NCERT Biology Class 12 Chapter 8 HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES

This flashcard deck covers the topic of human health and diseases from class 12 biology. Key subjects include viral diseases like chikungunya and dengue, their vectors (mainly Aedes mosquitoes), as well as bacterial and parasitic infections such as typhoid, amoebiasis, and malaria. Significant focus is given to the immune system, distinguishing between innate and adaptive immunity, the roles of B- and T-lymphocytes, antibodies, and vaccination processes. Diseases are also classified by modes of transmission and symptoms. Additionally, allergies and the functions of lymphoid organs like bone marrow, thymus, and spleen are discussed.

Этот набор флеш-карт охватывает тему здоровья человека и болезней из биологии для класса 12. Основные темы включают вирусные заболевания, такие как чикунгуния и денге, их переносчики (в основном москиты рода Aedes), а также бактериальные и паразитарные инфекции, такие как тиф, амёбиаз и малярия. Важное внимание уделяется иммунной системе, различиям между врожденным и приобретенным иммунитетом, ролям B- и T-лимфоцитов, антителам и процессам вакцинации. Те же болезни классифицируются по способам передачи и симптомам. Также рассмотрены аллергии и функции лимфоидных органов, таких как костный мозг, тимус и селезенка.

Learn using these flashcards. Click a card to start.

