GCSE Combined Science Edexcel Biology Flashcards

Learn using these flashcards. Click a card to start.

• Cells eukaryotic complex e.g animal plant
• Prokaryotic cell smaller simpler e.g bacteria
• Parts plant cell name the
• Parts animal cell name the
• Role nucleus genetic material controls cell
• Role cytoplasm gel-like substance chemical reactions happen controls
• Cell role membrane holds controls
• Role mitochondria respiratory reactions place
• Role ribosomes involved translation genetic material synthesis proteins
• Cell role wall made cellulose supports
•  role vacuole mains internal pressure support cell
• Role chloroplasts photosynthesis occurs filled  with chloro phyll
• Bacterial cells nucleus have no
• Cell dna parts bacterial chromosonal ribosomes membrane plasmid
• Role chromosonal dna bacterial cell controls cell's activites
• Dna plasmid small loops part chromosome
• Role flagellum  helps bacteria move harmful substances nutrients
• Function egg cell carries female dna nourishes developing
• Egg cell adapted function nutrients cytoplasm feed embryo
• Function sperm cell transports male's dna female egg
• Swim sperm cell adapted function long flagellum egg
• Ciliated epithelial cells line surfaces organs
• Ciliated epithelial cells specialised cilia top surface beat
• Proteases convert proteins amino acids
• Lipases convert lipids glycerol fatty acids
• Light microscope pass specimen things nuclei chloroplasts
• Electron microscope pass microscope.  what
• Electron microscopes light higher magnification resolution internal structure
• Specimen drop required practical describe method viewing light
• Magnification lens total eyepiece x objective
• Magnification frac{image size}{actual size = 
• M n p order measurement units biggest smallest
• Enzymes biological catalysts speed reactions body
• Lock key method enzymes and
• Enzyme bonds denatures active factors affecting rate reactions
• Solution boiling ph put  of tube drop iodine
• Equation rate reaction frac{1000}{time s
• Equation rate reaction measuring time frac{change e.g amount
• Unit rate reaction s given
• Role digestive enzymes break large food molecules smaller
• E.g carbohydrases amylase convert carbohydrates starch simple sugars
• Lipids broken fatty acids lower ph solution
• Glycogen synthase enzyme joins lots chains glucose molecules
• Area definition diffusion passive moment particles high concentration
• Water osmosis area definition passive moment  molecules partially
• Concentration blood definition active transport movement particles membrane
• Sucrose pieces water group solution remove required practical
• Water x-axis concentration higher solution potato interpreting results
• Cell cycle include interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
• Stages mitosis prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis
• Interphase amount subcellular structures mitochondria increase dna copied
• Chromosomes prophase condence nuclear membrane breaks lie free
• Metaphase chromosomes line middle cell. 
• Anaphase cell fibres pull chromosomes opposite sides cell. 
• Telophase membranes form sets chromosomes forming nuclei cells
• Cytokinesis cytoplasm cell membrane divide form separate
• Function mitosis growth repair damaged cells asexual reproduction. 
• Identical genetically mitosis produce daughter cells sets chromosomes
• Cells number formula amount mitosis divisions n  (n
• Cell cancer case uncontrolled division due change genes
• Cell animals grow differentiation division mitosis
• Cell plants grow differentiation division mitosis elongation
• Cell differentiation specialised function a
• Cell elongation process plant longer/bigger
• Cell specialised explain importance differentiation job
• Score people 99th percentile earned reach
• 50th percentile score people reached
• Percentile charts monitoring growth highlights abnormal top line
• Describe function embryonic stem cell potential produce kind
• Cells function adult stem animals replace damaged making
• Stem cells function meristems plants divide mitosis roots
• Stem benefits cells medicine cure diseases sickle anaemia
• Stem cells risks medicine tumour development monitored carefully
• Central nervous system made neurones parts body
• Sensory receptors groups cells detect stimulus
• Stimulus detected information collected receptors converted electrical impulse
• Cns coordinates response the what
• Impulses travel cns relay neurones
• Effector cns send information muscle gland motor neurone
• Reaction time long takes respond stimulus
• Dendrites dendrons extensions carry nerve impulses cell body
• Axons carry nerve impulses cell body
• Myelin sheath found electrical insulator speeds impulse surrounding
• Carries impulses cell body describe structure sensory neurone
• Nerve impulses cell describe structure motor neurone short
• Impulses cell describe structure relay neurone short dendrites
• Synapse connection neurones signal transferred neurotransmitters diffuse  across
• Rightarrow neurone state path reflex arc stimulus \(\rightarrow receptor
• Define individual single organism a
• Define population organisms species habitat
• Define community organisms species living habitat
• Define ecosystem community organisms abiotic conditions
