Chapter 9: Respiratory Tract Pathology

The flashcard deck for Chapter 9: Respiratory Tract Pathology covers a range of diseases and conditions related to the respiratory system. It includes definitions and causes of conditions such as pneumothorax, nasopharyngeal carcinomas associated with Epstein-Barr virus, rhinitis and its subtypes (including allergic rhinitis), nasal polyps and their relation to aspirin-exacerbated asthma. Benign tumors such as angiofibroma and malignant neoplasms like laryngeal carcinoma are described along with their risk factors and symptoms. Acute inflammatory conditions like epiglottitis and laryngotracheobronchitis (croup), including their causes and symptoms, are detailed. Laryngeal conditions including vocal cord nodules and papillomas with their viral etiology and clinical presentations are discussed. Lastly, pneumonia is covered with its clinical features, diagnostic methods, radiologic patterns, classic lobar pneumonia phases, and common bacterial agents.

El mazo de tarjetas del Capítulo 9: Patología del tracto respiratorio cubre una variedad de enfermedades y condiciones relacionadas con el sistema respiratorio. Incluye definiciones y causas de enfermedades como neumotórax, carcinomas nasofaríngeos asociados con el virus de Epstein-Barr, rinitis y sus subtipos (como la rinitis alérgica), pólipos nasales y su relación con el asma inducida por aspirina. También describe tumores benignos como el angiofibroma y neoplasias malignas como el carcinoma de laringe, junto con sus factores de riesgo y síntomas. Además, detalla procesos inflamatorios agudos como la epiglotitis y la laringotraqueobronquitis (crup), incluyendo causas y síntomas. En el ámbito de la laringe se discuten nódulos y papilomas de cuerdas vocales, incluyendo su etiología viral y presentación clínica. Finalmente, se aborda la neumonía, sus características clínicas, diagnóstico y patrones radiológicos, así como las fases clásicas de la neumonía lobar y sus agentes bacterianos comunes.

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• Symptoms rhinitis sneezing congestion runny nose
• Allergic rhinitis characterized inflammatory infiltrate eosinophils
• Nasal protrusion edematous inflamed mucosa polyp
• Aspirin-induced asthma asthmatic adults is
• Benign tumor nasal mucosa composed large blood vessels
• Angiofibromas classically adolescent males are
• Nasopharyngeal carcinomas present involvement cervical lymph nodes
• Inflammation epiglottis acute epiglottitis of
• Acute epiglottitis poses increases risk airway obstruction
• Inflammation upper airway laryngotracheobronchitis croup
• Common laryngotracheobronchitis parainfluenza virus the
• Nodule vocal arises true cord singer's
• Vocal cord nodules bilateral are
• Symptom vocal cord nodule hoarseness
• Vocal cord nodules resolve resting voice
• Hpv laryngeal papillomas causes of
• Laryngeal papillomas present hoarseness with
• Laryngeal carcinomas present hoarseness cough stridor
• Infection lung parenchyma pneumonia of
• Diagnosis pneumonia made and/or chest x-ray sputum gram
• Pneumonia patterns classically chest x-ray lobar bronchopneumonia interstitial
• Pneumonia characterized consolidation entire lobe lung lobar
• Hepatization classic gross phases lobar pneumonia congestion red
• Gross phase lobar pneumonia caused degradation red cells
• Gross phase lobar pneumonia type ii pneumocytes regenerate
• Pneumonia characterized scattered patchy consolidation centered bronchioles bronchopneumonia
• Bronchopneumonia multifocal bilateral is often
• Second-most common secondary pneumonia complicated abscess empyema staphylococcus
• Pneumonia common secondary superimposed copd leads exacerbation haemophilus
• Interstitial pneumonia characterized diffuse infiltrates atypical
• Symptoms interstitial pneumonia mild upper respiratory e.g minimal
• Interstitial pneumonia caused viruses bacteria
• Hemolytic complications  mycoplasma pneumoniae  include autoimmune anemia igm
• Second-most common atypical pneumonia young adults chlamydia pneumoniae
• Common atypical pneumonia patients post-transplant immunosuppressive therapy cytomegalovirus