• Heroin obtained by acetylation morphine is
• Common cold lasts for 3-7 days acute disease
• Dengue chikungunya transmitted through  aedes aegyptii mosquitoes::vector
• Antigen binding fab region antibody fragment
• T-lymphocytes cells mediate cell-mediated immunity cmi
• Response ability body differentiate non-self mediated by t-lymphocytes type
• Diseases broadly grouped into congenital and acquired
• Pathogens belong to bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans and helminths
• Typhoid caused by  salmonella typhi pathogen
• Typhoid transmitted through contaminated food water
• Salmonella typhi infects small intestine::part body
• Severe cases typhoid show intestinal perforations lead to death
• Plasmodium falciparum malignant malaria causes
• Malaria transmitted through female anopheles  mosquito::vector
• Sporozoites initially multiply the liver cells
• Rupture rbcs releases toxic substance called haemozoin
• Fertilization development gametocytes places the small intestine mosquito
• Ascaris lumbricoides ascariasis caused by   is intestinal parasite
• Filariasis a chronic::acute/chronic disease is
• B-lymphocytes generate humoral immunity antibody-mediated
• Antibodies produced by b-lymphocytes t-lymphocytes are with
• Antibody has two small light chains longer heavy chains::types
• Yellowish fluid colostrum secreted mother initial days lactation abundant iga
• Vaccination based property of memory immune system
• Ige antibodies produced allergic reactions
• Allergies due release chemicals like histamine serotonin the mast cells
• Thymus lobed organ located the heart beneath the breastbone
• Thymus large birth gradually reduces size
• Spleen contains lymphocytes and phagocytes
• Lymph nodes small solid structures located the lymphatic system
• Aids caused the human immuno-deficiency virus hiv member group
• Hiv enters body into macrophages the
• Hiv infection leads decrease number healthy helper t-lymphocytes body
• Tumors types: benign and malignant are of
• Cancers treated combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy
• Opioids/morphine extracted the latex poppy plant papaver somniferum
• Low quality heroin is brown colour as brown sugar
• Cannabinoids interact with cannabinoid receptors the brain
• Alcohol adolescence causes heavy drinking adulthood
• Drugs/alcohol pregnancy causes adverse effects fetus
• Flower tops leaves resin cannabis plant produce marijuana hashish
• Cannabinoids affect the cardiovascular system
• Coca alkaloids interfere transport of the neurotransmitter dopamine
• Tobacco is smoked, chewed a snuff snuff inhaled
• Nicotine present tobacco stimulates the adrenal gland release adrenaline noradrenaline
• Smoking increases carbon monoxide content blood reduces concentration of heme-bound
• Chewing tobacco with cancer oral cavity
• Adolescence lasts from 12 to 18 years age
• Failure cerebral excessive drug causes coma death due to respiratory
• Macrophage dubbed hiv factory is
• Drugs combination alcohol causes overdose death
• Taking drugs intravenously causes increased likelihood acquiring aids hepatitis
• Liver chronic drugs alcohol damages the nervous system cirrhosis
• Widal test detects presence antibodies against  salmonella typhi
• Amoebiasis characterized abdominal pain constipation cramps stools excess
• Person wuchereria  is transmitted infected healthy through biting female
• Parasites live inside body host organisms called endoparasites examples
• Pneumonia transmitted through droplets, aerosols contaminated surfaces
• Severe case pneumonia by bluish lips finger nails
• Pneumonia a chronic::acute/chronic disease is
• Common cold caused by rhino viruses
• Common cold transmitted through droplets and contaminated surfaces
• Common cold infects the nose and respiratory passage lungs
• Dengue caused by  flavivirus rna virus
• Chikungunya caused by  alphavirus rna virus
• Chikungunya transmitted through  aedes aegyptii mosquitoes::vector dengue
• Female anopheles plasmodium requires hosts: a healthy human and a
• Sporozoites escape the intestine migrate the salivary glands mosquito
• Filariasis/elephantiasis transmitted through female culex mosquito::vector
• Interferons proteins secreted by virus-infected cells protect non-infected infections
• Response acquired/adaptive immunity characterized by memory primary secondary
• Immune responses carried special types lymphocytes: b-lymphocytes and t-lymphocytes
• T-lymphocytes generate cellular immunity cell-mediated
• Immune system includes lymphoid organs tissues cells soluble molecules
• Bone marrow main lymphoid organ blood cells including
• Spleen large reservoir of erythrocytes rbcs
• Lymphoid tissue mucosa-associated malt located lining the major tracts
• Lymphoid tissue mucosa-associated malt constitutes human body
• Rejection transplanted organs avoided taking immuno-suppressants
• Based auto immune diseases caused due to due genetic
• Syndrome group symptoms/diseases is a
• Aids reported in 1981 the united states killed over 25 million
• Retroviruses an rna genome enclosed a viral envelope
• Rna genome hiv replicates form viral dna of reverse
• Drugs obtained from flowering plants from fungi
• Opioids bind to specific receptors in cns gastrointestinal tract
• Morphine effective sedative painkiller surgery type opioid
• Generally morphine a pill whereas heroin by snorting injection
• Cannabinoids obtained the inflorescence of  cannabis sativa hemp plant
• Coca alkaloids obtained from  erythroxylum plant native to south
• Coca alkaloids stimulate cns produce euphoria increased energy
• Major types opioids morphine heroin
• Factors affecting health genetic disorders infections life style
• Common cold rhinitis another name
• Infectious stage plasmodium sporozoites of
• Sexual stage plasmodium gametocytes of
• Definition health state complete physical mental social well-being
• Diseases types acquired infectious non-infectious
• Test confirmatory typhoid widal for
• Pathogens causing pneumonia streptococcus pneumoniae haemophilus influenzae
• Site infection pneumonia alveoli of
• Common symptoms pneumonia fever chills cough headache
• Pathogen causing amoebiasis entamoeba histolyca
• Site infection amoebiasis large intestine
• Common symptoms ascariasis fever muscular pain internal bleeding
• Wuchereria pathogens causing filariasis/elephantiasis bancrofti malayi
• Site infection filariasis/elephantiasis lymph vessels lower lymbs
• Ways contracting tinea soil sharing personal belongings
• Common symptoms ringworm appearance dry scaly lesions intense
• Clean ways personal hygiene keeping body consumption water
• Prevention air-borne diseases avoid close contact infected persons
• Definition immunity ability organism resist attack pathogens
