbon monoxide content blood reduces concentration of heme-bound
• Chewing tobacco with cancer oral cavity
• Adolescence lasts from 12 to 18 years age
• Failure cerebral excessive drug causes coma death due to respiratory
• Drugs combination alcohol causes overdose death
• Taking drugs intravenously causes increased likelihood acquiring aids hepatitis
• Alcohol adolescence causes heavy drinking adulthood
• Liver chronic drugs alcohol damages the nervous system cirrhosis
• Drugs/alcohol pregnancy causes adverse effects fetus
• Macrophage dubbed hiv factory is
• Symptoms dengue fever headache muscle joint pain characteristic
• Function interferons protect non-infected cells infections
• Common cold rhinitis another name
• Full form naco national aids control organization
• Symptoms common cold headache nasal congestion discharge sore
• Intravenous drug direct injection vein needle syringe
• Class immunoglobin acts mediator allergic response ige epsilon
• Autoimmune disease caused attack antibodies myelin sheath nerve
• Infectious stage plasmodium sporozoites of
• Sexual stage plasmodium gametocytes of
• Factors affecting health genetic disorders infections life style
• Definition health state complete physical mental social well-being
• Ways ensure good health balanced diet personal hygiene
• Diseases types acquired infectious non-infectious
• Definition disease condition functioning organ systems body adversely
• Body definition pathogen organisms enter means multiply interfere
• Symptoms typhoid sustained high fever 39c-40c weakness headache
• Test confirmatory typhoid widal for
• Pathogens causing pneumonia streptococcus pneumoniae haemophilus influenzae
• Site infection pneumonia alveoli of
• Common symptoms pneumonia fever chills cough headache
• Symptoms chikungunya fever headache inflammation eyes nausea vomiting
• Plasmodium malaria pathogens causing vivax common falciparum lethal
• Symptoms malaria chills high fever recurring days
• Pathogen causing amoebiasis entamoeba histolyca
• Transmission amoebiasis houseflies transmit parasites feces infected person
• Site infection amoebiasis large intestine
• Common symptoms amoebiasis abdominal pain cramps constipation stools
• Transmission ascariasis water food contaminated feces infected person
• Common symptoms ascariasis fever muscular pain internal bleeding
• Wuchereria pathogens causing filariasis/elephantiasis bancrofti malayi
• Site infection filariasis/elephantiasis lymph vessels lower lymbs
• Common symptoms filariasis/elephantiasis deformed limbs genital organs
• Pathogens causing ringworm/tinea microsporum trichophyton epidermophyton
• Ways contracting tinea soil sharing personal belongings
• Common symptoms ringworm appearance dry scaly lesions intense
• Tinea types capitis scalp unguium nails corporis body
• Clean ways personal hygiene keeping body consumption water
• Public hygiene ways proper disposal wastes cleaning water
• Prevention air-borne diseases avoid close contact infected persons
• Prevention vector-borne diseases control/eliminate vectors breeding grounds
• Ways control/eliminate vector breeding grounds avoid stagnation water
• Definition immunity ability organism resist attack pathogens
• Immunity types innate acquired two
• Kinds barriers prevent entry foreign agents body physical
• Immunity types acquired active passive
• Rejection organs transplantation possibility body cell-mediated immunity t-lymphocytes
• Matching doctors check organ donors tissue blood group
• Definition antibodies glycoproteins fight pathogens
• Immunoglobin classes antibodies igg gamma igm micron iga
• Examples active immunity natural infection/disease artificial vaccination
• Examples passive immunity natural iga infant lactation igg
• Definition antiserum serum antibodies antigen
• Examples cases passive immunization tetanus snake bite infections
• Definition allergy exaggerated response immune system antigens present
• Definition allergens substances allergy produced examples pollen mites
• Symptoms allergies watery eyes sneezing running nose difficulty
• Diagnosis allergies patient exposed allergens reactions studied
• Treatment allergies drugs anti-histamine adrenaline steroids
