NEET Biology ug

This flashcard deck covers various topics in biology such as stages of reproduction, distinctions between primates and non-primates, productivity and its types (NPP, GPP), nutrient cycles (gaseous and sedimentary), types of nucleases (exonucleases and endonucleases), different types of reproduction like autogamy, geitonogamy, xenogamy, pollination agents, viral diseases, meristem tissue culture, abiotic factors, population concepts like death rates and sex ratio, lifespan of various organisms, types of reproduction (sexual and asexual) and their characteristics, types of fission (binary and multiple), budding, and examples of these processes in different organisms. Overall, the deck provides a concise overview of fundamental biological concepts.

यह फ्लैशकार्ड डेक जीवविज्ञान के विभिन्न विषयों को कवर करता है, जैसे कि प्रजनन के चरण, प्राइमेट्स और नॉन-प्राइमेट्स, उत्पादकता और उसके प्रकार, पोषक तत्व चक्र, न्यूकलीएज के प्रकार, विभिन्न प्रकार की प्रजनन विधियां जैसे ऑटोगैमी, जीनोआगैमी, ज़ेनोगैमी, परागण के एजेंट, वायरस संबंधित रोग, मेरिस्टेम, पर्यावरणीय कारक, जनसंख्या सम्बंधित अवधारणाएँ जैसे मृत्यु दर, लिंग अनुपात, विशिष्ट जीवों के जीवन काल, प्रजनन के प्रकार (यौन और ऐसैक्सुअल) और उनकी विशेषताएँ, फिशन, बडिंग, और विभिन्न जीवों में इन प्रक्रियाओं के उदाहरण। इस डेक में व्यापक रूप से जीवविज्ञान की बुनियादी अवधारणाओं को सरल और संक्षिप्त रूप में प्रस्तुत किया गया है।

Learn using these flashcards. Click a card to start.

• Reproduction ensures continuity species what
• Dominant biotic pollinating agent bees
• Amazon plants 40000
• Amazon birds 1300
• Amazon amphibians 427
• Da7939f7c4394373adbb46b795b26864-ao-2
• Bagging bag butter paper in
• Columns renal bertini are known
• Glomerulus formed afferent arteriole the
• Amazon invertebrates 125000
• Osteichthyes includes marine fresh water fishes bony endoskeleton
• Heart chambered in osteichthyes auricle ventricle cold-blooded animals sexes
• Amphibians live aquatic terrestrial habitats
• Amphibians  pairs limbs body divisible head trunk tail
• Respiration amphibians  gills lungs skin heart threechambered auricles
• Class refers creeping crawling mode locomotion.reptiles terrestrial animals
• Reptiles external ear openings tympanum represents limbs present
• Modified aves possess beak.the forelimbs wings hind limbs
• Digestive tract birds additional chambers crop gizzard heart
• Air sacs connected lungs aves supplement respiration sexes
• Root monocotyledonous plants primary short lived replaced large
• Plant main functions root system absorption water minerals
• Region millimetres root cap meristematic activity cells small
• Region cells called root elongation zone gradually differentiate mature
• Similarly stems maize sugarcane supporting roots coming lower
• Plants rhizophora growing swampy areas roots ground  grow
• Nodes region stem leaves born called internodes portions
• Stem ascending part axis bearing branches leaves flowers
• Stem bears buds terminal axillary generally green young
• Conducts water minerals photosynthates stems perform function storage
• Act organs perennation tide conditions unfavourable growth stem
• Underground stems plants grass strawberry spread niches older
• Storage polysaccharides starch glycogen inulin
• Lateral branch short internodes and node bearing rosette leaves
• Leaf lateral generally flattened structure borne stem develops
• Leaf attached stem base bear lateral small structures
• Pusa okra bhindhi sawami a4 shoot fruit borer
• Leguminous plants leafbase swollen called pulvinus petiole hold
• Leaf lamina blade green expanded part veins veinlets
• Middle prominent vein midrib provide rigidity leaf blade
• Arrangement veins veinlets lamina leaf termed venation
• Parallel veins run lamina venation termed
• Leaf simple lamina entire incised incisions touch midrib
• Axil compound bud present petiole simple leaves leaflets
• Palmately compound leaves leaflets attached common point i.e
• Alternate type phyllotaxy single leaf arises node manner
• Converted tendrils climbing peas spines defence cacti
• Leaves fleshy onion garlic store food.in plants australian
• Shoot flower modified apical meristem changes floral meristem internodes
• Depending apex converted flower continues grow major types
• Cymose type inflorescence main axis terminates flower limited
• Typical flower kinds whorls arranged successively swollen end
• Flowers lily calyx corolla distinct termed perianth androecium
• Radial flower divided equal halves plane passing centre
• Flower asymmetric irregular divided similar halves vertical plane
• Flowers bracts-reduced leaf found base pedicel called bracteate
• Hypogynous flower gynoecium occupies highest position parts situated
• Ovary epigynous flowers margin thalamus grows upward enclosing
• Corolla petals composed brightly coloured attract insects pollination
• Sepals petals whorl touch margin overlapping calotropis valvate
• Margins sepals petals overlap direction cassia gulmohur aestivation
• Bisexual animal earthworm,leech,sponge,tapeworm eg for
• Petals pea bean flowers largest standard overlaps lateral
