MCAT Biology to come (Jojo)
This flashcard deck covers key biological concepts essential for MCAT preparation. It includes details on cellular structures and functions, such as the cytoskeleton proteins (dynein, kinesin, actin, tubulin), viral life cycles (lytic and lysogenic cycles, provirus, virions), bacterial cell walls, and genetic elements (plasmids, transposons). The roles of structural and regulatory proteins like collagen, keratin, and elastin are described. It also covers the cell cycle phases (interphase, G1, S, G2, G0) and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs, cadherins, integrins, selectins). Viral topics include positive- and negative-sense RNA viruses, HIV interaction with CCR5 receptor, and mechanisms of viral infection. Additionally, ion channels and the concept of heritability are discussed. Overall, the deck provides a comprehensive overview of molecular and cellular biology, focusing on human biology and microbiology topics relevant to the MCAT.
Elfoglalták a biológia témakör legfontosabb fogalmait az MCAT vizsgára készülők számára. A kártyák lefedik a sejtek szerkezetét és működését, beleértve a citoszkelettet (pl. dynein, kinesin, aktin, tubulin), vírusok életciklusait (lyticus és lysogén ciklus, provírus, virionok), bakteriumok sejtfalát, genetikai elemeket (plazmidok, transzpozonok), valamint a különböző fehérjék biológiai szerepét (kollagén, keratin, elasztin). Továbbá kitérek a sejtosztódásra és a sejtciklusra (interfázis, G1, S, G2, G0 fázisok), és a sejtek közötti kapcsolódási molekulákra (CAMs, cadherinek, integrinek, szelektinek). A vírusokra vonatkozóan kitérnek a pozitív és negatív szálú RNS vírusokra, a HIV-re és a vírusok fertőzési mechanizmusaira. Szó van továbbá az ioncsatornákról, valamint az öröklődhetőségről. Összességében ez a kártyacsomag átfogóan bemutatja a molekuláris és sejtes biológia kulcsfontosságú aspektusait, különösen a humán biológia és mikrobiológia területén a felkészüléshez.
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- Hiv binds wbc specifically the ccr5 receptor
- Prokaryotes episomes are a subset of plasmid can integrate genome bacterium
- Transposons are a type genetic element can insert remove rearrange
- Virions viruses replicate produce inside cell then be released
- Bacteriophage tail sheath acts syringe a
- Bacteriophage tail fibers act legs in
- Positive-sense rna virus genome is directly translated into proteins cell
- Cell cycle virus productive leaves host extrusion fusing
- Lytic cycle viral replication, the virus maxes cell's services
- Superinfection when a bacteria infected bacteriophage
- Collagen made the alpha helix type secondary protein structure
- Collagen's role to provide strength flexibility
- Elastin's role to stretch recoil spring
- Keratin makes hair nails up
- Actin protein makes up microfilaments thin filaments
- Structural proteins polarity actin tubulin
- Myosin primary motor protein interacts actin
- Motor protein kinesin plays key roles aligning chromosomes
- Motor protein dynein involved sliding movement cilia flagella
- Blood cells selectins type cam expressed white endothelial
- Protein cell extracellular matrix adhesion specific type called
- Cell carbohydrate adhesion by selectins to
- Ungated channels type of ion are
- Cadherins type cam that mediate calcium-dependent cell adhesion
- Integrins group proteins membrane-spanning chains alpha beta
- Cell integrins type adhesion molecule function communicate ecm
- Selectins unique type cam bind carbohydrate molecules project
- Cell adhesions called desmosomes created protein cadherin depend
- Voltage-gated channels are type of ion channel
- Fraction phenotype heritability measures variability attributed genetic variation
- Prions disease by converting proteins alpha-helix structures beta-plated sheet
- Viroids small plant pathogens short circular ss-rna protein
- Lysogenic cycle replication, a provirus/prophage integrates cell's genome replicated
- Tubulin's role to provide structure chromosome separation mitosis meiosis
- gram positive cell walls contain a thick layer peptidoglycan
- Cell layer peptidoglycan gram negative walls thin also an
- Phase bacteria replicating bacterial growth environment exponential curve
- Rna negative-sense virus genome used first make complementary strand
- Rna provided virus complimentary strand negative-sense created by rna
- Kinesins dyneins motor proteins microtubules