• Common atypical pneumonia high fever q farmers veterinarians
• Coxiella burnetii  survives highly heat-resistant endospore
• Aspiration pneumonia patients risk e.g alcoholics comatose
• Aspiration pneumonia due anaerobic bacteria oropharynx
• Anaerobic bacteria oropharynx aspiration pneumonia bacteroides fusobacterium peptococcus
• Classic result aspiration pneumonia lower lobe abscess
• Primary tb generally leads positive asymptomatic ppd
• Secondary tb arises reactivation mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Reactivation mycobacterium tuberculosis  is caused aids aging
• Secondary tb forms cavitary foci caseous necrosis
• Clinical features secondary tb fevers night sweats cough
• Biopsy secondary tb reveal caseating granulomas
• Group diseases characterized airway obstruction i.e lungs empty
• Patients copd tlc due increased air trapping
• Chronic bronchitis highly smoking is
• Chronic bronchitis characterized hypertrophy hyperplasia bronchial mucinous glands
• Clinical features chronic bronchitis productive cough due excessive
• Air disease destruction alveolar sacs results obstruction trapping
• Neutralizes proteases a1at
• And/or leads destruction alveolar air sacs emphysema excessive
• Smoking results emphysema severe centriacinar upper lobes
• A1at deficiency results emphysema severe panacinar lower lobes
• Liver biopsy patient a1at deficiency reveal pink pas-positive
• Normal allele a1at copies expressed pim
• Alveolar air sacs capillaries hypoxemia pao2 mmhg complication
• Reversible airway bronchoconstriction due allergic stimulus asthma
• Pathogenesis asthma type i hypersensitivity reaction
• Asthmatic individuals reexposure allergen leads ige-mediated activation mast
• Clinical features asthma episodic related allergen exposure
• Non-allergic asthma exercise viral infection aspirin occupational exposures
• Permanent dilatation bronchioles bronchi loss airway tone results
• Bronchiectasis caused necrotizing inflammation airway walls
• Inherited defect dynein arm ciliary movement kartagener syndrome
• Kartagener syndrome sinusitis infertility situs inversus
• Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis individuals cystic fibrosis asthma
• Group diseases characterized restricted filling lungs restrictive
• Restrictive lung diseases fev fvc ratio increased
• Fibrosis lung interstitium etiology unknown idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
• Secondary interstitial fibrosis induced drugs radiation therapy
• Mild exposure carbon results clinically significant anthracosis collections
• Pneumoconiosis sand blasters silica miners exposure silicosis
• Patients silicosis increased risk silica impairs macrophages tb
• Patients sarcoidosis increased risk lung cancer
• Pneumoconiosis commonly construction workers plumbers shipyard exposure asbestos
• Common individuals exposed asbestos lung carcinoma mesothelioma
• Systemic disease characterized non-caseating granulomas multiple organs sarcoidosis
• Sarcoidosis commonly african-american females is
• Sarcoidosis granulomas commonly involve leading hilar lymph nodes
• Clinical features sarcoidosis dyspnea cough common presenting symptom
• Hypercalcemia clinical feature sarcoidosis 1-alpha hydroxylase activity epithelioid
• Granulomatous reaction eosinophils inhaled organic antigens hypersensitivity pneumonitis
• Chronic exposure allergen induces hypersensitivity pneumonitis lead interstitial
• Drugs lead secondary interstitial fibrosis bleomycin amiodarone
• Fibrosis lung ct scan initially appears eventually results
• Interstitial fibrosis due occupational exposure pneumoconioses
• Pulmonary hypertension leads eventual ventricular hypertrophy cor pulmonale
• Primary pulmonary hypertension classically young adult females
• Pulmonary secondary hypertension arise recurrent embolism
• Alveolar diffuse damage alveolar-capillary interface acute respiratory distress
• Ards leakage leads edema combines necrotic epithelial cells
• Radon accumulates closed spaces basements
• Ards secondary disease processes including sepsis infection shock
• Type ards activation induces protease free radical-mediated damage