• Stamens attached flower united members petals themselves.when epipetalous
• Albuminous seed wheat,maize barley,castor,coconut,sunflower
• Bundles stamens united bunch monoadelphous china rose diadelphous
• Ovary style enlarged basal part lies elongated tube
• Advantages seeds colonize areas food reserve protect young
• Date palm-phoenix dactylifera 2000.king herods
• Apomixis production seeds fertilisation eg.asteraceae grasses
• Importance apomixis produce year lose hybrid character costly
• Animal husbandary deals care breeding live stock poultary
• Yield potential looked after  feeding cattle  stringent cleaning
• Poultry domesticated birds food eggs
• Farm components poultry management selection disease free suitable
• Animal aim breeding increase yield improving desirable qualities
• Inbreeding mating closely related individuals breed generation
• Haploid meiocytes monera,fungi,algae,bryophytes eg for
• Gene advantage inbreedinf increse homozygosity evolve pure line
• Change inbreeding deppression mated unrelated superior animal breed
• Wall ovvary pericarp of
• Crossing mating animals breed common ancestor side pedigree
• Pros outcrossing overcome inbreeding depression low productivity,growth rate
• Fn cross breeding commercial subjected inbreedingand selection stable
• Interspecific hybridisation mule eg for
• Moet programme herd improvement cow administered fsh activity
• Apiculture maintanace hives honey bee production honey 
• Bee pros honey high nutritive medicinal wax cosmetics
• Important points successful bee-keeping knowledge nature habir selection
• Aqua culture pisciculture are  techniques increase production aquatic
• Plant breeding purposeful manipulation species order create desirable
• Classical plant breeding involves hybridisation  of pure lines
• Parents steps breeding collection genetic variability evaluation selection
• Events sexual reproduction prefertilisation.fertilisation post fertilisation
• Collection genetic variability preservation wild varieties,species relatives cultivated
• Hidden hunger billion people suffer mal nutrient,protein vitamin
• Cross parents hybridisation selected desirable character combined plants.this
• Selection testing superior recombinant crucial success breeding objective
• Field test grown research ideal fertilizers management strategy
• Indroduced semi dwarf  whear nobel naurate norman e.borlayg(international
• Semi dwarf rice variety india jaya ratna
• Cane saccharam india sugar barberi bad crossed officinarum(tropical
• Fungal disease rust(brown rust wheat,red rot sugarcane late
• Mosaic viral disease tobacco turnip
• Method breeding disease resistance 1.conventional 2.mutation
• Conventional methods screening germ plasma resistnr source hybridisation
• Cauliflower pusa subhra,pusa snowball k-1 bacterial blight
• Mosaic virus chilli pusa sadabahar chilly tobacco leaf
• Breeding mutational mutation chemicals radiation gamma selecting plants
• Wild high yield resistance yellow mosaic virus bhindi
• High aspartic acid,low nitrogen sugar leads resistance maize
• Objectives breeding improved nutriional quality improve protein  oil
• Iron improved nutritional quality plants maize amount amino
• Enriched vitamin vegetable crops richin carrots,spinach,pumpkin;vitamin c bitter
• Tissue culture technique growing plant cells/tissue/organs sterile cultural
• Explant part plant grown testtube sterile nutrient media
• Nutrient medium explants carbon source sucrose),inorganic salts,vitamin amino
• Tissue culture tomato banana,apple eg
• Meristem free virus from the
• Meristem tissue culture banana,sugarcane,potato eg
• Somatic hybridization protoplasts varieties plants desirable gene fused
• Pollution indesirable change physical chemical biological characteristics air
• Pollution particulate gaseous air pollutants smokestack thermal powerplant
• Syngamy process fusion gamates form zygote
• Consequences pollution injury organism reduce growth yield affect
• Pollution petrol control air particulate matter seperated lead
• Working oof electrostatic precipitors electrode wire charges particles
• Noise damage effect psychological physiology 150db ear drum
• Law policies india control vehiculr pollution a.auto fuel
• Sulphur petrol euro ii norm stipulate controlled  at
• Bod amount biodegradable organic matter sewage  water estimated
• Water hyacinth eichhornia crassioes-terror bengal
• Biomagnification accumulation toxicant succesive trophic levels
• Biomagnification aquatic food chain water zooplan 0.04}small fishes0.5}large
• Ddt disturbs birds calcium metabolism birds.causes thining eggshell
• Eutrophication induce effluent  from industries homes cultural accelerated
• Eutrophication overstimulate algae,unsighty scum robbing oxygen,from lake death
• Sedimentation  dangerous pollutant  heavy metal  still remains innovative
• Marsh land treatment connected hectres-  algae fungi plant
• Ecological sanitation dry compost,practical hygienic efficient cost effective
• Life span period birth natural death organism represent
• Municipal solid wastes  wastes homes offices stores schools,hospitals