- Motor protein kinesin plays key roles depolymerizing microtubules
- Kinesin brings vesicles positive end microtubule
- Dynein brings vesicles negative end microtubule
- Cells cams adhesion molecules proteins found surface aid
- Keratin's role to function regulatory proteins contribute mechanical integrity
- Tubulin protein makes up microtubules is
- Production androgen low puberty where testosterone dramatically increases sperm
- Cells chromosome germ occurs gametes diploid(2n autosomal copies
- Cell cycle: interphase g1 s g2 stages time g0::cell
- Chromatin unraveled chromosomes interphase cell cycle process eukaryotic
- Cell cycle s phase completed identical chromatids bound the centromere
- Cell cycle damage restriction point g1/s arrest dna
- Cell results cycle p53 gene mutated the tp53 site
- Fibers made of microtubules asters anchor centrioles cell membrane
- Secreted human chorionic gonadotropin(hcg analog lh blastocyte uterine
- Location fertilization widest part fallopian tube called the ampulla
- Meiosis i results division homologous chromosomes separated generating
- S phase are 92 chromatids organized into 46 chromosomes into 23
- Mutations x chromosome carries lot information sex-linked/x-linked disorders
- Females carry diseased alleles x-chromosomes disease called carriers
- Sperm pieces a head, midpiece and flagellum the midpiece filled mitochondria generate
- Crossing causes recombination unlink linked genes increases variety genetic
- Mendel's law(of independent assortment inheritance allele effect likelihood
- Begins the follicular phase menstrual flow sheds uterine lining
- Women born oogonia undergone dna replication(past s phase
- Oocyte month primary undergo meiosis i produces a secondary
- Secondary oocytes arrested in metaphase ii fertilization occurs
- Completion meiosis oocytes haploid pronuclei sperm ovum join create
- Phase days follicular divided the mense:1-7 and proliferative::8-14 by ovulation::14 the luteal::15-28
- Chargaff's rules adenine thymine guanine cytosine
- Dna handed makes turn nm bases span helix
- Dna probe sequence bind target gene interest pcr
- Dna wound histones = chromatin around
- Proteins dna called nucleoproteins associated with
- Light microscopy heterochromatin appears dark transitionally silent euchromatin appears bright
- Interphase heterochromatin remains wound euchromatin unwound
- Telomeres functions prevent dna cleaved 2) lots gc bonds
- Centromeres composed of heterochromatin high gc-content are
- Dna origin replication unwinds forks created proceeds copied
- Single-stranded dna-binding proteins bind unraveled strands created helicase
- Dna strands gyrase topoisomerase ii introduces negative supercoils
- Strand direction dna polymerase read template synthesizing complementary
- Rna dna directly paired parent strand primase bind
- Dna polymerase iii::prokaryotes α::eukaryotes δ::eukaryotes synthesize leading lagging
- Dna polymerase δ έ α work synthesize leading
- Sliding clamp pcna proteins assembles trimer form helps
- Oncogenes mutated genes cancer primarily encode cell cycle-related proteins
- Dna proofreading polymerase enzyme mechanism tests hydrogen bonds
- Thymine dimers adjacent caused by ultraviolet light eliminated dna
- Excision endonuclease part nucleotide repair makes nicks phosphodiester
- Ap site endonuclease removes damaged sequences dna abasic
- Dna membrane sequence probe southern blots cut restriction
- Dideoxyribonucleotide hydrogen c2 c3 ribonucleotide adenosine triphosphate::ddatp
- Dideoxyribonucleotides important added polymerase can longer add chain
- Gene therapy side effect randomly inserted dna causing
- Rna abundancy: mrna>trna>rrna
- Ribosomal rna or rrna synthesized the nucleolus functions integral part
- Rna polymerase transcribes mrna template dna strands
- Acids transfer rna or trna converts language nucleic amino
- Nascent begin existence to come
- Abundant rna: mrna, trna, rrna most
- Ribosomal rna synthesized nucleolus functions integral part machinery
- Enzmyes made rna molecules called ribozymes
- Stop codon: uga, uaa and uag
- Translation codon mrna recognized complementary anti-codon transfer rna
- Mutation codon missense amino acid substitutes nonsense truncation mutation
- Point mutation be silent or expressed a
- Expressed mutations either missense or nonsense can
- Frameshift mutations occurs number nucleotides added deleted mrna
- Rna polymerase ii main transcriber mrna
- The coding or sense strand template transcription