• Immunity types innate acquired two
• Matching doctors check organ donors tissue blood group
• Definition antibodies glycoproteins fight pathogens
• Examples active immunity natural infection/disease artificial vaccination
• Definition allergy exaggerated response immune system antigens present
• Diagnosis allergies patient exposed allergens reactions studied
• System definition immune confers immunity body recognizing responding
• Lymphoid organs types primary secondary
• Examples primary lymphoid organs bone marrow thymus
• Immune response mediated types acquired humoral/antibody cell
• Response secondary immune anamnestic another
• Body auto immunity auto-immune disease caused attacks self-cells
• Disease examples auto immune rheumatoid arthritis ra),  multiple
• Aids deficiency immune system acquired lifetime individual
• Full form aids acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome
• Average survival time aids patient treatment years
• Full form hiv human immuno-deficiency virus
• Infected blood transmission hiv/aids sexual contact person transfusion
• Diagnosis hiv/aids enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay elisa
• Treatment hiv/aids anti-viral drugs partially effective prolong life
• Incubation period hiv/aids years of
• Carcinogens physical chemical biological agents induce transformation normal
• Radiations examples physical carcinogens ionizing x-rays gamma rays
• Oncogenes examples biological carcinogens oncogenic viruses  cellular c-onc
• Methods cancer detection diagnosis biopsy/histopathological studies imaging techniques
• Ct full form computed tomography x-rays generate 3d
• Forms cancer treatment radiotherapy chemotherapy immunotherapy cryotherapy surgery
• Radiotherapy tumor cells irradiated lethally damaging surrounding normal
• Cryotherapy cryosurgery/cryoablation kills cancer cells pumping gas cancerous
• Commonly abused drugs opioids cannabinoids coca alkaloids
• Chemical heroin diacetylmorphine name of
• Common heroin smack name of
• Examples plants hallucinogenic properties atropa belladona datura
• Drug/alcohol youngsters peer pressure curiosity adventure excitement experimentation
• Addiction biological reason increased drugs increases tolerance level
• Symptoms withdrawal syndrome anxiety shakiness nausea sweating
• Increased examples peds narcotic analgesics opioids anabolic-androgenic steroids
• Increase peds sportsmen muscle strength bulk promote aggressiveness
• Side effects peds adolescents severe facial body acne
• Intravenous drug direct injection vein needle syringe
• Side effects peds females increased aggressiveness mood swings
• Side effects peds males acne increased aggressiveness mood
• Seeking prevention control drugs avoid undue peer pressure
• Class immunoglobin acts mediator allergic response ige epsilon
• Autoimmune disease caused attack antibodies myelin sheath nerve
• Ways ensure good health balanced diet personal hygiene
• Definition disease condition functioning organ systems body adversely
• Body definition pathogen organisms enter means multiply interfere
• Symptoms typhoid sustained high fever 39c-40c weakness headache
• Symptoms common cold headache nasal congestion discharge sore
• Treatment allergies drugs anti-histamine adrenaline steroids
• Symptoms dengue fever headache muscle joint pain characteristic
• Symptoms chikungunya fever headache inflammation eyes nausea vomiting
• Plasmodium malaria pathogens causing vivax common falciparum lethal
• Symptoms malaria chills high fever recurring days
• Transmission amoebiasis houseflies transmit parasites feces infected person
• Common symptoms amoebiasis abdominal pain cramps constipation stools
• Transmission ascariasis water food contaminated feces infected person
• Common symptoms filariasis/elephantiasis deformed limbs genital organs
• Pathogens causing ringworm/tinea microsporum trichophyton epidermophyton
• Tinea types capitis scalp unguium nails corporis body
• Public hygiene ways proper disposal wastes cleaning water
• Prevention vector-borne diseases control/eliminate vectors breeding grounds
• Ways control/eliminate vector breeding grounds avoid stagnation water
• Kinds barriers prevent entry foreign agents body physical
• Function interferons protect non-infected cells infections
• Immunity types acquired active passive
• Rejection organs transplantation possibility body cell-mediated immunity t-lymphocytes
• Immunoglobin classes antibodies igg gamma igm micron iga
• Examples passive immunity natural iga infant lactation igg
• Definition antiserum serum antibodies antigen
• Examples cases passive immunization tetanus snake bite infections
• Definition allergens substances allergy produced examples pollen mites
• Symptoms allergies watery eyes sneezing running nose difficulty
• Examples secondary lymphoid organs spleen lymph nodes tonsils
• Diseases classification based type pathogens bacterial typhoid pneumonia
• Response produced body encounters pathogen primary secondary immune
• Cellular oncogenes c-onc genes identified normal cells activated
• Hiv dna t-cells enters macrophages progeny mechanism rna
• Individuals high-risk groups of hiv/aids multiple sexual partners require
• Symptoms hiv/aids fever diarrhea weightloss
• Effects hiv/aids deficiency immunity diseases overcome due bacteria
• Hiv/aids aids safe hiv prevention educate people india
• Full form naco national aids control organization
• Cancer abnormal uncontrollable multiplication cells resulting formation tumor
• Definition tumor abnormal mass tissue due excessive cell
• Tumor definition malignant mass proliferating cells called neoplastic
• Metastasis property malignant tumors cancer cells break formed
• Examples chemical carcinogens tobacco smoke major lung cancer
• Viruses definition oncogenic cancer-causing viral oncogenes
• Histopathological studies biopsy thin piece suspected tissue stained
• Mri full form magnetic resonance imaging strong fields
• Chemotherapy chemotherapeutic drugs side effects hair loss anemia
• Immunotherapy patients biological response modifiers e.g alpha-interferon activates
• Treat muscle relaxant sedative anxiety medical drugs mental
• Cancer diseases caused smoking throat lung bladder bronchitis
• Drug abuse purpose medicinal amounts/frequency impairs one's physical
• Adolescence period process child mature terms attitudes beliefs
• Addiction psychological attachment effects euphoria temporary feeling well-being
• Dependence tendency body manifest characteristic unpleasant withdrawal syndrome
• Interest common warning signs drug/alcohol abuse youth drop

Next deck: GCSE Combined Science Edexcel Biology Flashcards

Previous deck: MCAT 132 Behavioral Sciences - Connor Fraser

Up: Index