• Sanitary landfills adopted substitute  for open burning dumps.in
• Road polyblend fine powder recycled modified  plastics mixed
• Integrated organic farming cyclical waste procedure products process
• Leakage radioactive material incident mile island chernobyl 
• Green house effect natural phenomenon responsible heating earths
• Change imapct global warming deletetious environment resulting odd
• Uv b aging skin,damage skin cells,skin cancers.inflammation cornea
• Soil erosion desertification human activities cultivation deforestation grazing
• Forest cover national policy india recommended plant hils
• Chipko movement garhwal himalaya local women hugged axe
• Organisms ecology  study interaction physical  environment
• Oecology physiological level explain organisms adapt encvironment terms
• Major biomes desert rain forest tundra formed due
• Adaptation morphological physiological behavioural  attributes enables organisms survive
• Extreme places rajasthan desert,rain soaked meghalaya,deep ocean trenches
• Abiotic factors temp,water light,soil eg
• Temp ecological relevant environmental factors
• Temperature effects kinetics enzyme basal metabolism,and  physiological factors
• Eury thermal  they tolerate thrive wide range temp
• Water temp next to
• Aquatic waters role chemical composition ph
• Salt sea in 30-35
• Hypersaline lagoons in >100
• Light sunlight photoperiodism ultimate source energy
• Animal diurnal seasonal variation iin  light intensity photoperiod
• Determine percolation water holding capacity soil composition,grain size
• Type organism  basis homeostasis regulation regulate conform.migrate suspend
• Regulate maintanance homeostasis physiological behavioural  means ensure constant
• Small animals low polar region larger surface area
• Migrate animal birds move temporarily stressful habitat hospitable
• Diapause stage suspended development zooplanktons lakes ponds
• Chain shorter mature insulin is
• Units glucose amylose how many
• Stomata adaptation desert plants thick cuticle leaf surface
• Altitude high symptoms sickness nausea heart palpitation fatigue
• Population gp individual species live  in geographical area
• Populationecology important links ecology population genetics evolution
• Death rates refer capita to
• Sex ratio population a has
• Age pyramids  distribution plotted population resulting structure called
• Population sizw density  it number individuals species unit
• Huge banyan parthenium population size measure  %cover biomass
• Tiger measured  pug marks fecal pellets
• Basic processes fluctuate population density a.natality b.mortality c.immigration
• Mortality number deaths population period
• Figure fluctuation population the of
• Exponential growth geometric fasion unlimited resources
• Dn/dt eqn exponential growth b d n rn
• R in dn/dt rn intrinsic rate natural increase important
• Integral form exponential growth nt = n o ert
• Carrying capacity nature habitat resources support maximum number
• Verhulst-pearl logistic growth intialy lag phase acceleration deceleration
• Breeder pacific salmon fish bamboo
• Small sized  offspring oysters pelagic fishes number large
• Predation carnivore herbivore 25%phytophagous all
• Cactus importance predators  prickly pear cactus.the feeding  predator
• Defense plants thorns acacia,cactus of
• Defenses nicotine,caffeine quinine,strychinene opium useful
• Competition potent force organic evolution process fitness species
• Unrelated competition flamingoes fishes compete zooplanktons south american
• Abingdon goat galapogas the and
• Competitive species release restricted small geographical area due
• Barnacle competitive release connell's field experiment rockyy sea
• Aprthanogenesis female gamates develops organism fertilisation
• Resource partitioning species compete avoid competition choosing  different
• Loss adaptation parasites sense organs presence adhesive organs,sucker
• Parasites human liver fluke depends intermediate hosts snail
• Commensalism orchid growin epiphyte mango branch barnacles growing
• Bees mutualism b/w plants animal fig trees wasps
• Terphenoids monoterpene diterpene and
• Lectin concanavalin a
• Drugs vinblastine circumin
• Primary metabolites required basic purpose growth development
• Polysaccharides ideal storage purposes osmotically inactive chemically reactive
• Structure glucose of
• Epimers isomers position h varies carbon
• Sugar fructose ●ketose ●levulose ●fruit ●sweetest occuring ●source
• Mannose ▪︎found bound stage ▪︎cell wall egg albumen
• Beta monomers lactose galactose glucose
• Monomers sucrose alpha glucose fructose
• Structural polysaccharides cellulose hemicellulose chitin peptidoglycan pectin tunicin
• Mucopolysaccharide agar heparin hyaluronic acid
• Branched starch component amylopectin alpha glycosidic bond
• Iodine colour amylose give added blue-black helical hold
• Essential amino acid phenylalanine valine tryptophan threonine isoleucin
• Neutral amino acids ▪︎glycine ▪︎alanine ▪︎leucine ▪︎isoleucine ▪︎valine
• Amino acid serine threonine st
