Renal Pathology

This flashcard deck primarily covers congenital renal anomalies, urinary tract infections (UTIs), nephrolithiasis, and nephrotic syndromes. It details clinical features, risk factors, pathogenesis, and common infectious agents involved in UTIs and pyelonephritis. It also describes kidney stone formation, types, and treatments. Regarding nephrotic syndrome, the main causes are discussed, with a focus on Minimal Change Disease and Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis, including their clinical associations, pathological findings, and prognosis.

Este mazo de tarjetas de estudio abarca principalmente anomalías renales congénitas, infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU), nefrolitiasis y síndromes nefróticos. Se describen las características clínicas, factores de riesgo, patógenia y agentes infecciosos comunes implicados en ITU y pielonefritis. También se detalla la formación, tipos y tratamientos de cálculos renales. En cuanto a síndromes nefróticos, se explican las causas principales, con especial énfasis en enfermedad de cambios mínimos y glomeruloesclerosis segmentaria y focal, incluyendo sus asociaciones clínicas, hallazgos patológicos y pronóstico.

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• Common congenital renal anomaly horseshoe kidney connected lower
• Vessel congenital horseshoe kidney caught ascend pelvis abdomen
• Renal complications unilateral agenesis hypertrophy existing kidney hyperfilitration
• Important association bilateral renal agenesis oligohydraminos leads potter
• Components potter sequence bilateral renal agenesis lung hypoplasia
• Common areas uti's urethra urethritis bladder cystitis kidney
• Main risk factors uti's sexual intercourse urinary stasis
• Clinical presentation cystitis bladder uti's dysuria increased urine
• Main lab findings cystitis bladder uti urinalysis cloudy
• Common bugs causing cystitis bladder uti e coli
• Cystitis bladder uti suspected positive urinalysis dipstick culture
• Ascending uti kidney pyelonephritis of
• Patients pyelonephritis increased risk vesicoureteral reflex elevated pressures
• Clinical presentation patients pyelonephritis kidney uti fever  flank
• Common bug pyelonephritis e coli enterococcus faecalis klebsiella 
• Main mechanism causing chronic pyelonephritis recurrent acute interstitial
• Common chronic pyelonephritis vesicoureteral reflux children anatomic abnormality
• Physical consequences chronic pyelonephritis cortical scarring upper lower
• Atrophic tubules chronic pyelonephritis resemble thyroid follicles thyroidization
• Reason flank pain pyelonephritis sensitization kidney capsule nerves
• Patients present nephrolithiasis colicky pain w hematuria unilateral
• Kidney stones pass 5mm 5-7mm 7mm requires surgery
• Common type kidney stone adults calcium oxalate/phosphate
• Common calcium oxalate/phosphate kidney stones idiopathic hypercalciuria
• Association hypercalciuria precipitating kidney stones chron's disease ibs
• Tx hypercalciuria precipitating kidney stones hydrochlorothiazide calcium-sparing diuretic
• Common type kidney stone ammonium magnesium phosphate struvite
• Ammonium magnesium phosphate struvite kidney stones urease-positive bugs
• Characteristic quality ammonium magnesium phosphate kidney stones staghorn
• Tx ammonium magnesium phosphate kidney stones surgery staghorn
• Unique uric acid kidney stones radio-opaque show x-ray
• Common uric acid kidney stones cases
• Risk factors uric acid kidney stones hot/arid climates
• Tx patients uric acid kidney stones hydration alkalize
• Characteristic cysteine kidney stones staghorn calculi children
• Cysteine common association kidney stones cysteinuria genetic defect
• Staghorn caliculi composition children cysteine adults ammonium magnesium
• Main characteristic nephrotic syndrome proteinuria 3.5g/day
• Results nephrotic syndrome hypoalbuminemia pitting edema hypogammaglobulinemia infection
• Cell layers found normal glomerulus podocyte epithelial layer 
• Disease nephrotic syndromes arrange minimal change focal segmental
• Common nephrotic syndrome children minimal change disease mcd
• Condition minimal change disease nephrotic syndrome hodgkin's lymphoma