- Bases start point end numbers left are upstream the 5
- Tata box rna polymerase binds notation
- Sequences noncoding called introns coding called exons
- Maturation hnrna includes splicing transcript remove introns ligate exons
- Introns excised spliceosomes form a lariat::lasso-shaped structure degraded
- Multiple variants proteins encoded gene process as alternative splicing
- Chaperones are specialized class proteins assist folding process
- Model site jacob-monod describe structure function operons the
- Operon cluster genes transcribed single mrna trp
- Gene site operons upstream regulator promoter operator structural
- Act gene control mechanisms products positive allowing produced
- Catabolite activator protein cap assists lac operon binding
- Corepressors activate repressors binding repressible systems
- Acts operon high local environment trp tryptophan corepressor
- Dna response elements sequences binds specific transcription factors
- Chromatins heterochromatin inactive euchromatin active
- Acetylation addition ch(=o)ch3 is the
- Transcription histone acetylases dna methylases coactivators recruited factors
- Histone deacetylases proteins function remove acetyl groups results
- Spermatogenesis formation haploid sperm meiosis seminiferous tubules
- Seminal vesicles provide fructose nourish sperm
- The bulbourethral/cowper's glands produce clear viscous fluid cleans remnants
- Semen combination of sperm and seminal fluid
- Testes functional components: seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells leydig
- Flagella gain motility the epididymis stored ejaculation
- Cells of leydig secrete testosterone male hormone androgen
- Fallopian tubes connected the uterus site fetal development
- Eggs ovulated the peritoneal sac lines abdominal cavity
- Widest part fallopian tube called the ampulla site fertilization
- End messenger rna synthesized the 3 ribosome translates mrna
- Means mrna translates protein monocistronic euk product polycistronic
- Trna molecules connected ribosome be charged or activated amino acid
- Type amino acid activated different aminoacyl-trna synthetase requires high-energy bonds
- Bond high-energy aminoacyl-trna supply energy needed create peptide translation
- Start codon methionine aug
- Genetic code is degenerate codon single amino acid
- Variable base called the wobble position
- Mutations wobble tend be silent or degenerate means effect expression
- Nucleotides codon referred the reading frame
- Transcription results single strand mrna synthesized nucleotide dna
- Transcription factors rna polymerase locate bind promoter region
- Rna located synthesizes rrna nucleus polymerase i nucleolus polymerase ii
- Rna termination polymerase reaches sequence stop signal results
- Seminal fluid produced the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral
- The seminal vesicles and prostate gland give fluid mildly alkaline
- Sperm travels seminiferous tubules-->epididymis-->vas deferens-->ejaculatory duct-->urethra-->penis seve(n
- Sperm produced highly coiled seminiferous tubules provided sustenance
- Lower end uterus the cervix connected the vaginal canal sperm
- Eggs theperitoneal sac travel the fallopian tube/oviduct lined cilia
- Ovaries located pelvice cavity consists thousands of follicles multilayered
- Microtubule organizing center centrosome small sets arranged specific
- Dsdna = double-stranded dna ssrna = single-stranded rna
- Aromaticity rules 1) cyclic 2) planar 3) conjugated 4) 4n+2
- Cytosine thymine pyridimines adenine guanine = purines
- Helix watson crick sugar phosphate backbone outside nitrogenous bases inside
- Left handed helices have no biological activity created highgc
- Histone h2a h2b h3 dna proteins eukaryotes: h1 h4
- Dna telomeres single repeating unit end order actual
- Replisome replication complex set specialized proteins assist dna
- Helicase responsible unwinding dna generating two-single stranded templates
- Supercoiling wrapping dna helical structure pushed telomeres replication
- Dna parental strand serve templates daughter semiconservative reatined
- Strand replication direction copied fork this read leading
- Dna okazaki fragments produced lagging strand compensate polymerase's
- Primase synthesizes rna primer direction start replication strand
- Dna polymerase i::prokaryotes rna rnase h::eukaryotes remove added
- Proto-oncogenes oncogenes mutated antioncogenes or tumor suppressor genes encord