• Tyrosine forms ▪︎thyroxine ▪︎adrenaline ▪︎melanin
• Types enzymes oxidoreductase transferase hydrolase lyase isomerase ligase
• Hierarchy enzyme of
• Glucose give allosteric modulation formation phosphate adp atp
• Examples competitive inhibitors ●cyanide pills animals inhibiting cytochrome
• Vmax inhibitor competitive added remains constant
• Km inhibitor competitive system added remains constant
• Chargaff's rule a+t/g+c)=1 what is
• Bond present phosphate group pentose sugar ester
• Pitch b dna 34a° nm
• Multi cellular animal organ level acoelomate assymmetry platyhelminthes
• Skeletal system sponges spiccules spongin fibres
• Euspongia bath sponge
• Sea anaemone adamsia
• Corals skeleton composed caco3 have
• Marine aquatic radialy symmetric animals cnidaria coelentrata
• Cnidaria nematocysts stinging capsules present inside cnidoblast
• Ctenophores commonly sea walnuts comb jellies
• Cnidaria caco3 skeleton meandrina brain coral
• Circulation ctenophora branched gastro cavity
• Taenia------common phylum tape worm  platyhelminthes
• Platyhelminthes organisim possesses high regeneration capcity planaria free
• Excreation platyhelminthes flame cells protonephridia
• 1st pseudo coelomatic phylum aschelminthes
• Reproduction aschelminthes sexual uni/bisexual unisexual monoecious sexually dimorphic
• Circulation aschelminthes pseudocoelomic fluid in
• Muscular mouth pharynx,non intestine,no stomach characters phylum aschelminthes
• Homogametes algae gametes similar chatagorise genders
• Ends main sexual character phylum aschelminthes sexually dimorphic
• Reproduction process organism rise  young similar
• Ls crow of 15
• Speciality asexual reproduction clone,similar,unicellular single parent
• Type fissio binary multiple two
• Multiple fission amoeba plasmodium eg
• Budding  small bud,mature,detach,new
• Zoospores algae protist microscopic motile structure
• Gemmules sponge
• Vegeatative propagules runner,rhizome,sucker,tuber,offset,bulb eg for
• Juveline  phase period growth reach maturity sexual reproduction
• Annual binneal plant show perrinial clear cut vegetative
• Bamboo flower yrs lifetime once
• Strobilanthus kunthiana flowers years once
• Stages reach reproduction juveline-physio morpho chang-repro
• Primates cows,sheep,rat,deer,dog,tiger non
• Primates monkey,apes,human
• Oestrous mentrous cycle change undergo activities ovary,accesory duct
• Responsible life phase change hormones
• External fertilisation algae,bony fishes,amphibians eg
• Internal fertilisation fungi,animal-reptiles,birds,mammal,plants-bryophyte,pteri,gymn,ang eg for
• Aquatic ecosystem pond,lake,wetland,river,estuary
• Entire biosphere regarded global ecosystem
• Stratification vertical distribution species occupyin  levels 
• Stratification trees top vertical  strata  shrubs herbs bottom
• Pond shallow simple sustained water body exhibit basic
• Climatic condition affect  pond ecosystem solar input cycle
• Decomposers pond fungi,bacteria flagellates of
• Autotrophs pond perform ecosytem inorganic organic light heterotrophs
• Productivity rate biomass production the
• Unit productivity of
• Type productivity npp,gpp two of
• Gpp gross primary productivity rate production organic matter
• Secondary productivity rate formation organic matter consumers
• Primary productivity depend on  plant species inhabiting area
• Decomposition breakdown complex organic matter  by decomposers inorganic
• Steps decomposition a.fragmentation b.leaching c.catabolism d.humification e.mineralization
• Leaching  process water soluble inorganic nutrients soil horizon
• Humification accumulation humus soil decompose slowly serves reserve
• Factors affecting decomposition chemical composition detritus climatic temp
• Temp decomposition climatic facter soil moisture affect warm
• Ecosystem obey 2nd law thermodyanamics constand supply energy
• Primary producers aquatic  phytoplankton,algae,higher plant
• Gfc grazing food chain
• Dfc begins dead matters.it made decomposer saprotrophs heterotrophic
• Material decomposr degrade food produce enzyme breakdown dead
• Trophic level specific place organisms natural food chain
• 3rd trophic level birds fishes,wolf
• Food web interconnectionof chain called
• Standing crop trophic level mass living material aparticular
• Measured standing crop mass living organisms number  in
• Trophic level gfc restricted  transfer energy law 
• Ecological pyramids represenaition food chain form  pyramid called
• Higher energy lower levels is  level-hrbivorous number carnivorous
• Inverted biomass examples pyramids insects feeding big tree
• Ecological succession  a gradual slow predictable change species
• Community seral stages individual transitional termed
• Successive seral stage occur change i n diversity
• Primary succession newly cooled lava,bare rocks,newly created pond
• Succession secondary place area existed organism lost
• Species invade depend condition e soil,availibility water
• Stage convert seral succession earlier deforestation fire human
• Succession hydrarch takes place wetter areas.the series progress