• Similarities minimal change disease focal segmental glomerulosclerosis share
• Minimal change distinguish disease focal segmental glomerulosclerosis causing
• Population focal segmental glomerulosclerosis commonly nephrotic syndrome hispanic
• Conditions with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis nephrotic syndrome hiv heroin
• Classically h&e stain in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis dense pink
• Minimal change disease mcd progress to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
• Will focal segmental glomerulosclerosis progress chronic renal failure poor
• Similarities membranous nephropathy membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis causing nephrotic syndrome
• Population nephrotic syndrome commonly caused membranous nephropathy caucasian
• Membranous nephropathy commonly hepatitis b c solid tumors
• Immune complex depositions found membranous nephropathy characteristic pattern
• Genetics medullary cystic kidney disease inherited autosomal dominant
• Immune complex depositions found membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis characteristic pattern
• Type of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis i subendothelial tram-track appearance ii
• Type i membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis hepatitis b c
• C3 type ii membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis nephritic factor stabilizes convertase
• Nephrotic syndrome can membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis nephritic syndrome 
• Histological sign diabetic nephropathy patients diabetes mellitus nonenzymatic
• Efferent/afferent glomerular arteriole undergoes sclerosis diabetic nephropathy efferent
• Hyperfiltration increased gfr lead diabetic nephropathy microalbuminuria
• Characteristics nephrotic syndrome caused diabetes mellitus sclerosis mesangium
• Slow progression hyperfiltration-induced damage diabetic nephropathy ace inhibitors
• Amyloidosis nephrotic syndrome amyloid deposits mesangium
• Diagnose amyloidosis nephrotic syndrome apple-green birefringence congo red
• Kidney inherited cystic disease dysplastic
• Unilateral dysplastic kidney bilateral distinguish pkd
• Recessive pkd autosomal dominant infants young adults ad
• Infants present autosomal recessive pkd worsening renal failure
• Young adults present autosomal dominant pkd hypertension increased
• Hepatic autosomal recessive pkd infants congenital fibrosis leads
• Autosomal dominant pkd young adults berry aneurysm hepatic
• Typically autosomal dominant pkd young adults mutation apkd1/apkd2
• Medullary cystic kidney disease differentiated pkd cysts collecting
• Malignant epithelial tumor arising kidney tubules renal cell
• Classic triad presentations renal cell carcinoma hematuria palpable
• Common symptom renal cell carcinoma hematuria
• Paraneoplastic syndromes result renal cell carcinomas epo polycythemia
• Varicocele renal carcinoma left vein left-sided cell patients
• Vein varicoceles renal spermatic left left-sided right-sided cell
• Renal cell carcinoma gross examination large yellow mass
• Renal cell carcinoma microscopy clear cytoplasm
• Sporadic hereditary characteristic differences renal cell carcinomas adult
• Inactivation vhl disorder gene renal cell carcinoma von
• Tumor common malignant renal children avg age years
• Children typically present wilms tumors large unilateral flank
• Syndrome accompany wilms tumor wagr denys-drash beck-wiedemann
• Characteristics wagr syndrome w wilms tumor aniridia absence
• Genetic association wagr syndrome deletion wt1 tumor suppressor
• Patients present iga nephropathy children episodic hematuria w
• Characteristics denys-drash syndrome wilms tumor progressive renal glomerular
• Genetic association denys-drash syndrome mutation wt1 tumor suppressor gene
• Characteristics beckwith-wiedemann syndrome wilms tumor neonatal hypoglycemia muscular
• Genetic association beckwith-wiedemann syndrome mutations wt2 cluster igf-2
• Common malignant lower urinary tract cancer urothelial transitional
• Major risk factor urothelial carcinoma cigarette smoke
• Cigarette smoke risk factors urothelial carcinoma naphthylamine azo
• Classic presentation urothelial carcinoma painless hematuria older adults