- Proofreading distinguish parent daughter strands based amount of methylation
- Repair excision abbreviated dna mismatch enzymes detect/remove replication
- Dna recombinant vector technology fragment source multiplied gene
- Dna large cloning libraries regions technique produce amounts
- Dna complementary southern presence hybridization joining base pair
- Separation size dna nucleotides end sequence read the dideoxynucleotide
- Gene mice germ line cloned transgenic altered introducing
- Cell phase dna make cycle presynthetic gap::g1 creating
- Cell cycle mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telephase cycle: cytokinesis::splitting cytoplasm organelles daughter
- Cell transcription cycle: cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases(cdk responsible cycle bind
- Fibers centriole pairs opposite poles cell kinetochore spindle
- Y chromosome carries genetic information one notable gene
- Spermatocytes-meiosis haploid spermatogonia-s phase->diploid primary i-> secondary ii-> spermatids
- Chromatids prophase called meiosis i homologous chromosomes intertwine
- Homologous meiosis separate chromosomes i cell during metaphase pairs(tetrads
- Pellucida the zona the corona radiata oocyte sperm layer cells
- Sexual differentiation occurs fetal period(9 weeks-birth presence y
- Androgen insensitivity syndrome(ais occurs genetic male(xy female secondary
- Small nuclear spliceosome rna snrna molecules couple proteins
- End hnrna molecule added protects mrna longer 7-methylguanylate
- Process translation: initiation, elongation and termination of
- Codon release factor rf binds termination stop moves
- Polypeptide chain addition water molecule translation peptidyl transferase
- Addition proteins phosphorylation phosphates kinases activate deactivate carboxylation
- Protein code sites repressor parts operon jacob-monod model
- Operator repressor coded regulator gene attaches site deactivating
- Repressor polymerase systems types operons inducible bound tightly
- Controls systems operons positive maintain inducible negative maintain repressible
- System shut repressible off: repressor-corepressor complex binds operon prevent
- Transcription factors proteins search dna specific dna-binding motifs
- Transcription domain factor activation binding important regulatory proteins
- Gene expression amplified caused by enhancers or gene duplication occurs
- Regulators dna regulatory base sequences includes promoters, enhancers and response elements
- Gene elements promoter enhancers response grouped control gene's
- Dna methylases add methyl groups cytosine adenine molecules
- Follicles located the ovaries are in
- External female anatomy the vulva the
- Primary oocytes formed age birth
- Primary oocytes arrested in prophase i meiosis
- Secondary oocytes arrested in metaphase ii meiosis
- Ovulated egg menstruation a secondary oocyte
- Ductus arteriosus bypasses the lungs the
- Placenta a endocrine organ the is
- Gram positive bacteria turn purple staining after
- Gram negative bacteria turn pink-red staining
- Reverse transcriptase to make complementary dna cdna ssrna template
- Smooth er functions to synthesize lipids, detoxify proteins transport materials
- Prokaryotes ribosomal subunits of 30s and 50s
- Conjugation transfer genetic material bacteria pilus
- Plasmid transferred f+ f cells
- Transduction transfer genetic material bacteria bacteriophage
- Interphase cell cycle includes the g1, gs and g2 phases
- Chromatids bound the centromere prior replication the s stage cell
- Mitosis cytokinesis occurs the m stage cell cycle
- Cell determines dna good condition synthesis the g1/s checkpoint
- The p53 protein control restriction point g1/s checkpoint
- The tp53 gene responsible p53 protein production
- Plate the metaphase the equatorial is also
- Homologues intertwine process called synapsis come
- Synapsis occurs prophase i meiosis
- Nuclear membrane reforms during the telophase mitosis
- Homologous chromosomes line opposite sides metaphase plate during metaphase
- Mitosis occurs in somatic cells
- Meiosis occurs in germ cells aka gametocytes
- Nuclear membrane dissolves the prophase mitosis
- Nucleoli disappear the prophase mitosis in
- Centrioles migrate opposite sides cell the prophase mitosis
- Kinetochore chromosome contacted spindle fiber the prophase mitosis
- Kinetochore part the centromere chromosome a
- Spindle apparatus disappears during the telophase mitosis
- Chromosomes homologous number opposite parental origin