• Primary succession rocks-xerophytic habitat 1.lichen-secrete acids dissolve rock
• Primary succesion water 1.phytoplankton 2.free floating angiosperms 3.rooted
• Standing state varies kind ecosystem seasonal basis
• Cycle nutrient types a.gaseous b.sedimentary
• Cycle gaseous reservoir exist atmosphere(nitrogen carbon
• Sedimentary cycle reservoir located earths crust(sulphur phosphorous
• Reservoir meets deficit nutrients due to  imbalance ratte
• Reservoir c atm-1 orga(dry weight)-49 ocean-regualte atmospheric co2-71% 
• Role human activities carbon cycle deforestation burning fossil
• Natural reservoir p rock(in form phosphates
• Ecosystem services products processes  the
• Healthy ecosystem provide purify air d water habitat
• Contribution soil trillion of to
• Climatic regulation habitat wildlife rc
• Biotechnology deals techniques live organisms enzymes products processes
• Biotechnology-efb defines biotechnology integrationof natural science cells parts
• Genetic engineering technique ehich material chemically altered indroduced
• Sterile ambience traditionamethod leads inclusion multiplcation undesired gene
• Dna host basic step genetically modifying organism 1.identification
• Enzyme restriction found 1963-two responsible restricting growth bacteriophage
• Enzyme naming restriction ecori  roman number =the order
• Type nuclease exonucleases endonucleases two
• Exonuclease remove nucleotides ends dna
• Endonucleases  cut specific position dna
• Problem ethical issues unpredictable results patent biopiracy
• Cut specific restriciton endonuclease dna recognize sequence strands
• Sequence palindromic dna base pair reads direction orientation
• End sticky restriciton enzyme cut dna awy palindromic
• Protein recombinant encoding gene expressed heterologous host 
• Process electrophorosis made move anode ve chargedunder electric
• Identified visualised staining ethidium bromide exposture uv rays-bright
• Cloning vector plasmid bacteriophage eg
• Feature cloning vector a.ori b.selectable marker c.cloning site
• Transformation procedure piece dna indroduced host bacterium
• Selectable marer  e choli ampicilin chloramphenicol,tetracyclin kanamycin 
• Alternate selectalbe marer chromogenic substrate  lined enzyme alpha
• Deliver agrobacterium tumifaciens pathogen dicot plants t dna
• Dna ice making host competetnt hydrophilic passage cell
• Dna gene processes recombianat technology 1.isolation genetic material
• Biopiracy basmati rice herbal medicines turmeric neem
• Dna cutting specific location incubate purified restriction enzyme
• Primers small chemically synthesized oligonucleotides complementary region dna
• Ultimate aim recombinant dna technology produce desirable products
• Bioreactor vessels  raw material biologically converted specific products
• Reactor facilitate mixing stirred tank cylindrical curved base
• Stream processing series processes seperation purification products biosynthetic
• Applications biotechnology a.biopharmaceuticals b.therapeutics c.diagnostics d.gmc agriculture e.processed
• Gmo plants bacteria fungi animals whise genes altered
• Reduce plants advantage gmo moretolerant abiotic stress chemical
• Protein kill insect ingest inactive toxin activated due
• Cryiac cryiiab cotton bollworm and
• Nematode meloidegayne incognito infecttion removed rna interference 
• Rnai amethod cellular defense eukaryotic  organisms.it prevents translation
• Nematode specific resisted gene indroduced produce sense antisense
• Structure insulin short polypeptide chain b linked disulphide
• Prohormone  mammal insulin produced prohormone consisit extra structure
• Made artificial insulin dna sequence corres b seperately
• Gene therapy method correcting defect diagnosed ina child
• Gene therapy carried outo  inserted person cell tissue
• Ada occurs h deletion gene fot ad crucial
• Early method curing ada bone marrow transplantation enzyme
• Molecular diafnosis recombinant dna technology  pcr elisa
• Pcr ssdna ssrna tagged allowed hybridise complementary dna
• Animals transgenic whhose genome altered indroduction extra gene
• Study safety benefit transgenic animals normal physiology development
• Study contribution genes development disease investigation treatment cancer
• Vaccine safety mice monkeys and
• Tetsudo tortoise
• Biopiracy bioresources  by multinational companies organisation  proper authorisation
• Parts stamens a.filament  b.anther two
• Anther terminal typically bilobed structure
• Layers microsporagium circular epidermis,endothecium,middle layer,tapetum
• Cells tapetum dense cytoplasm nucleas
• Sporogenous tissue gp homogenous cells occupies centre microsporangia
• Microsporogenesis formation microspore pmc meiosis is 
• Microspore dissociated anther matures dehydrate
• Pollen grain spherical pico meter cytoplasm surrounded plasma
• Prop sporopollenin highly resistant enzyme,acid alkaly  degrade
• Cells mature pollen grain vegetative generative
• Vegetative cells bigger abundent food reserve large irregularly
• Viability pollen grain depend temp humidity
• Leguminoseae,rosa,solan pollen volatality months