• P53 mutations pathways urothelial carcinoma arise involves flat
• Flat papillary grade tumor develops invades difference pathway
• Urothelial meant carcinomas display field defect entire tract
• Commonly involved organ lower urinary tract carcinomas bladder
• Carcinoma types lower urinary tract urothelial squamous cell
• Squamous cell carcinomas arise bladder metaplasia
• Common risk factors developing squamous cell carcinoma bladder
• Cells affected adenocarcinoma bladder proliferation glands
• Bladder common location adenocarcinomas arise urachal remnant tumor
• Common ways adenocarcinoma bladder develop cystitis glandularis columnar
• Hallmark nephritic syndromes glomerular inflammation bleeding
• Characteristics nephritic syndromes display limited proteinuria <3.5g/day oliguria
• Glomeruli biopsy nephritic syndrome show hypercellular inflamed
• Damage pathogenesis caused nephritic syndromes immune-complex deposition activates
• Nephritogenic strains group strep formation poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis psgn
• Patients psgn present weeks group strep infection common
• Children psgn commonly adults is
• Psgn immunofluorescence granular immune-complex deposition
• Psgn electron microscopy em subepithelial humps
• Treat psgn supportive self-resolves how
• Children adults percent psgn progress rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
• Characterizes rapidly progressive glmoerulonephritis h&e stains crescents bowman's
• Crescent shapes bowman's space composed in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
• Glomerulonephritis etiologies of  rapidly progressive immunofluroescence goodpasture syndrome
• Meant linear pattern anti-basement membrane antibody binding
• Meant granular immune-complex deposition what
• Goodpasture syndrome  patients progressed rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis present
• Immune-complex deposition granular diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis sub-endothelial
• Distinguish small-vessel vasculitides etiology rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis negative
• Churgg-strauss distinguish microscopic polyangiitis  as etiology rapidly progressive
• Nephritic syndrome burger's diesease iga nephropathy
• Nephropathy common worldwide iga what
• Stimulates episodes hematuria children iga nephropathy mucosal infections
• Iga nephropathy progress renal failure
• Alport syndrome glomerulus thinning splitting  of glomerular basement
• Common presentations patients alport syndrome nephritis isolated hematuria
• Prostate lie relation bladder urethra base surrounding
• Components prostate glands stroma the
• Cells types glands prostate luminal layer  basal outer
• Maintains glands stroma prostate androgens
• Young adults older bacteria acute prostatitis chlamydia neisseria
• Patients present acute prostatitis dysuria fever chills
• Prostate feel acute prostatitis digital rectal exam dre
• Diagnose acute prostatitis secretions wbc's culture bacteria
• Patients present chronic prostatitis dysuria pelvic/lower back pain
• Diagnose chronic prostatitis secretions wbc's culture negative
• Hyperplasia benign prostatic bph glands stroma prostate
• Bph present men age cancer increased risk
• Area prostate bph occur clinically relevant central periurethral
• Patients present bph problems starting/stopping urine flow dribbling
• Clinical tests diagnose bph microscopic hematuria prostatic-specific antigen
• Bladder complications bph impaired emptying infection hydronephrosis hypertrophy
• Treatments bph alpha(1)-antagonists relax smooth muscle 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors
• Blood helpful patients types alpha antagonists tx bph
• Alpha non-selective antagonist 1a selective give terazosin tamulosin
• Down-sides 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor tx bph takes months results
• Potentially positive side-effect 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor tx bph male
• Common cancer men prostate adenocarcinoma
• Risk developing prostate adenocarcinoma men races african american
• Patients present prostate adenocarcinoma clinically silent early arises
• Psa start screening prostate adenocarcinoma age dre levels