- Mendel's law states that the inheritence allele effect likelihood
- Factor mendel's law states production gametes copies hereditary
- Disjunction anaphase i when homologous pairs separate pulled opposite
- Sry gene located the y chromosome
- Sry gene codes for a transcription factor initiates testis
- Sertoli cells nourish sperm seminiferous tubules
- Sperm flagella gain motility the epididymis
- Sperm stored the epididymis are in
- Seminal vesicles contribute fructose alkaline fluid to nourish protect sperm
- Prostate gland produces alkaline fluid the
- Semen composed of sperm and seminal fluid
- Primary spermatocytes formed s stage spermatogenesis
- Secondary spermatocytes formed meiosis i spermatogenesis
- Spermatids formed meiosis ii spermatogenesis are
- Maturation sperm germ cells called spermatozoa
- The midpiece sperm generates atp from fructose
- Chromosomes fully decondense during telophase i meiosis
- The centromere holds sister chromatids together
- Microtubules form asters anchor centrioles cell membrane the prophase mitosis
- Corona radiata refers to a protective layer follicle cells
- Gnrh released hypothalamus is from
- Fsh released the anterior pituitary response to gnrh
- Lh released the anterior pituitary response to gnrh
- Cells males lh the interstitial produce testosterone interstitial leydig
- Females lh causes ovulation in
- Females fsh lh stimulate production of estrogens and progesterone
- Fsh lh released the follicular phase menstrual cycle
- Ovulation stage menstrual cycle stimulated sudden surge in lh
- Lh promotes ruptured follicle corpus luteum luteal phase
- Corpus luteum secretes progesterone luteal phase menstrual cycle
- High estrogen and progesterone levels cause negative feedback gnrh lh fsh
- Menstruation occurs fertilization if there
- The blastocyst produces human chorionic gonadotropin hcg fertilization occurs menstruation
- Hcg an lh analogue functions to maintain corpus luteum
- Menopause occurs ovaries stop producing estrogen and progesterone ages 45-55
- Fsh lh levels rise menopause and
- Cell blastocyst groups the inner mass the trophoblast
- The trophoblast cells blastocoel rise the chorion
- Cell mass protrudes blastocoel rise the organism
- Placenta functional supported the yolk sac
- Umbilical cord formed the yolk sac the allantois
- Amnion surrounds the allantois the
- Amnion a thin tough membrane filled amniotic fluid
- Membrane invagination blastocoel called the archenteron primitive gut formed
- The archenteron develops the gut later into
- Notochord forms mesoderm induces the neural plate form neural folds
- Pluripotent cell capable forming germ layers derivatives placenta
- Cell induced type called a responder
- Autocrine signals act on the cell secreted place
- Endocrine signals act on distant target tissues secreted hormones
- Senesence results failure cells divide approximately 50 divisions vitro
- O blood partial pressure maternal is higher fetal remember
- Hbf a higher affinity oxygen hba
- Foramen ovale bypasses the lungs the
- Organogenesis occurs the first trimester human development
- Human face distinctly the second trimester development
- Digits elongate the second trimester human development
- Development rapid growth brain continue the third trimester human
- Cervix thins the first phase birth
- Amniotic sac ruptures the first phase birth
- Uterine contractions occur the second phase birth
- Placenta umbilical cord expelled the third phase birth
- The amnion lies inside the chorion produces amniotic fluid
- Placenta releases progesterone estrogen hcg
- Umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood fetus
- Fetal ductus arteriosus shunts blood pulmonary artery aorta
- Meiosis i results homologous chromosomes separated generating haploid
- Meiosis ii results separation sister chromatids as equational division
- Law mendel's independent assortment fulfilled by crossing occurs during prophase
- Mendel's law fulfilled by disjunction occurs during anaphase i meiosis
- Sry gene stands for sex-determining region y
- Sperm cells produced the seminiferous tubules
- Males leydig cells secrete testosterone androgens
- Ejaculatory ducts penis eventually merge form the urethra
- The bulbourethral glands produce clear viscous fluid that cleans remnants
- Pathway sperm order inside is: seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
- The acrosome sperm made of modified golgi apparatus
- Ova produced in follicles are