• Advantages pollen grain increase performance rich nutrients food
• Free pistil apocarpous
• Stigma landing platform pollen grains
• Ovary  basal bulged part pistil
• Ovules papaya,watermelon,orchid many
• Megasporangium structure attached placenta means stalk-funicle
• Micropyle integuments encircle ovule expect tip small opening
• Nucellus enclosed integuments,there mass cells 
• Monosporic developments conversion ovule form embryou sac
• Filiform synergid special cellular thickening micropylar tip-guide pollen
• Autogamy viola common pancy oxalis commelina
• Condition autogamy close synchrony  the
• Seed consist of  coat,cotyledons,an embryo axid
• Type autogamy a.chasmogamous b.cleistogamous two
• Cleisogamous anther stigma close assured seed set
• Geitogamy flower plant different same
• Xenogamy plants flower pollination in
• Agents pollination 1.abiotic 2.biotic of
• Large pollination condition anemophily amount pollen light sticky
• Hydrophilya vallisneria hydrilla(fresh water zostera marine sea grasses
• Vallisneria female reaches surfaceof water long stalk male
• Flowers features insect pollinated large colourful fragrant rich
• Outbreeding devices a.avoiding synchronization b.arrangement anther stigma position
• Autogamy production unisexual flower monoecious prevented  dioecious plant
• Gamtes enters synergids through  micropyle
• Double fertilisation  syngamy triple fusion takes place
• Crocodilus crocodile 🐊
• Bangarus krait
• Endosperm cell develop primary central triple fusion  becomes
• Free nuclear endosperm common  endosperm development pen undergoes
• Zygote give rise proembryo,globular heart shaped,mature  embryo
• Fruits true plants develops ovary floral parts degenerate
• Reproduction annelida sexual hermaphroditic neiris
• Hirudunaria aka blood sucking leech
• Segmentation arthropoda head thorax abdomen
• Gills arthropoda respiration prawns book limmulus lungs scorpion
• Paired ganglia connected lateral nerves double ventral chord
• Maliphaghian tubules statocyst balancing organs present arthropods
• Apis aka honey bee
• Bombyx aka silk worm
• Arthropods circulatory system open is
• Arthropods means jointed appendages name
• Mollusca largest animal phylum porifera  cnidaria ctenophora platyhelminthes
• Soft spongy layer skin forms visceral hump mantle
• Excreatory respiratory organ mollusca feather gills
• Vegetative reproduction chlorophyceae fragmentation in
• Sensory tentacles present reigion organisims animal phylum anterior
• Echinodermata-----adults radialy symmetric are
• Excretory organs present phylum echinodermata
• Respiration echinodermata respiratory tree tube feet dermal branchia
• Water vascular system mandreporite-----ring canal-------radial canal-------lateral canal---------tube feet}is
• Endo skeleton echinodermata made calacareous ossicle
• Phylum stomochord notochord hemi chordate
• Small group worm marine organisims organ system level
• Balanoglossus aka acron hemichordate
• Body cylindrical proboscis gland present excretion hemi chordate
• Main characters chordates notochord dorsal hollow nerve chord
• Phylum's chordate cephalochordate urochordate vertebrate
• Notochord present life cephalochordate is
• Protochordates habitat exclusively marine are
• 6-15pairs gill slits respiration present pteromyzon cyclostomata
• Examples cyclostomata pteromyzon lamprey myxine hag fish
• Pristine  scoliodon  carcodon  trygon  torpedo members class condrichthyes
• Clarias magur
• Exocoetus hippocampus labeo catla betta pterphyllum oeistichtyes
• Moist skin scale body charachters amphibians
• Tympanum represents ear menbers classes amphibians reprilia
• Organisims shed scales skin cast reptiles
• Vipers bangarus,naja hemidactylus,alligator 🐊crocodile,calotes,chameleon,tetsudo,chelone reptilia(reptiles
• Gizzard crop contained aves birds
• Pavo peacock 🦚
• Neophrone vulture
• Corvus columba psittacula struthio pavo aptenodytes neophrone birds
• Presence milk mammary glands feeding young present phylum
• 7cervical vertebrae muscular diaphragm mammalia
• Macropus kangaroo 🦘
• Macaca monkey 🐒
• O external fertilisation oviparous oestichthyes esticthyes viparous
• Chlorophyll bearing simple thalloid autotrophic largely aquatic fresh
• Filamentous algae spyrogyra ulothrix
• Algae vegetative reproduction fragmentation
• Means sexual reproduction algae isogamous anisogamous oogamous
• Gametes similar structure size anisogamous
• Examples algae flagellated isogamous gametes spyrogyra
• Motile gamate large female small male character oogamous
• Examples species edible algae porphyra laminaria sargassum
• Agar gellidium gracillaria cheif producers
• Algae divided baisic characters based pigments present chlrophyceae
• Chlorophyll major pigments green algae b
• Chlorophyll b pigments chlorophyceae localised definite structures cloroplast
• Cellwall made chlorophyceae cellulose is
• Asexual reproduction chlorophyceae flagellated zoospores produced zoosporangia
• Food stored distinct bodies chlorophyceae pyrenoids protein outer
• Examples chlorophyceae chlamydomonas ulothrix spyrogyra chara volvox