• Prostate confirm dx adenocarcinoma biopsy
• Examination prostate biopsy small invasive glands prominent nucleoli
• Architecture score gleason grading system grade prostate adenocarcinoma
• Common site prostate adenocarcinoma spread lumbar spine pelvis
• Additional lab findings present prostate adenocarcinoma spreads lumbar
• Perform prostatectomy prostate adenocarcinoma determined localized
• Hallmark acute renal failure azotemia increased bun creatinine
• Pre renal azotemia decreased blood flow kidneys cardiac
• Decreased bun:creatinine ratio increase pre-renal azotemia blood flow
• Bun:creatinine ratio pre-renal azotemia what
• Fena finding pre renal azotemia fractional excretion na+
• Urine osmolality pre-renal azotemia mosm/kg
• Post-renal azotemia obstruction urinary tract ureters/bladder
• Gfr decreased post-renal azotemia obstruction back-pressure renal tubules
• Bun:creatinine ratio increase early post-renal azotemia back-pressure obstruction
• Bun:creatinine ratio decrease long-standing post renal azotemia tubular
• Lab findings find long-standing post-renal azotemia bun:cr ratio
• Common acute renal failure cute t ubular n
• Decreased gfr intra-renal azotemia atn necrotic cells plug
• Urine intra-renal azotemia atn brown granular casts
• Lab findings someone with intra-renal azotemia atn bun:cr ratio
• Etiologies acute tubular necrosis ischemic decreased blood supply
• Common nephrotoxic atn aminoglycosides most
• Nephrotoxic atn aminoglycosides heavy metals myoglobinuria crush injury
• Key clinical features acute tubular necrosis oliguria brown/granular
• Tubular oliguria persist weeks full recovery acute necrosis
• Acute renal conditions lead failure tubular necrosis interstitial
• Acute interstitial nephritis inflammation connective tissue interstitium kidney
• Acute interstitial nephritis drug-induced hypersensitivity tubules interstitium
• Main drugs acute interstitial nephritis nsaids penicillin diuretics
• Patient present acute interstitial nephritis oliguria fever rash
• Key clinical sign patient acute interstitial nephritis eosinophils
• Acute renal interstitial nephritis progress failure papillary necrosis
• Patient present renal papillary necrosis gross hematuria flank
• Main renal papillary necrosis chronic analgesic abuse aspirin/phenacetin
• Ways kidney damaged point end-stage renal disease glomerular
• Diseases common lead end-stage renal diabetes mellitus hypertension
• Clinical features increased nitrogenous waste azotemia uremia chronic
• Hyper ion imbalances patients chronic renal failure k+
• Renal anemia patients chronic failure decreased erythropoietin production
• Hypo ca++ patients chronic renal failure decreased 1-alpha-hydroxylation
• Renal ca++ occurs osteitis fibrosa caused osteodystrophy chronic
• Renal osteodystrophy occurs chronic failure secondary conditions hyper-parathyroidism
• Renal side-effects dialysis treatment chronic failure cysts develop
• Dysplastic kidney disease non-inherited congenital malformation renal parenchyma
• Polycystic kidney disease inherited defect leading bilateral enlarged
• Angiomyolipoma renal hamartoma comprised blood vessels smooth muscle
• Angiomyolipomas increased frequency tuberous sclerosis
• Increased growth genes involved pathogenesis renal cell carcinoma
• Renal tumor staging t cell carcinoma based size
• Tumor staging n renal cell carcinoma noted spread
• Tumor kidney wilms malignant comprised blastema immature mesenchyme
• Wilms tumor cases sporadic 90
• Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis psgn arises group strep infection skin
• Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis common type renal disease patients
• Iga nephropathy immune-complex deposition mesangium glomeruli
• Alport syndrome nephritis caused inherited x-linked defect type
• Fluid basal cells prostate secrete alkaline milky added
• Dht underlying pathlogy benign prostatic hyperplasia bph testosterone
• Reduce treat advanced cases prostate adenocarcinoma hormone suppression
• Pre-renal azotemia precedes ischemic atn often
• Hydration allopurinol prior initiation chemotherapy decrease risk urate-induced
• Renal levels ca++ osteodystrophy complication chronic failure excess

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