GCSE Biology AQA (9-1) Triple

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• Trials clinical phase preclinical regulatory review stages drug
• Produce storage respiration converted insoluble starch fat oil
• Hair root cell specialised carry function chloroplasts increases
• Cell phloem vessel companion adapted function pores called
• Sperm cells acrosome lot specialised tail mitchondria head
• Axons covered myelin insulates speeds transmission nerve impulses
• End synapses axon junctions electrical impulses pass nerve
• Muscle cells full mitochondria specialised contract protein fibres
• Bacteria damage bodies release toxins poisons cells tissues
• Communicable disease transferred people catch
• Examples communicable diseases hiv/aids ebola chicken pox measles
• Microbe living organism invisible naked eye microscope
• Pathogen microbe infection a what
• Cells viruses damage host reproduce eventually fill bursts
• Viruses host cell reproduce living organisms
• Bacteria living cells multiply rapidly
• Nose hairs mucus defend infections trap pathogens
• Skin defend infections acts waterproof mechanical barrier stops
• Earwax defend infections form antibiotic kills bacteria
• Clotting blood sealing wounds defend infections stop pathogens
• Diseases spread airborne exchange bodily fluids food/water mother
• Release ways white blood cells fight pathogens hunt
• Gonorrhoea bacteria grows warm moist areas reproductive tract
• Gonorrhoea spread exchange bodily fluids sti
• Periods symptoms of gonorrhoea women unusual vaginal discharge bleeding
• Symptoms of gonorrhoea men unusual discharge tip penis inflammation
• Symptom of gonorrhoea occurs genders pain urinating
• Antibiotic treatment for gonorrhoea injection tablet
• Prevent gonorrhoea condoms sex how can
• Aids describes number life-threatening infections happen immune system
• Hiv/aids spread sexual contact sharing needles mother baby
• Symptoms hiv/aids flu-like illness occurs weeks infection weakened
• Long flu-like illness caused by hiv/aids weeks
• Treatment for hiv/aids antiretroviral medications tablets
• Antiretroviral medications stop virus replicating
• Antiretroviral medications treat hiv/aids immune system repair
• Treatment hiv/aids combination drugs hiv easily develop resistance
• Prevent hiv/aids condoms sex share needles
• Salmonella bacteria live farm animals affect intestine
• Salmonella spread consumption contaminated food
• Symptoms salmonella diarrhoea stomach cramps vomiting fever
• Treatment salmonella drink plenty fluids fight salmonella-caused dehydration
• Prevent salmonella cook food wash hands handling animals
• Tmv stand tobacco mosaic virus
• Tmv virus attacks leaves what
• Is tmv spread workers hands tools
• Leaves symptoms of tmv stunted growth mottled yellow streaks
• Treatment tmv is what the
• Prevent tmv avoid tobacco plants wash hands disinfect tools
• Eukaryotic cells dna enclosed nucleus
• Prokaryotic cells free-floating dna what
• Organelles organs inside cells what
• Examples organelles mitochondria ribosomes choloroplasts
• Membrane-bound organelle surrounded membrane a
• Examples eukaryotic cells plant animal
• Plasmids small rings dna what
• Dna shape prokaryotae single loop
• Oldest type cell simplest eukaryotae prokaryotae prokaryotic
• Bigger type cell complex? (eukaryotae prokaryotae eukaryotic complex
• Dna benefit housed nucleus protected
• Benefit plasmids cell transfer dna give extra characteristics
• Bacteria free-floating dna reproduce quicker
• Flagellum tail-like structure helps cell move faster
• Cell wall made cellulose what
• Function nucleus genetic material dna controls cell's activities
• Cell function wall strengthens the
• Function cytoplasm chemical reactions place cell
• Cell function membrane controls passage substances
• Function mitochondria energy released powerhouse cell
• Function ribosomes protein synthesised made
• Function chloroplasts chlorophyll needed photosynthesis
• Extra function vacuole stores water sap cell turgid
• Symbol metres m what is
• Big centimetre metres 1x10 m
• Big millimetre metres 1x10 m
• Symbol millimetres mm what is
• Big micrometre metres 1x10 m
• Symbol micrometres μm what is
• Big nanometre metres 1x10 m
• Specialised cell special adaptations carry function
• Lignin xylem strengthens cells die walls sealed
• Xylem adapted function long tube organelles water dissolved
• Axon nerve cell carries electrical impulses part body
• Dendrites nerve increase surface area cell connect easily
• Stem cell undifferentiated capable of giving rise type certain other
• Diffusion spreading particles resulting net movement area of higher
• Factors affect rate diffusion difference concentrations gradient temperature
• Osmosis osmosis the diffusion water dilute solution concentrated solution through
• Active transport moves substances concentration gradient requires energy respiration
• Cells basic building blocks living organisms
• Tissue group cells similar structure function
• Organs aggregations tissues performing specific functions
• Organ systems organised work form organisms
• Amylase breaks starch glucose what
• Amylase produced salivary glands pancreas small intestine
• Protease produced stomach pancreas small intestine
• Protease breaks proteins amino acids
• Lipase produced pancreas small intestine
• Lipase breaks lipids fatty acids glycerol
• Bile made liver is where
• Bile stored gall bladder is
• Lumen holes veins arteries are
• Blood tissue consisting plasma red cells, white cells platelets
• Coronary heart arteries disease layers fatty material build
• Stents coronary treat heart disease arteries open
• Statins treat coronary heart disease are widely reduce blood
• Heart valves faulty abe open fully develop leak
• Health state physical mental well-being
• Benign tumours growths abnormal cells contained in one area
• Malignant tumours cells cancers invade neighbouring tissues and spread
• Preclinical trials drug tested cells tissues animals
• Preclinical trials drug toxic are
• Phase clinical trials drug tested healthy volunteers