• Respiratory distress due inadequate surfactant levels neonates neonatal
• Surfactant made major component type ii pneumocytes phosphatidylcholine
• Lack surfactant leads collapse air sacs formation hyalin
• Nrds prematurity caesarian section delivery maternal diabetes
• Screen lung maturity fetuses amniotic fluid lecithin-to-sphingomyelin l:s
• L:s ratio adequate surfactant production respiratory viablility womb
• Clinical features nrds increasing respiratory effort birth tachypnea
• Spontaneous pneumothoraces young adults are
• Arises penetrating chest wall injury tension pneumothorax
• Tension pneumothoarx treated medical emergency insertion chest tube
• Malignant neoplasm mesothelial cells mesothelioma
• Mesothelioma presents recurrent pleural effusions dyspnea chest pain
• Mesothelioma tumor encases lung the
• Average age presentation lung cancer years
• Cigarette smoke carcinogens lung cancer occurs smokers
• Cancer risk directly related smoking measured duration amount
• Responsible public exposure ionizing radiation radon
• Addition smokers increased risk lung cancer exists uranium
• Imaging lung cancer reveals solitary nodule coin-lesion
• Benign lesions produce coin-lesion younger patients
• Benign tumor composed lung tissue cartilage imaging bronchial
• Type lung carcinoma amenable surgical resection treated chemotherapy
• Cell carcinomas responsible lung small non-small
• Tnm staging tumors t stands size local extension
• Lung tumor involves hoarseness result recurrent laryngeal nerve
• Lung tumor involves diaphragmatic paralysis result phrenic nerve
• Mutations translocation present adenocarcinoma egfr alk
• Chemotherapeutic drug lung cancer patients alk translocation crizotinib
• Pd-l1 present non-small cell carcinoma
• Major association small cell carcinomas lungs male smokers
• Small cell carcinomas lungs growth metastasis rapid early
• Squamous cell carcinomas common tumors male smokers
• Location squamous cell carcinomas lungs central
• Common tumor nonsmokers female smokers adenocarcinoma
• Adenocarcinoma lungs present imaging pneumonia-like consolidation
• Major association large cell carcinomas lungs smoking
• Characteristic histology carcinoid tumors lungs differentiated neuroendocrine cells
• Symptoms horner syndrome ptosis miosis anhydrosis
• Apical tumors involving superior sulcus lung pancoast
• Tnm staging tumors m refers sites distant metastasis
• Unique site distant metastasis lung tumors adrenal gland
• Tumors metastasized lung primary common
• Rhinitis subtype due type i hypersensitivity reaction allergic
• Inflammation nasal mucosa rhinitis of
• Common rhinitis rhinovirus specifically adenovirus
• Allergic rhinitis asthma eczema is
• Nasal polyps secondary occur repeated bouts rhinitis cystic
• Triad symptoms characterizes aspirin-intolerant asthma aspirin-induced bronchospasms nasal
• Angiofibromas present profuse epistaxis with
• Nasopharyngeal malignant tumor epithelium carcinoma
• Nasopharyngeal carcinomas epstein-barr virus are
• Nasopharyngeal carcinomas classically african children chinese young adults
• Biopsy nasopharyngeal carcinoma reveals pleomorphic keratin-positive epithelial cells
• Common acute epiglottitis non-immunized children h influenzae  type
• Symptoms acute epiglottitis high fever sore throat drooling
• Symptoms laryngotracheobronchitis hoarse barking cough inspiratory stridor
• Vocal cord nodules arise due excessive
• Vocal cord nodules composed degenerative myxoid connective tissue
• Benign papillary tumor vocal cord laryngeal papilloma
• Laryngeal papillomas adults children single multiple
• Squamous cell carcinoma arising epithelial lining vocal cord
• Laryngeal risk factors carcinomas include rarely arise alcohol
• Pneumonia occurs normal defenses e.g cough reflex mucociliary
• Sputum clinical features pneumonia fever chills productive cough
• Pneumoniae lobar pneumonia common bacterial streptococcus klebsiella
• Gross phase lobar pneumonia caused congested vessels edema
• Gross phase lobar pneumonia caused exudate neutrophils hemorrhage
• Lung 5-year survival rate carcinomas present late
• Screening lung cancer recommended patients low-dose ct long