- Oocyte fertilized undergo meiosis ii ovum
- Cytokinesis secondary oocyte a polar body and ovum formed
- Zona pellucida refers to an acellular mixture glycoproteins protect
- Males fsh stimulates the sertoli cells triggers spermatogenesis
- Females fsh stimulates development of ovarian follicles
- Phases menstrual cycle include follicular phase, ovulation, luteal finally menstruation
- The decidua vascularized glangularized response to estrogen release the follicular phase
- The ductus venosus shunts blood returning placenta umbilical vein
- Liver bypassed embryogenesis the ductus venosus
- Movement begins in the second trimester human development
- Tremendous growth occurs the second trimester human development
- Transfer antibodies mother fetus occurs the third trimester human development
- Uterine contractions coordinated hormones prostaglandin and oxytocin
- Gram negative bacteria outer membrane phospholipids lipopolysaccharides
- Viroids function by turning genes resulting cellular metabolic structural
- Nucleolus dense structure where rrna synthesized
- Transformation incorporation bacterial genome dna fragments external medium
- Bacteria conjugation part genome transferred hfr cell recipient
- Cell replicates genetic material the s stage cycle
- Cell checks stuff time the g2 stage cycle
- G1/s checkpoint cell cycle is restriction point
- Cell ensures achieved adequate size organelles properly replicated
- Eukaryotes ribosomal subunits of 40s 60s
- Lh surge the ovulation stage menstrual cycle occurs because estrogen
- Progesterone functions to maintain uterine lining luteal phase menstrual
- Endometrial lining sloughed menstruation because estrogen and progesterone levels drop
- hcg levels drop end trimester because the placenta takes
- Widest part fallopian tube called the ampulla
- Acrosome reaction sperm it comes contact egg's cell membrane
- Membrane fertilization egg formed calcium released depolarized
- Fertilization membrane functions to prevent multiple sperm penetration
- Cortical reaction fertilization refers to the release granules egg
- The chorion extraembryonic membrane develops the placenta
- Allantois involved in early fluid exchange the yolk sac embryo
- Embryo blasted cavity a blastula blastula hollow ball cells
- Opening archenteron called the blastopore the
- Cell totipotent capable forming into type including germ layers
- Cell multipotent capable forming into specific subset types rbc
- Paracrine signals act on cells local area
- Cell juxtacrine signals act on cells diffusion directly stimulates
- Cell apoptotic blebs are contained parts underwent apoptosis individual
- Umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood fetus
- Atrium foramen ovale one-way valve connects left closes
- Pathogens small cross placental barrier diffusion require special
- Spindle apparatus begins form the prophase mitosis
- Metaphase mitosis chromosomes line plate
- Sister chromatids separated pulled opposite poles the anaphase mitosis
- Cytosol organelles split daughter cells during the telophase mitosis
- Homologous chromosomes segregated opposite poles cell during anaphase i
- Point crossing-over called the chiasma plural chiasmata
- Molecule d-ribose this is
- Molecule d-deoxyribose this is
- Nucleic acid annealing form hybridization occurs laboratory e.g
- Hydrogen bonds broken dna melted aka denatured
- Recombinant dna is dna genetic information multiple sources e.g
- +)rna viruses infective genomes acts mrna immediately translated
- Selection genetics disruptive extremes continuum middle
- Acetylation histones causes uncoiling dna/histone structures increased transcription
- Nucleoside sugar base = +
- Mrna cap a g nucleotide attached backwards end site
- Pyrimidine transition dna sequence is replacement purine
- Kinetochore protein structure chromosome serves anchoring site microtubules
- Purines adenine guanine the are
- Base uracil rna thymine dna
- Molecule thymine this is
- Molecule uracil this is
- Molecule guanine this is
- Stop codons uaa uga uag
- Generally speaking mutation error dna sequence
- Lysosomes membrane-bound vesicles hydrolytic enzymes
- Eukaroytes episomes are non-integrated extrachromosomal closed circular dna molecules
- Northern blot detecting specific rna sequence sample
- Complex genetic traits are groups genes influenced environment
- Dna rnase functions remove primer rna fragments variant
- Single bacteria circular molecule dna origin replication chromosome