• Phase clinical trials test safety drug side effects
• Phase clinical trials drug tested sick patients
• Phase clinical trials find dosage drug
• Phase clinical trials drug double-blind sick patients placebo
• Double-blind trials test efficacy drug find causing recovery
• Regulatory review board compares side effects benefits
• Regulatory review drug worth release
• Metabolism sum reactions cell body
• Nitrate ions plants needed protein synthesis growth
• Plant deficient nitrate ions stunted growth
• Magnesium ions plants needed make chlorophyll
• Plant deficient magnesium ions leaves yellow chlorosis die
• Respiration exothermic reaction continuously occuring living cells supplies
• Fermentation anaerobic respiration yeast cells called has economic importance
• Photosynthesis endothermic reaction energy transferred environment the chloroplasts light
• Oxygen debt the amount extra body exercise react the accumulated
• Body starts respiring anaerobically incomplete oxidation glucose build
• Word equation fermentation glucose ethanol carbon dioxide
• Word equation photosynthesis carbon dioxide water glucose oxygen
• Word equation aerobic respiration glucose oxygen carbon dioxide
• Word equation anaerobic respiration glucose → lactic acid
• Human body react increased demand energy exercise heart
• Body anaerobically respire insufficient oxygen aerobic respiration anaerobic
• Monoclonal antibodies pregnancy tests deliver cancer drugs measure
• Malaria prevented stop mosquitos vectors breeding nets avoid
• Rose black spot caused fungus
• Rose black spot spread wind
• Black leaves rate symptoms rose spot develop purple
• Rose black spot treated fungicides and/or remove destroy
• Plants types defences physical chemical mechanical
• Examples physical defences plants cellulose cell walls tough
• Plants release examples chemical defences antibacterial posoins deter
• Animals examples mechanical defences plants thorns hairs deter
• Conditions factors improve rate transpiration higher temperatures dry
• Rate transpiration higher high temperatures dry conditions evaporation
• Water rate transpiration higher windy conditions wind removes
• Rate higher high light transpiration intensities photosynthesis means
• Lipids found cell membrane are
• Lipids formed molecule glycerol reacts fatty acids form
• Excess proteins broken urea are
• Glucose converted starch cellulose glycogen
• Glucose nitrate result reacting ions reacts amino acids
• Internal homeostasis homeostasis regulation of conditions cell organism maintain
• Examples things homeostasis controls blood glucose concentration body
• Cns consist brain spinal cord coordinates response effectors
• Function hypothalamus controls release hormones things hunger
• Function pituitary gland master responsible controlling communicating directly
• Function cerebral cortex initiates actions thoughts emotion site
• Function cerebellum coordinates balance movement
• Function medulla coordinates reflexes breathing circulation
• Temperature body monitored controlled thermoregulatory centre brain receptors sensitive blood
• Body temperature sweat high blood vessels dilate vasodilation) and
• Body temperature low blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction sweating stops
• Endocrine system composed glands secrete chemicals called hormones directly
• Blood glucose monitors concentration monitored controlled the pancreas
• Glucose blood high concentration pancreas produces insulin move the cells
• Glucose blood concentration low pancreas produces glucagon glycogen converted into
• Type diabetes treated disorder pancreas fails produce sufficient insulin
• Type diabetes treated body cells longer respond insulin
• Water urea lungs ions leave body leaves exhalation
• Amino acids safely removed body liver excess amino acids
• Water kidney blood level body controlled hormone adh which
• Dialysis concentration water urea work person connected machine
• Oestrogen main female reproductive hormone produced in the ovary
• Testosterone main male reproductive hormone produced the testes stimulates
• Fsh maturation egg the ovary what
• Lh stimulates release egg the
• Oestrogen progesterone maintain involved maintaining uterus lining
• Pituitary egg fsh uterus lining gland released triggers
• Adrenaline produced adrenal glands times fear stress it increases
• Thyroxine produced thyroid gland stimulates basal metabolic rate
• Gibberellins function plants important initiating seed germination
• Ethene function plants controls cell division ripening fruits
• Auxins in agriculture horticulture weed killers rooting powders promoting
• Ethene in agriculture horticulture food industry control ripening fruit
• Gibberelins used in agriculture horticulture end seed dormancy promote flowering
• Ecosystem interaction community living organisms (biotic non-living abiotic parts
• Carbon function cycle returns organisms atmosphere as carbon dioxide
• Water function cycle fresh plants animals land before draining
• Hiv virus damages cells immune system weakening
• Eukaryotic cells membrane-bound organelles only
• Prokaryotic cells plasmids only have
• Bacterial cells prokaryotic cells::prokaryotic/eukaryotic are
• Animal cells parts nucleus cytoplasm membrane mitochondria ribosomes
• Cell parts found animal plant chloroplasts permanent vacuole
• Cells 0.01mm animal 0.05mm plant 0.10mm
• Differentiation process cells specialised is
• Xylem found plant stem the
• Xylem carry water dissolved minerals roots plant leaves
• Xylem thick walls lignin the
• Phloem carries dissolved sugars plant
• Arteries carry high pressure blood heart smaller lumen
• Veins carry low pressure blood back heart thinner
• Capillaries thin walls cell thick glucose oxygen diffuse
• Diet smoking exercise affect risk cardiovascular disease
• Obesity affects risk type diabetes
• Alcohol affects liver brain function
• Lung smoking affects risk disease cancer
• Smoking alcohol affect unborn babies
• Carcinogens including ionising radiation risk factors cancer
• Urea excreted kidneys is by

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