• Vegetative cells cellulosic cellwall made gelatinous coating chlorophceae
• Located nucleus plastids protoplast phaecophyceae centrally vacuole
• Leaf structures conduct photosynthesis phaecophyceae aka frond
• Stipe frond hold fast root stem leaf structures
• Structure zoospores asexual reproduction phaecophyceae biflagellate pear shaped
• Inside speciality sexually reproducing species phaecophyceae gametes fuse
• Kingdom classification r h whittaker monera protista fungi
• Bacterias occour cosmopolitans everywhere and
• Bacterias classified shapes cocus bacillus spirilla vibrio
• Monera divided types archaebacteria eubacteria mycoplasma
• Archaebacteria aka living fossils
• Archaebacteria live harsh habitats bacterias living extremely salty
• Main peculiarity archaebacteria cellwall structure
• Rigid cellwall mucilagenous sheath motile forms flagellum main
• Main pigments present photo autotrophes eubateria chlorophyll similar
• Water cynobacteria s unicellular colonial filamentous fresh marine
• Chemosynthetic autotrophs produce energy oxidising inorganic substances nitrates
• Producing anti biotics streptomycin streptococcus
• Tb mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Typhoid salmonella typhi
• Conditions unfavourable members kingdom monera produce survive years
• Characters mycoplasma smallest living organisims survive oxygen lack
• Classification protists chrsophytes dinoflagellates euglinoids slime moulds protozoans
• Cellwall structure rhodophyceae cellulose pectin polysulphate esters
• Bodily complexicity chlorophyceae unicellular multicellular
• Bodily complexicity rhodophyceae multicellular unicellular
• Pigment imparts red colour rhodophyceae r-phycoerythrine
• Area ocean rhodophyceae found lighted warmer close sea
• Amylopectin glycogen similar structure food storing methods rhodophyceae
• Sexual reproduction rhodophyceae motile oogametes oogamous species complex
• Bryophytes classified types mosses liverworts
• Bryophytes called amphibians plant kingdom bcoz soil grow
• Differentiated dominant phase pteridophytes ferns-------clue sporophyte
• Thallus-like prostate(erect)and attached substratum unicellular multicellular rhizoids{are characters
• Bryophytes spore producing plant body sporophyte diploid(2n
• Female sex organ bryophytes archegonium
• Shaped shape male female sex organs bryophytes club
• Antheridium archegonium male female gametes produced antherozoids egg
• Zygote formed fertilisation dont undergo reduction division immediately
• Sporophyte production zygote bryophytes)which produces cells divides form
• Kindom protista divided divisions chrysophytes dinoflagellates euglenoids slime
• Cell organisation orgenells protista defined nucleus membrane bounded
• Reproduce protists asexualy sexualy process involving cell fusion
• Habitat chrysophytes marine fresh water
• Mode nutrition chrysophytes  photosynthetic of
• Made cell wall chrysophytes outer part cellulose  silica
• Cellwalls form thin overlapping stuctures fit soap box.these
• Habitat dinoflagellates marine of mostly
• Pigments dinoflagellates green brown blue yellow red
• Motility dinoflagellates longitudinal transverse flagella  arise furrow  b/w
• Red tide caused by  gonyaulax  dinoflagellate
• Light type nutrition which   does photosynthesis  switches predatory
• Cellwall composition euglenoids absent protien layer pellicle makes
• Sutable conditions slime mould form aggregation plasmodium
• Sterile stamen called staminode what
• Conditions unfavourable plasmodium formed slime moulds differentiates fruiting
• Spores produced fruiting bodies slime moulds dispersed air
• Protozoans live predators parasite mostly
• Water  habitat amoeboid protozoans fresh marine moist soil
• Examples amoeboid protozoans entamoeba parasites
• Mode nutrition flagellated protozoans free living  parasitic
• Named sleeping sickness caued flagellated protozoan spread vector
• Cavity eating food present cilited protozoans  outer side
• Cordinated movement cilia food move cavity gullet body
• Main habitat liverworts moist shady areas
• Asexual reproduction liverworts fragmentation  formation specialised structures called
• Gemmae are  green  multi-cellular asexual buds develope small
• The  sexual reproduction liverworts male  female  sex organs
• Creepy green branched filamentous structure formed stage gametophytic
• Leafy stage mosses type leaves upright  slender axes
• Vegetative reproduction mosses fragmentation  budding secondary protonema lateral
• Polyadelphous citrus eg
• Sexual reproduction mosses antheridia male club shaped  archaegonium-------female
• Capsule formed meiosis spores the
• Sporophyte mosses produce elaborate disposal mechanisim spores
• Sexual reproduction mosses fertilisation zygote developes sporophyte foot
• Main plants included pteridophytes horse tails ferns
• Small leaves found ptridophytes called give microphylls selanginella
• Groups pteridophytes large leaves called give macrophylls ferns
• Sporophylls maycombine spiral arrangement form distinct compact structures
