IGCSE Biology Summary

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• Fun fact ribcage this is
• Fun fact breathe organs abdomen pushed
• Abdominal fun fact breathing forcefully muscles contract push
• Breathing moves ribcage  intercostal muscles contract external internal
• Intercostal muscles internal external function antagonistically true false
• Surface list adaptations alveoli cell thick walls large
• Test carbon dioxide exhaled air limewater
• People treatment years fun fact canada dialysis survive
• Fun fact fruits 17th century selective breeding made
• Steroids fun fact sterilize men safe doctor tells
• Substances move diffusion placenta question i simple
• Digested food absorbed small intestine
• Water absorbed small intestine where
• Veins heart true false go
• Arteries heart true false go
• Reproduction processes create organisms what
• Binomial panthera tigris refers genus
• Catus binomial felis refers species
• List unique features plant cells walls made cellulose
• Parallel veins characteristic dicotyledons true false
• Monocotyledons broad leaves true false
• Mono cotyledons true false only
• List features commonly shared arthropods multiple pairs jointed
• List common arthropod families insects arachnids crustacea myriapods
• List common classes vertebrates fishes amphibians reptiles birds
• Viruses alive true false are
• Viruses protected protein coat are
• Structures cells prokaryotes ribosomes rough endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria
• Mitochondria powerhouse cell aerobic respiration
• Function ciliated cell move mucus trachea bronchi
• Function root hair cell absorb water
• Functions xylem vessels transportation support
• Function palisade mesophyll cell perform photosynthesis
• Function nerve cells conduct neural impulses
• Function red blood cells transport oxygen
• Function sperm egg cells reproduction
• Define tissue group cells working perform shared function
• Define organ structure made tissues working perform specific
• Define organ system group working perform body functions
• Micrometers μm 1mm = 1000
• Long micrometers μm cell 5mm 100x magnification reality
• Enzyme multiple types substrates true false
• Concentration diffusion random movement particles higher lower gradient
• Selective diffusion semi-permeable membrane what
• List factors affect diffusion surface area temperature concentration
• Water potential osmosis movement molecules higher lower partially
• Plasmolysis cell loses water hypertonic solution
• Define turgor pressure force pushes plasma membrane cell
• Define turgid swollen due liquid
• Define flaccid lacking firmness
• Water cell diffuse osmosis root hair potential inside
• Define hypertonic higher solute concentration compared solution partially
• Define hypotonic lower solute concentration compared solution partially
• Define isotonic solute concentration compared solution partially permeable
• Concentration active transport movement particles low high cell
• Things active transport carrier proteins energy
• Carbohydrates composed small sugar units
• Fats oils composed glycerol fatty acid molecules
• Starch glycogen cellulose composed of  glucose
• Test detect starch colour positive result iodine solution
• Test detect reducing sugars colour positive result benedict
• Step test reducing sugars boil solution adding benedict
• Test proteins colour positive result biuret s reagent
• Solvent dissolve oils fats emulsion test ethanol
• Step adding solvent emulsion test pour distilled water
• Colour positive result emulsion test milky-white
• Test vitamin c positive result dcpip colourless
• Proteins made combinations amino acids
• Structure function enzymes active site
• Structure function antibodies binding site
• Structure dna strands coiled double helix
• Letters represent bases g,c,a,t the
• Base g bind c what
• Base t bind what will
• Dna strands connected base pairs
• Define catalyst substance increases rate reaction changed
• Enzyme biological catalyst composed proteins
• Enzyme enzyme-substrate complex temporary combination substrate form product
• Small decrease temperature optimal change enzyme reacts slower
• Large increase temperature optimal change enzyme reacts denatured
• Large decrease temperature optimal change enzyme reacts function
• Enzymes reduce activation energy reaction body