• System definition immune confers immunity body recognizing responding
• Lymphoid organs types primary secondary
• Examples primary lymphoid organs bone marrow thymus
• Examples secondary lymphoid organs spleen lymph nodes tonsils
• Diseases classification based type pathogens bacterial typhoid pneumonia
• Immune response mediated types acquired humoral/antibody cell
• Response produced body encounters pathogen primary secondary immune
• Response secondary immune anamnestic another
• Body auto immunity auto-immune disease caused attacks self-cells
• Disease examples auto immune rheumatoid arthritis ra),  multiple
• Aids deficiency immune system acquired lifetime individual
• Full form aids acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome
• Average survival time aids patient treatment years
• Full form hiv human immuno-deficiency virus
• Hiv dna t-cells enters macrophages progeny mechanism rna
• Infected blood transmission hiv/aids sexual contact person transfusion
• Individuals high-risk groups of hiv/aids multiple sexual partners require
• Diagnosis hiv/aids enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay elisa
• Treatment hiv/aids anti-viral drugs partially effective prolong life
• Incubation period hiv/aids years of
• Symptoms hiv/aids fever diarrhea weightloss
• Effects hiv/aids deficiency immunity diseases overcome due bacteria
• Hiv/aids aids safe hiv prevention educate people india
• Cancer abnormal uncontrollable multiplication cells resulting formation tumor
• Definition tumor abnormal mass tissue due excessive cell
• Tumor definition malignant mass proliferating cells called neoplastic
• Metastasis property malignant tumors cancer cells break formed
• Carcinogens physical chemical biological agents induce transformation normal
• Radiations examples physical carcinogens ionizing x-rays gamma rays
• Examples chemical carcinogens tobacco smoke major lung cancer
• Oncogenes examples biological carcinogens oncogenic viruses  cellular c-onc
• Viruses definition oncogenic cancer-causing viral oncogenes
• Cellular oncogenes c-onc genes identified normal cells activated
• Methods cancer detection diagnosis biopsy/histopathological studies imaging techniques
• Histopathological studies biopsy thin piece suspected tissue stained
• Ct full form computed tomography x-rays generate 3d
• Mri full form magnetic resonance imaging strong fields
• Forms cancer treatment radiotherapy chemotherapy immunotherapy cryotherapy surgery
• Radiotherapy tumor cells irradiated lethally damaging surrounding normal
• Chemotherapy chemotherapeutic drugs side effects hair loss anemia
• Immunotherapy patients biological response modifiers e.g alpha-interferon activates
• Cryotherapy cryosurgery/cryoablation kills cancer cells pumping gas cancerous
• Commonly abused drugs opioids cannabinoids coca alkaloids
• Chemical heroin diacetylmorphine name of
• Common heroin smack name of
• Major types opioids morphine heroin
• Treat muscle relaxant sedative anxiety medical drugs mental
• Examples plants hallucinogenic properties atropa belladona datura
• Cancer diseases caused smoking throat lung bladder bronchitis
• Drug abuse purpose medicinal amounts/frequency impairs one's physical
• Adolescence period process child mature terms attitudes beliefs
• Drug/alcohol youngsters peer pressure curiosity adventure excitement experimentation
• Addiction psychological attachment effects euphoria temporary feeling well-being
• Addiction biological reason increased drugs increases tolerance level
• Dependence tendency body manifest characteristic unpleasant withdrawal syndrome
• Symptoms withdrawal syndrome anxiety shakiness nausea sweating
• Interest common warning signs drug/alcohol abuse youth drop
• Increased examples peds narcotic analgesics opioids anabolic-androgenic steroids
• Increase peds sportsmen muscle strength bulk promote aggressiveness
• Side effects peds females increased aggressiveness mood swings
• Side effects peds males acne increased aggressiveness mood
• Side effects peds adolescents severe facial body acne
• Seeking prevention control drugs avoid undue peer pressure

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