• Interdependence organisms depend things food shelter order survive
• Organisms mutualism relationship benefit what
• Give mutualistic relationship bees flowering plants pollen transferred
• Parasitic relationship organism takes live host benefit
• Fleas give parasitic relationship dogs feed host's blood
• Abiotic factor non-living conditions affect communities
• Biotic factor living affect ecosystem
• List abiotic factors temperature amount water light intensity
• List biotic factors competition predators
• Temperature affect communities ranges determine species live area
• Amount light intensity affect communities increased shade trees
• Affect amount water communities soil waterlogged dry type
• Pollutants affect communities animals harmed high pollution levels
• Competition affect communities organisms compete species resources food
• Number predators predation affect communities small area large
• Explain eutrophication fertilisers enter water add excess nitrates
• Species indigenous introduction non-indigenous affect biodiversity compete food
• Open nets fish farming affect biodiversity food added
• Local benefits maintaining global biodiversity protects human food
• Elements materials cycle biotic abiotic parts ecosystem living
• Carbon cycle important recycles constantly living things live
• Water cycle important constantly recycles vital living things
• Process produce potable water desalination
• Salt desalination water work removes produce potable thermal
• Crop nitrates made plant uptake rotation grown year
• Fertilisers increase amount nitrates soil spreading compost fields
• Types pathogen virus bacteria fungi protists
• Bacteria types nitrogen cycle decomposers nitrifying nitrogen-fixing denitrifying
• Decomposer bacteria decompose proteins urea turn ammonia forms
• Nitrifying bacteria turn ammonia decaying matter nitrites nitrates
• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria turn atmospheric nitrogen ammonia forms ions
• Denitrifying bacteria turns nitrates nitrogen gas benefit living
• Role meiosis produces haploid daughter cells reproductive organs
• Reproductive organs ovaries testes what
• Special daughter cells produced meiosis gametes single set
• Dna polymer made lot repeated units joined
• Structure describe dna double helix made complementary base
• Genome entire dna organism what
• Gene section dna molecule codes specific protein. 
• Extract dna fruit strawberries mash put detergent salt
• Dna extracting fruit purpose detergent breaks cell membrane
• Dna extracting fruit purpose salt stick
• Dna extracting fruit purpose ice-cold alcohol makes filtered
• Alleles result differences inherited characteristics determine phenotype depending
• Define chromosome long coiled molecules dna
• Define allele versions gene different
• Dominant allele overrule recessive shown capital letters bb
• Allele recessive overruled dominant shown lowercase bb
• Homozygous alleles genotype e.g recessive bb
• Allele heterozygous dominant recessive genotype bb
• Genotype combination alleles what is
• Phenotype physical characteristics what is
• Gamete reproductive cells sperm egg
• Zygote fertilised egg male gamete fuses female
• Sex offspring determined fertilisation where
• Result phenotypic features multiple genes single inheritance
• Genetic variation influence phenotype organisms alleles sexual reproduction
• Environmental variation influence phenotype environment species lives acquired
• Human genome project applied medicine prediction prevention diseases
• Hgp provide tailored medicine identify bodies react diseases
• People drawbacks hgp stressed paranoid disease discrimination possibility
• Mutation base sequence dna what
• Population species extensive genetic variation arises mutations
• Mutations affect phenotype genetic effect
• Mutations effect phenotype small some
• Mutations affect rare phenotype rarely single significantly e.g
• Explain natural selection survival fittest individuals characteristics chance
• Bacteria antibiotic resistant support darwin's theory adapted environment
• Ardi found million years ago
• Lucy found million years ago
• Leakey discover fossils homo  species million years ago
• Characteristics ardi ape-like long arms short legs chimpanzee
• Cranial capacity amount space brain skull
• Ardi legs characteristics lucy slightly larger brain structure
• Legs lucy characteristics turkana boy homo erectus short
• Tools older stone evidence human evolution homo  species
• Tools stone older shape sharper adapted found deeper
• Genetic analysis led domains kingdoms woese found members
• Domains archaea bacteria eukarya what
• Organisms archaea include similar bacteria differences genetic sequences
• Bacteria organisms domain include true e coli
• Domain eukarya include broad range organisms fungi plants
• Breeding explain selective choosing organisms characteristics generations make
• Selective breeding resulted agriculture farmers breed animals characteristics
• Negatives selective breeding smaller gene pool higher chance
• Progesterone released corpus luteum ovulation
• Genetic engineering process modifying genome organism produce desirable
• Cut dna enzyme cells describe main stages genetic
• Restriction enzyme cut dna vector produce complementary sticky
• Vector transfer dna cell what