• Change denature large ph enzyme 3d structure reliant
• Define photosynthesis process plants create carbohydrates light raw
• Give balanced chemical equation photosynthesis 6co2 6h2o c6h12o6
• Energy chlorophyll photosynthesis transfers light chemical
• Energy greenhouse grow plants colder countries light traps
• Colour change represents acidic concentrations carbon dioxide hydrogencarbonate
• Colour change represents basic concentrations carbon dioxide hydrogencarbonate
• Leaves flat creates large surface area diffusion sunlight
• Leaves thin create small distance diffusion gases
• Large empty spaces inside leaf provide easy passage
• Stomata gas exchange carbon dioxide oxygen
• Mesophyll palisade spongy chloroplasts cells light hits higher
• Main nitrate ions plant synthesis amino acids
• Main magnesium ions plant synthesis chlorophyll
• Deficiency nitrate ions affect plant stunted growth stem
• Magnesium deficiency ions affect plant turn yellow bottom
• Low fiber intake constipation what
• High cholesterol blood coronary heart disease chd
• Too-large intake calories obesity what
• Vitamin c deficiency scurvy what
• Main sources carbohydrates healthy diet grains starchy vegetables
• Energy main sources fats healthy diet nuts seeds
• Proteins main sources healthy diet meat fish dairy
• Main sources vitamin c fruits vegetables involved collagen
• Main sources vitamin d skin sun foods absorption
• Alkali substances bile neutralise stomach acids coming duodenum
• Main sources calcium healthy diet dairy products improves
• Main sources iron healthy diet eggs meat part
• Fibre indigestible cellulose what is
• Iron deficiency anaemia extreme cases death
• Vitamin d deficiency rickets bones lack calcium weak
• Kwashiorkor symptoms protein deficiency loss muscle mass swelling
• Marasmus symptoms deficiency nutrients stunted growth intellectual disability
• Ingestion taking substances body mouth
• Mechanical digestion breaking food smaller pieces chemical change
• Chemical digestion breaking l arge insoluble molecules small
• Cells assimilation moving digested food molecules making part
• Egestion removing food digested absorbed faeces
• Diarrhoea movement water faeces rectum caused change solute
• Diarrhoea treated oral rehydration therapy
• Cholera bacterium produces toxins attract chlorine ions faeces
• List parts small intestine duodenum ileum
• List parts large intestine colon rectum anus
• List types teeth front back incisors canines premolars
• Hard layer teeth called enamel
• Hardest layer teeth called dentine
• Blood vessels nerves tooth pulp
• Tooth stuck gums cement what
• Enamel dissolve acids produced bacteria feed sugars mouth
• Important brush teeth remove bacteria sugars lead tooth
• Chemical digestion important breaks food soluble molecules absorbed
• Starch digested amylase secreted mouth maltose small intestine
• Protein digested pepsin stomach trypsin small intestine
• Acid stomach break harmful enzymes provide optimum ph
• Ph optimum pepsin what is
• Fats oil broken lipase duodenum
• Produced stored bile liver gallbladder
• Bile alkaline substances pigments salts
• Bile salts important emulsify fats increases surface area
• Function villi microvilli increase surface area diffusion
• Function lacteal villi absorb fats
• Function goblet cell secrete mucus protects intestine
• Function capillaries villi absorb sugars minerals ions water
• Villus wall cell thick reduce distance diffusion
• Water move xylem chain evaporates leaves cohesion means
• Function xylem vessel transport water mineral ions
• Function phloem sieve tubes translocation
• Root hair cell large surface area speed rate
• Water minerals enter leaves absorption roots transport xylem
• Transpiration loss water vapour leaves evaporating spongy mesophyll
• Large leaf surface area affect transpiration will  increase
• Minerals absorbed root hair cells active transport
• Water enter root hair cells osmosis
• Xylem vessel line dead empty cells broken walls
• Substance rigidity xylem vessels lignin
• Rate water wilting happen transpiration higher absorption cells
• Translocation movement sucrose  and amino acids source sink
• Translocation meant sink region sugars amino acids stored/used
• Translocation meant source region sugars amino acids produced/stored
• Storage regions source sink production plants explain excess