• Testing guides systemic therapy advanced lung cancers driver
• Egfr mutations common asian females non-smokers
• Chemotherapeutic drug lung cancer patients egfr mutation erlotinib
• Testing expression guides immunotherpay advanced lung cancers pd-l1
• Immunotherapeutic drug lung cancer patients pd-l1 expression pembrolizumab
• Small cells characteristic histology carcinomas lungs poorly differentiated
• Location small cell carcinomas lungs central
• E.g small cell carcinomas lungs produce paraneoplastic symptoms
• Characteristic histology squamous cell carcinomas lungs keratin pearls
• Squamous cell carcinomas lungs produce leading pthrp hypercalcemia
• Characteristic histology adenocarcinoma lungs glands mucin
• Location adenocarcinomas lungs peripheral involve pleura
• Adenocarcinoma lungs in-situ exhibits grow columnar cells pre-existing
• Large characteristic histology cell carcinomas lungs poorly differentiated
• Location large cell carcinomas lungs central peripheral
• Large cell carcinomas lungs prognosis poor
• Lung pathologic findings afflicted asbestosis fibrosis pleura plaques
• Large cells carcinomas lungs immunohistochemistry specific classification ttf-1
• Carcinoid tumors significantly related smoking
• Location carcinoid tumors lungs central peripheral
• Located central lung carcinoid tumor classically forms polyp-like
• Carcinoid tumors lungs malignancy rarely low-grade syndrome
• Common sources metastasis lungs breast colon carcinomas
• Carcinomas metastasized  the lung imaging multiple cannon-ball nodules
• Pneumoconioses engulf foreign particles induce alveolar macrophages fibrosis
• Coal pneumoconiosis miners exposure carbon dust workers pneumoconiosis
• Pathologic findings coal workers pneumoconiosis include diffuse fibrosis
• Pathologic findings lung afflicted silicosis fibrotic nodules upper
• Pneumoconiosis commonly beryllium miners workers aerospace industry presently
• Pathologic findings lung afflicted sarcoidosis non-caseating granulomas hilar
• Asthma presents childhood allergic rhinitis eczema family history
• Confirm exposure asbestos asbestosis lesions long golden-brown fibers
• Etiology sarcoidosis unknown caused cd4  helper t-cell response
• Sarcoidosis characteristic giant cells granulomas stellate inclusions asteroid
• Involved tissue sarcoidosis commonly include uvea uveitis skin
• Sarcoidosis resolved spontaneously treatment is
• Hypersensitivity pneumonitis presents fever cough dyspnea
• Symptoms hypersensitivity pneumonitis present resolve hours exposure removal
• Pulmonary high pressure circulation map mmhg normal hypertension
• Pulmonary hypertension characterized trunk arteries atherosclerosis smooth muscle
• Severe long-standing pulmonary hypertension plexiform lesions tufts capillaries
• Pulmonary hypertension presents exertional dyspnea right-sided heart failure
• Etiology primary pulmonary hypertension unknown familial forms related
• Pulmonary e.g secondary hypertension caused hypoxemia copd interstitial
• Clinical features ards hypoxemia cyanosis respiratory distress white
• T individuals genetically susceptible developing asthma allergens induce
• Hypoxemia cyanosis respiratory distress ards occur due thickened
• Treatment ards address underlying ventilation positive end-expiratory pressure
• Type ii pneumocytes damaged recovery ards complicated interstitial
• Purpose surfactant decreases surface tension lungs preventing collapse
• Surfactant begins production weeks adequate levels reached
• Common community-acquired pneumonia secondary middle-aged adults elderly streptococcus
• Bacterial pneumonia superimposed viral upper respiratory tract infection
• Enteric flora aspirated affects malnourished debilitated individuals elderly
• Bronchopneumonia caused variety bacterial organisms
• Common bronchopneumonia staphylococcus aureus haemophilus influenzae pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Common pneumonia cystic fibrosis patients pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Pneumonia common community-acquired superimposed copd leads exacerbation moraxella