• Equisetum dinstinct structures modifications sporophylls strobbili cones found
• Male female sex organs pteridophytes found gametophytes  present 
• Majority pteridophytes spores size called homosporous
• Pteridophytes spores bigger i size smaller called give
• Developement zygote inside female gametophyte called precursor seed
• Female gametophytes retained parent sporophytes variable periods pteridophytes
• Examples sphenopsida equisetum for
• Pteropsida examples dryopteris  pteris adiantum walking fern
• Gnetopsida examples gnetum
• Fert ovules enclossed ovary wall remain open  befor
• Fungi shoew diverse morphlogical charachters produce diseases in 
• Unicellular fungi yeast(saromyces the only
• Body fungi organised long  slender thread structures hyphae
• Cross walls fungis hyphae septae
• Fungi heterotrophic absorb soluble organic matter dead substrates
• Reproduction fungi place vegetative means fragmentation fission budding
• Sexual reproduction fungi oospores ascospores basidiospores
• Sexual cycle involves steps.[fungi plasmogamy  karyogamy meiosis zygote
• Fungus reproduces sexually haploid hyphae compatible mating types
• 4db4d756de084e58a38362928b2228dd-ao-9
• Called fungi as  ascomycetes basidiomycetes intervening dikaryotic stage
• Morphology mycelium mode spore formation and fruiting bodies form
• Cf5bdf22321445e4b78a8a3b7e70afe6-oa-14
• Axial placentation china rose tomato lemon
• Cf5bdf22321445e4b78a8a3b7e70afe6-oa-15
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• 4db4d756de084e58a38362928b2228dd-ao-6
• Parbhani kranti bhindi resistant to yellow mosaic virus
• C60e2e08f44841feb0627fab376ac25f-ao-3
• C60e2e08f44841feb0627fab376ac25f-ao-4
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• Prostomium covers mouth earthworm of
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• 3bff1e3ba0db44a4bb6e472e4b08fafd-ao-12
• Sleeping sickness caused trypanosoma flagellated protozoan
• 3bff1e3ba0db44a4bb6e472e4b08fafd-ao-15
• 3bff1e3ba0db44a4bb6e472e4b08fafd-ao-18
• Prostomium sensory function is in
• 2cb22d61b2bb44b685b37258aadc3d77-ao-3
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• E32e42c2adaf4ee6a4ec03cd59769a49-ao-1
• Cuboidal epithelium found in  ducts glands nephron tubules
• E32e42c2adaf4ee6a4ec03cd59769a49-ao-4
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• Df89e9e5a6ba4429a71970c1a8a69535-ao-6
• Df89e9e5a6ba4429a71970c1a8a69535-ao-7
• Segments spermathecal apertures earthworm 5th-9th
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• Pyrenoids starch protein contain and
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• Utricularia bladderwort is also known
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• 110547a584354cf7965b14091db9cba9-ao-7
• 110547a584354cf7965b14091db9cba9-ao-8
• Unicellular glandular epithelium goblet cells alimentary canal
• 110547a584354cf7965b14091db9cba9-ao-9
• 110547a584354cf7965b14091db9cba9-ao-11
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• 882225dc29cb41fbb759e2ca26045fbb-ao-1
• 882225dc29cb41fbb759e2ca26045fbb-ao-4
• Miller experiment conducted year in
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• 882225dc29cb41fbb759e2ca26045fbb-ao-7
• 1eb298f1972b407a869474dc1626e8e6-ao-3
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• B27727f677784534a2463d88e249d4fc-oa-6
• B27727f677784534a2463d88e249d4fc-oa-9
• Embryological support evolution disproved karl ernst von baer
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• Ff40a67bdaed46c989fd19fd0063dfb4-oa-7
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• Ff40a67bdaed46c989fd19fd0063dfb4-oa-12
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• Ff40a67bdaed46c989fd19fd0063dfb4-oa-21
• D6cdd69dcbeb4ea087b76c0c9b4284e4-ao-3
• D6cdd69dcbeb4ea087b76c0c9b4284e4-ao-5
• D6cdd69dcbeb4ea087b76c0c9b4284e4-ao-8
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• 6eedf179838a4e38bc4f7f43f9f51469-ao-4
• 9aab1b81729f41e1a95f029be7902e75-ao-2
• 9aab1b81729f41e1a95f029be7902e75-ao-3
• Nucleoside names purine pyrimidine substituted sugars rna adenosine
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• 8e0f09a37c0d4b52859dcf6b12bac2ee-ao-13
• 8e0f09a37c0d4b52859dcf6b12bac2ee-ao-16
• Bougainvillea cucurbita are homologous and
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• 31d05ea6a4194d81b6514df5b09e9a70-ao-3
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• 8624569a23234994b58446df7ec59a17-ao-5
• 528a6c35f83d4ccba7d49a515fb9c872-ao-3
• Duodenum brunners glands present submucosa
• 528a6c35f83d4ccba7d49a515fb9c872-ao-5
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• 100ae80e74374b3f857fb4f9bc722140-ao-3
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• C116b48552d1495da68133202a8521f6-ao-3
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• 65a20a68b53f4ab6b477fd18be035705-ao-7
• 65a20a68b53f4ab6b477fd18be035705-ao-9
• Matrix cartilage solid pliable the
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• D33b3420673e44a389596da44b3a0ce8-ao-3
• 5b84b815452f4cdbba3ce3bb4a2f82b9-ao-1

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