- Archaea prokaryotes single-cellular organisms are
- Telomerase functions add repetitive nucleotide sequences ends eukaryotic
- Start codon aug the is
- Eukaryotes mrna processed transcription through polyadenylation capping splicing
- Small a spliceosome composed snrnas protein complexes called snrnps
- Mast cells function to release histamine allergic response brings
- Ribosome rna binding sites aminoacyl p growing peptide
- Post-translational modifications proteins occur er and/or golgi
- Lipidation protein post-translational modification lipid attached
- Heterochromatin tightly packed dna is
- Euchromatin loosely packed dna is
- Positive control active factor required gene expression
- Prokaryotes operator section dna repressor protein binds inhibit
- Examples tumor suppressor proteins p53 prb retinoblastoma
- Proto-oncogene normal gene oncogene due mutations increased expression
- Dna methylation typically acts repress gene transcription
- Locus specific location position gene chromosome
- Genetic leakage genes flow species e.g antibiotic resistance
- Recombination frequency genes located chromosomes
- Speciation evolutionary process reproductively isolated biological populations evolve
- Defining characteristics eukaryotic cells compartmentalization membrane-bound organelles nucleus
- Bacilli rod-shaped bacteria are
- Spirilli spiral-shaped bacteria are
- Cocci spherical-shaped bacteria are
- Virus self-replicating biological unit reproduce specific host cell
- Hayflick limit number times human cell divide telomeres
- Assortative mating animals choose mates similar
- Random mating individual equally chosen mate
- Incidence rate disease percentage cases healthy population time
- Synaptonemal complex protein structure forms homologous chromosomes meiosis
- Translocation mutation occurs portion chromosome breaks relocated position
- Mutagen substance increases rate mutations
- Hardy–weinberg principle states large populations allele frequencies remain
- Centrosome found cell nucleus centrioles
- Cells tenets theory basic unit structure life living
- Chemotaxis ability prokaryotic cells detect chemical stimuli move
- Cellular senescence phenomenon normal diploid cells cease divide
- Act macrophages to phagocytose pathogens antigen presenting cells
- Ions cell na+/k+ pump transports na+ k+ atp
- Species adaptive radiation divergence multiple time subgroups original
- Disassortative mating animals choose mates dissimilar
- Equivalent offspring inclusive fitness measured the number individual rears
- Genetics penetrance is the proportion people genotype express phenotype
- Similar convergent evolution the development traits independently separate populations
- Aa positively conservative mutation change base pair replaced
- Shine-dalgarno sequence a sequence prokaryotic mrna ribosome recognizes binds
- Purine transversion dna sequence is replacement pyrimidine
- Pyrimidines cytosine thymine uracil the
- Molecule adenine this is
- Molecule cytosine this is
- Potency bacterial strain dose number bacteria required infection
- Microrna mirna functions pair complementary rna prevent translation
- 3rd base codon matters bases ca ag transition
- Southern blot detecting specific dna sequence sample
- Simple genetic traits exhibit mendelian monogenic inheritance patterns
- Dna polymerase synthesizes strand adding complementary nucleotides end
- Dna add primase functions rna primers template strands
- Dna ligase i functions join okazaki fragments lagging
- Archaea single circular molecule dna origin replication
- Eukaryotes linear chromosomes dna origin replication
- Rna polymerase functions line connect complementary nucleotides based
- Spliceosome removes introns transcribed pre-mrna splicing
- Termination translation occurs codon moves site recognized release
- Glycosylation protein post-translational modification carbohydrate molecules attached
- Inducer–repressor control lac operon negative gene expression blocked by
- Prokarytes promoter region dna binds rna polymerase proteins
- Basic steps pcr heat denature dna cool slightly
- Adult somatic cells, dna methylation typically occurs cpg dinucleotides
- Small rnas nucleolar snornas class molecules primarily guide
- Chromosome end inversion rearrangement segment reversed
- Carcinogen substance induces unregulated growth cells i.e cancer
- Due genetic drift change frequency allele population random
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