• Pneumonia common community-acquired superimposed copd immunocompromised states transmitted
• Common atypical pneumonia affects young adults classically military
• Reason mycoplasma pneumoniae  is visible gram stain lack
• Common atypical pneumonia infants respiratory syncytial virus rsv
• Common atypical pneumonia elderly immunocompromised pre-existing lung disease
• Cattle coxiella  spores deposited present ticks placentas
• Coxiella  is distinct rickettsiae pneumonia require arthropod vector
• Pneumoniae common atypical pneumonia mycoplasma chlamydia cytomegalovirus cmv
• Lower lobe aspiration pneumonia result abscess left main
• Tuberculosis disease due inhalation mycobacterium tb
• Primary tb arises intial exposure mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Primary tb results forming focal caseating necrosis lower
• Secondary tb occurs due apices lungs poor lymphatic
• Secondary tb result miliary pulmonary tuberculous bronchopneumonia
• Afb stain secondary tb reveals red acid fast
• Carcinoma cell lung classically divided categories small non-small
• Systemic spread secondary tb occurs involve tissue common
• Fev patients copd fvc ratio decreases greater extent
• Clinically-defined condition patient productive cough months minimum years
• Bronchial glands thickness hypertrophy hyperplasia mucinous cases chronic
• Chronic bronchitis cyanosis mucus plugs trap carbon dioxide
• Inflammation lungs leads release proteases neutrophils macrophages
• Common emphysema inhaled pollutants lead smoking excessive inflammation
• Rare emphysema lack leaves air sacs vulnerable a1at
• Liver a1at cirrhosis present patients deficiency mutant accumulates
• Common clinically relevant mutation a1at piz
• Asymptomatic decreased circulating levels a1at significant risk emphysema
• Significant risk panacinar emphysema liver cirrhosis pizz homozygotes
• Clinical features emphysema dyspnea cough minimal sputum prolonged
• Type lung carcinoma amenable surgical resection non-small cell
• T h cells secrete il-4 il-5 il-10 functions
• Asthmatic individuals reexposure allergen leads ige-mediated activation mast
• Clinical features asthma dyspnea wheezing productive cough curschmann
• Specific bronchiectasis cystic fibrosis kartagener syndrome tumor foreign
• Hypersensitivity reaction aspergillus  that leads chronic inflammatory damge
• Clinical features bronchiectasis cough dyspnea foul-smelling sputum complications
• Decreased restrictive lung diseases fev  is fvc tlc
• Lung diseases interstitial e.g restrictive commonly caused arise
• Cyclical etiology unknown idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis thought related
• Lung clinical features idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis progressive dyspnea
• Pneumoconioses require small particles chronic exposure fibrogenic
• Levels increase surfactant produced remain constant phosphatidylcholine lecithin
• Babies delivered c-section develop nrds stress-induced steroids increase
• Maternal elevated babies mother diabetes develop nrds normal
• Increases risk leads complications nrds hypoxemia persistence patent
• Accumulation air pleural space pneumothorax
• Spontaneous pneumothorax rupture emphysematous bleb
• Collapse results spontaneous pneumothorax portion lung tracheal shift
• Tension pneumothorax air enters pleural space exit trachea
• Mesothelioma highly occupational exposure asbestos
• Common cancer mortality united states lung
• Key risk factors lung cancer cigarette smoke radon
• Carcinogens cigarette smoke mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons arsenic
• Radon formed radioactive decay present soil uranium
• 2nd frequent lung carcinoma united states radon
• Presenting symptoms lung cancer include nonspecific cough hemoptysis
• Imaging diagnosis lung cancer biopsy
• Examples benign coin-lesions granuloma due tb fungus histoplasma
• Cell carcinoma subtypes non-small adenocarcinoma squamous large carcinoid
• Tumor lung obstructs svc result referred distended head
• Tumors leading lung involvement sympathetic chain brachial plexus
• Tnm staging tumors n refers spread regional lymph

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