• System circulatory blood vessels pumps valves ensures flow
• Circulation double difference single blood passes heart circuit
• Double circulation system advantageous ensures high pressure blood
• List types valves heart remember labrat bicuspid tricuspid
• Left stronger ticker-walled ventricle supplies blood entire body
• Septum tissues separates sides heart
• Diagram heart side oxygenated blood
• Heart diagram side carries oxygenated blood left
• Pulmonary list major blood vessel types into/out heart
• Type blood pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated
• Function valve prevent backwards flow
• Arteries carry oxygenated blood high pressure heart statement
• Atria thicker walls ventricles true false
• Ventricle pulmonary vena cava atrium vein statement correct
• Organ pulmonary arteries/veins lungs the
• List ways monitor heart activity ecg pulse rate
• Exercise heart rate increase oxygen glucose demand blood
• Coronary heart disease chd blockage artery cholesterol build
• High give coronary heart disease chd lack exercise
• Prevent coronary heart disease chd maintain healthy diet
• Treat coronary heart disease chd surgery regular doses
• Stent artery describe procedures angioplasty surgery catheter inserted
• Stent flexible wire mesh tube
• Blood describe procedure coronary bypass surgery vessel part
• Function capillary network diffusion substances tissue fluid
• Refer kidney system related parts renal
• Lumen artery small increase blood pressure
• Muscles artery thick support high pressure rupturing
• Vein lumen large reduce friction blood walls
• Muscles vein lumen thick pressure low
• Capillary walls cell thick decrease distance diffusion
• Blood vessels veins venules  the valves high pressure
• Difference artery arteriole elastic tissue muscle fibres
• Arterioles muscle fibres responsible vasoconstriction
• Function shunt vessel dilate divert blood skin body
• Liver system related parts hepatic
• Function hepatic portal vein transport blood nutrients digestive
• Function lymphatic system recycle tissue fluid transport white
• Fluid inside lymphatic system lymph
• Lymphocytes stored lymph nodes where
• Valves lymphatic system true false
• Lymph moved contraction lymphatic vessels true false?  false
• Blood cells main components red white platelets plasma
• Percentage volume plasma normal blood
• Protein red blood cells colour transport oxygen haemoglobin
• Red blood cells nucleus haemoglobin
• Red blood cells fit capillaries true false
• Main types white blood cell phagocytes lymphocytes
• Function phagocytes engulf pathogens phagocytosis digest
• Function lymphocytes store genetic information antibodies produce
• Clotting present occur platelets fibrinogen calcium factors
• Function platelets perform steps lead clotting
• Function fibrin form network fibres trap blood cells
• Clotting important prevent blood loss entry pathogens
• Plasma exits capillaries called tissue fluid
• Plasma difference tissue fluid proteins large diffuse capillaries
• Function tissue fluid act medium transport glucose oxygen
• Tissue fluid nutrients removed diffuse blood lymphatic system
• Pathogen disease-causing organism a what
• Disease transmissible pathogen move hosts
• Contact ways pathogens spread direct indirect
• Contact methods included direct coming blood bodily fluids
• Contact methods included indirect contaminated surfaces food water
• Barriers methods  defence disease mechanical chemical cells vaccination
• Mechanical barriers skin hair nose
• Chemical barriers stomach acid mucus tears enzyme lysozome
• Lysozome break bacterial cell membranes
• Cells protect disease phagocytes lymphocytes white blood
• Antibodies work binding antigens cell surfaces marking phagocytes
• Antibodies  affect antigens true false
• Immunity active lasts long time lymphocytes remember pathogen
• Vaccine harmless pathogens what is
• Vaccine give immunity white blood cells attack pathogens
• Immunity passive short time antibodies produced body lymphocytes
• Babies protected infection weak immune system antibodies mother
• Cells type diabetes autoimmune disease white blood attack
• Liver's role excretion deamination what
• Lungs role excretion removal co2 h2o
• Air breathe contact alveoli true false
• Diffusion blood supply affect lungs higher rate
• Lung tissues spongy flexible muscles true false