• Dna types vector plasmid small circular molecules viruses
• Produce benefits genetic engineering herbicide resistant crops farmers
• Risks genetic engineering hard predict effect modifying genome
• Substances organisms exchange environment rid waste products
• Cells oxygen carbon rid dioxide aerobic respiration produces
• Dissolved food molecules mineral ions water cells?  osmosis
• Urea transported diffuses cells plasma removal body kidneys
• Exchange multicellular organisms(animals surfaces small area:volume means difficult
• Exchange surface animals alveoli an
• Capillaries  diffuses alveoli role gas exchange occurs lungs
• Alveoli found lungs the where
• Diffusion alveoli adapted gas exchange thing walls minimizes
• Role red blood cells carry oxygen lungs body
• Shape red blood cells biconcave disk give large
• Red blood cells nucleus give space carry oxygen
• Red blood cells haemoglobin iron
• Lungs haemoglobin binds oxygen oxyhaemoglobin
• Red blood cells called erythrocytes
• Role white blood cells defend infections
• Types white blood cells phagocytes lymphocytes
• Phagocytes defend infection change shape engulf unwelcome organisms
• Produce microorganisms lymphocytes defend infection antibodies destroy antitoxins
• Blood role platelets clot wound stop pouring
• Plasma straw-coloured liquid holds blood
• Plasma carry blood things red white cells platelets
• Role arteries carry blood heart high pressure
• Walls elastic arteries adapted function adaptations strong hold
• Capillaries arteries branched what are
• Substances capillaries adapted function adaptations narrow fit cells
• Role capillaries supply food oxygen waste diffusion
• Meant double circulatory system means blood pumped body
• Role veins carry blood back heart
• Blood veins adapted function characteristics walls thick lower
• Circulatory kind system found fish single circuit
• Label heart diagram the
• Ventricle left wall thicker pump blood higher pressure
• Role valves heart prevent backflow blood
• Cardiac cm equation output  min heart rate bpm
• Cellular respiration exothermic reaction occurs continuously living cells
• Aerobic respiration plenty oxygen is
• Word equation aerobic respiration glucose oxygen rightarrow carbon
• Anaerobic respiration body supply oxygen muscles strenuous exercise
• Word equation anaerobic respiration glucose \[\rightarrow lactic acid
• Aerobic difference anaerobic respiration oxygen needed complete glucose
• Respiration living granules test put tube liquid core
• Role soda lime required practical absorbs  produced mealworms
• Communicable disease spread individuals a
• Non-communicable disease transmitted individuals a
• Presence disease lead susceptibility body weakened fight
• Pathogen disease-causing organism a what
• Physical barriers protect pathogens physically prevent entering body
• Chemical defences provide protection pathogens kill directly
• Pathogens mucus list examples physical barriers protect skin
• Pathogens list examples chemical barriers protect hydrochloric acid
• Immune system defend disease exposed pathogen antigens trigger
• Antigen memory time role lymphocytes produced foreign body
• Immune secondary response quicker memory lymphocytes body produce
• Immunisation work dead inactive pathogens injected body produce
• Antibiotics treat bacterial infections inhibit cell processes bacterium
• Penicillin bacteria mould discovered alexander fleming noticed petri
• Testing stages developing medicines discovery development preclinical clinical
• Drug preclinical testing tested human cells tissues lab
• Clinical testing drug human volunteers tested healthy check
• Increases heart risk lifestyle factors influence non-communicable diseases
• Local effects non-communicable diseases level high obesity smoking
• Effects non-communicable diseases national level nhs resources patients
• Disease effects non-communicable global level cardiovascular death worldwide
• Equation bmi frac{weight kg)}{(height m
• Waist hip ratio frac{waist circumference}{hip circumference
• Life-long medication treat cardiovascular disease statins reduce amount
• Treat lifestyle cardiovascular disease eating healthy diet exercise
• Heart surgical procedures treat cardiovascular disease stents inserted
• Negatives medication treat cardiovascular disease statins side effects
• Negatives surgical procedures treat cardiovascular disease transplants rejected
• Word equation photosynthesis carbon dioxide water rightarrow glucose
• Light conical flask gas distance core practical investigate
• Sodium hydrogencarbonate put conical flask algal balls releases
• Limiting factors photosynthesis light intensity amount carbon dioxide
• Light rate affect photosynthesis level increases limiting factor
• Square light intensity inverse law decreases proportion distance
• Formula inverse square law what
• Rate carbon dioxide affect photosynthesis increasing co2 concentration
• Temperature rate affect photosynthesis increases hot enzymes denatured
• Root cells hair adapted function branch covered millions
• Role phloem transport food sucrose leaves rest plant
• Translocation movement food substances plant requires energy respiration
• Role xylem made dead cells takes water minerals
• Transpiration loss water plant caused evaporation diffusion. 
