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- Human genomes sequenced can be analysed and compared by computers to reveal patterns in DNA and diseases were vulnerable to, but few genetic diseases caused by changes in single gene as most genes work with enviro to effect characteristics, physiology and liklihood of developing disease
- Can sequence geomes of pathogens to; find source of an infection, identify antibiotic-resistent strands of bacteria so only prescribed when it will be effective, track progress of outbreak of disease
- identifying species (DNA barcoding); DNA barcoding is identifying sections of genome common to all species but vary between them so comparisons made e.g a base-pair section of mitochondrial DNA in gene "cytochrome c oxidase", which varies between animal species, in plants, 2 regions in DNA of chloroplasts used to sperate plant species
- DNA of different species compared as mutation rate of DNA calculated to find how long ago species diverged from common ancestor
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