Biology - ecology by Will Eastwood.

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• Fungus fusarium producing mycoprotein characteristics protein-rich low fat
• Ecosystem organisms living habitat non-living parts
• Crops gm gentically modified provide food improved nutritional
• Asexual reproduction plants involves parent mixing genetic information
• Competition resource compete  for ecosystems  will occur organisms
• Interdependence species rely eachother food shelter pollination seed
• Living abiotic biotic factors and
• Examples abiotic factors light intensity temperature moisture levels
• Examples biotic factors availabilty food predators arriving pathogens/diseases
• Extremophile definition organisms live environments extreme
• Suitable decomposers oxygen moisture temperature ph
• Decomposers break waste secreting enzymes partly digest
• Waste broken anaerobic conditions methane gas produced
• Carbon cycle rely describes recycled nature decomposers return
• Water cycle.  describes fresh circulates living organisms rivers
• Consumer stages food chain producer primary secondary tertiary
• Trophic levels feeding producer primary secondary called represeted
• Apex predatores carnioveres predators with
• Biodiversity species high variety organisms earth.  helps ecosystems
• Factors due activity put biodiversity risk in:   changes
• Pollution affect biodiversity why's increasing issue kills animals
• Animals overexploitation affects biodiversity humans resources environment plants
• Peat bogs destroying bad environment biodiversity important store
• Areas biological consequences global warming loss habitat low-lying
• Attempts/methods conserve biodiversity recycling resources dumping waste reducing
• Affecting factors food security increasing birth rate changing
• Pyramids biomass show energy flow ecosystems foodchains
• Biomass stransferred level trophic levels/pyramids biomass0
• Losses biomass due food passed body faeces large
• Grown biotechnology microorganisms microorgansims large quantities food fermenters
• Internal conditions cell homeostatis definiton important regulation organism
• Homeostatis includes control blood glucose concentration body temp
• Control systems include cells called receptors detect stimuli
• Point negative feedback control mechanism diagram coordinating centre
• Receptors temperature skin thermoregulatory centre brain monitors/controls body
• Sweat body hot temps warm vasodilation produced glands
• Body cold temp low vasocontriction directs blood surface
• Nervous system enables humans react surroundings coordinate behvaiour
• Cns central nevous system cns)  examples info receptors
• Reflex actions rapid automatically provide protection subconsciously
• Neurone pain impulse effector process reflex actions steps
• Cerebral cortex functions resposible consciousness intelligence memory langauge. 
• Cerebellum functions coordinates movement balance
• Medulla functions controls automatic actions heartbeat breathing
• Brain scientists map fucntions mri scans studying patients
• Light retina shape lens focus eye optic nerve
• Common defects eye hyperopia(long-sightedness myopia short-sightedness
• Endocrine system made glands secrete hormones directly bloodstream
• Hormones nervous act difference system chemical messengers carried
• Adrenaline produced?  produced adrenal gland times fear/stress increases
• Thyroxine produced controlled thyroid gland increases metabolic rate
• Glucose blood monitored controlled pancreas concentration high releases
• Blood glucose concentration low pancreas releases glucagon stimulates
• Type diabetes caused treated pancreas failing produce sufficient
• Type diabetes caused treated ther body cells loger
• Balance water ions body regulated kidneys excrete urea
• Results excess amino digestion proteins foods deamination ammoniado
• Ions water kidneys produce urine stages filtering blood
• Water level body controleld work hormone adh released
• People kidney failure treated organ transplant dialysis
• Oestrogen ovulation formed ovaries main female sex hormone
• Testosterone menstrual cycle main male sex hormone produced
• Release hormone  cycle follicle oestrogen ovaries  -pituitary gland 
• Eggs release hormonal contracpetion methods oral contraceptives pill
• Prevent sperm non-hormonal contraception methods barrier methodds condom
• Fertility fsh increasing doctors give patients lh drug
• Eggs ivf treatement involves vitro fertilisation giving woman
• Ivf treatement downsides emotionally physically stressful success rates
• Plant tropism types caused parts responds growing direction
• Growth roots gravitrophic shoots towards/positively gravity away/negatively
• Growth phototrophic roots shoots away/negatively towards/positively bends light
• Shoot light roots side auxin shaded grows response
• Roots auxins response gravity geotropism moves side facing
• Gibberellins ethene group plants hormones important initiating seed
• Make auxins gibberllins rooting powders cuttings produce roots
• Examples asexual reproduction fungi reproduce asexually spores strawberry
• Cells egg sexual reproduction involve human plant sperm
• Cell divides gametes meiosis copies genetic information made
• Number meiosis important halves chromosomes gametes meaning fertilisation
• Chromosomes meiosis stages 1-cell pairs chromomes diploid cell
• Advantages sexual reproduction produces variation offspring humans selectively
• Advantages opf asexual reproduction parent needed faster sexual
• Genome entire gentic information organism
• Dna gene contained small section chromosome polymer made
• Important findings human genome investigate changed time identify
• Made dna polymer repeating units called nucleotides sugar
•  on opposite strand nucleotides bases attatch eachother c----g 
• Gene code sequence amino acids make specific protein
• Sequence bases code amino acid
• Mutation definition change dna structure
• Dna parts genes mutations protein shape code enzyme
• Century units describe contribution gregor mendel made study
• Alleles definition genotype phenotype defintion homozygous heterozygous gene
• Monohybrid letters alleles inheritence diagrams show gene involved
• Caused allele polyactyly cystic fibrosis extra fingers/toes dominant
• Sex chromosomes called pairs genes determine men women
• Variation due differences characteristics individuals inherited genes conditions
• Darwin's species organisms offspring survive natural selection stated
• Theory show resistant reproduce eidence darwins found weaknesses
• Breed genetic selective breeding definition steps(1-4 types characteristic
• Gene genetic required vector engineering process changing characterisitcs
• Plants genetically modified gm resistant diseases insects herbicide
• Cells clones embryo egg produced nucleus type reproduction
• Exctinctions caused change environment predators diseases succesful competitors
• Populations speciation definition stages formation biological species 1-populations
• Part principles classification carl linnaeus classified living things
• Three-domain system developed carl woese organisms divided archea
• Dna pairs gc what are

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