• Transpiration stream movement water roots xylem leaves carries
• Stomata tiny pores surface plant carbon dioxide oxygen
• Stomata structure surrounded guard cells change shape control
• Turgid guard cells swollen water
• Environmental factors affect rate transpiration light intensity temperature
• Light intensity affect rate transpiration brighter greater stomata
• Rate temperature affect transpiration warm water particles energy
• Rate leaf airflow affect transpiration stronger wind means
• Estimate transpiration rate topometer plant taking water bubble
• Hormone chemical released directly blood control things organs
• Endocrine system glands body produce hormones
• Role pituitary gland produces hormones act directing release
• Role ovaries produce oestrogen involved menstrual cycle
• Role testes produce testosterone controls puberty sperm production
• Role thyroid gland produces thyroxine regulates metabolic rate
• Role adrenal gland produces adrenaline prepares body fight
• Role pancreas produces insulin regulates blood glucose level
• Increases blood effects adrenaline heart rate pressure flow
• Blood glucose levels effect adrenaline raises sugar stimulating
• Level negative feedback body detects substance normal triggers
• Low levels gland release negative feedback control thyroxine
• Levels negative feedback control high thyroxine release trh
• Day menstrual cycle begins lining uterus breaks released
• Day menstrual cycle uterus lining repaired thick spongy
• Day menstrual cycle egg develops released ovary ovulation
• Day menstrual cycle lining maintained fertilised egg landed
• Endometrium lining uterus the what
• Released fsh pituitary gland is
• Role fsh follicle mature ovaries stimulates oestrogen production
• Stage day fsh involved beginning
• Oestrogen released ovaries where is
• Role oestrogen lining uterus thicken grow high level
• Stages menstrual cycle oestrogen involved day
• Lh released pituitary gland where
• Stimulates follicle role lh surge ovulation ruptures egg
• Stages menstrual cycle lh involved day
• Role progesterone maintains lining uterus inhibits release fsh
• Stages menstrual cycle progesterone involved days
• Progesterone stop menstrual cycle starting fertilised egg uterus
• Clomifene therapy drug fsh lh released body stimulate
• Woman's ivf collecting eggs ovaries fertilising lab man's
• Oestrogen production act hormonal contraceptive levels consistently high
• Progesterone hormonal contraceptive stimulates production thick cervical mucus
• Examples hormonal contraceptives combined pill patch oestrogen progesterone
• Examples barrier contraception condoms diaphragm
• Positives hormonal contraception effective preventing pregnancy protect stis
• Positives barrier contraception protect stis generally effective protecting
• Homeostasis processes maintain constant internal environment inside body
• Homeostasis blood glucose regulation what
• Homeostasis important enzymes cells conditions order function correctly
• Glucose blood concentration high insulin secreted pancreas makes
• Glucose blood levels low glucagon secreted pancreas makes
• Type diabetes condition person's pancreas produces insulin
• Type diabetes caused lack insulin
• Insulin blood glucose type diabetes treated therapy injecting
• Type diabetes pancreas produce insulin person resistant
• Type diabetes treated eating healthy diet regular exercise
• Type correlation body mass diabetes people obesity bmi
• Type risk diabetes correlation hip:waist ratio abdominal obesity
• Health the world organisation describes state complete physical mental
• Antibiotics treat bacterial infections are used
• Antibiotics treat viruses cannot be used
• Photosynthetic orgaanisms main producers of glucose therefore biomass
• Photosynthesis plants algae an endothermic reaction uses light energy react carbon

Next deck: GCSE Biology Paper 1 (9-1 Exams)

Previous deck: NCERT Biology Class 12 Chapter 8 HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES

Up: Index