• Bronchioles alveoli the what comes
• Small bronchi bronchioles what is
• Proper windpipe trachea the what
• Trachea splits bronchi the when
• Lungs thorax where are your
• Stops food entering trachea epiglottis
• Talk make sounds larynx what
• Sheet muscle separates thorax abdomen diaphragm
• Function ribs support skin protect organs move breath
• Trachea bronchi stay shape breathe cartilage supports
• Inhaling set intercostal muscles contracts external
• Exhaling set intercostal muscles contracts internal
• Diffuses increased breathing rate support heavy exercise oxygen
• Cells goblet ciliated protect lungs produce mucus traps
• Core energy body muscle contraction protein synthesis cell
• Respiration carried cells enzymes mitochondria break glucose
• Aerobic presence oxygen what does
• Anaerobic presence oxygen what does
• Aerobic respiration food oxidized true false
• C6h12o6 6o2 6co2 6h2o +
• C6h12o6 2c3h6o3 2c2h5oh 2co2 >
• Anaerobic respiration occur humans true false
• Organism commonly anaerobic respiration yeast
• Produces energy aerobic anaerobic which
• Lactic acid removed body aerobic respiration liver
• Lactic heart breathing rate stay high exercise transport
• Deamination breaking excess amino acids glycogen urea liver
• Kidneys role excretion remove urea nitrogen waste blood
• Skin's role excretion excretory organ excrete stuff lose
• Tubes carry urine kidneys bladder ureters
• Tube carries urine body urethra
• Excretion compounds toxic concentration high
• Co2 dangerous dissolves water form carbonic acid h2co3
• Ammonia dangerous alkaline toxic is
• Ammonia dangerous urea true false
• Names arteries/veins kidney renal the
• Cortex lighter portion kidney medulla darker outer true
• Glomerulus ball capillaries a what
• Diffuses renal fluid glomerulus capsule tubule
• Renal tubule coiling looping leads collecting duct
• Renal nephron glomerulus capsule tubule capillaries
• Fluid diffuses glomerulus water salts glucose urea
• Fluid passes renal tubule substances returned blood
• Fluid called glucose water salts removed urine
• Dialysis fluid glucose ions at similar concentration blood
• Urea dialysis fluid maintain concentration gradient true false
• Blood passes dialysis machine lose urea
• Blood dialysis glucose diffuse machine true false fluid
• Dialysis patients kidney transplants shortage donors surgery risky
• Nerve impulse electric signal passes neurons
• Nervous components human system central cns peripheral
• Myelin electrical insulator coats axon
• Function dendrites receive electrical impulses cells
• Function motor end plate pass electrical impulses neuron
• Types neuron sensory motor relay
• Function sensory neuron impulses receptor cells cns
• Function motor neuron carry impulses cns effector cells
• Relay function neuron signals sensory motor
• Part cns brain spinal chord
• Part peripheral nervous system nerve cells cns
• Reflex automatic reaction require brain process information
• Reflexes faster normal actions prevent reduce lasting damage
• Neuron path reflex sensory relay motor
• Doctors hit knee hint fun nerve damage spine
• Action voluntary difference involuntary requires brain send impulses
• Synapse gap neurons what is
• Travels synapse neurotransmitters what across
• Neurotransmitters stored vesicles where are
• Neurotransmitters send pulses synapse diffuse receptors starts impulse
• Neurotransmitters receptors present sides synapse true false
• Takes impulse transmit neurotransmitters start pulse neuron true
• Heroin make feel high stimulating receptors control dopamine
• Sense organ responds specific stimulus
• List parts eye cornea iris lens retina optic
• Controls shape lens ciliary muscles suspensory ligaments
• Function iris control light enters pupil
• Function lens focus light retina
• Function retina light receptors the
• Types light receptors cones rods
• Cones detect bright coloured light
• Rods detect dim monochromatic light
• Cones retina fovea the where
• Types cone cells red green blue
• Types muscle find iris circular radial
• Muscles contract make pupil smaller circular
• Muscles circular radial function antagonistically true false
• Object nearby shape lens contract fat ciliary muscles
• Object shape lens stretch thin suspensory ligaments
• Suspensory ligaments contract object incorrect statement stretch slacken
• Central part retina fovea the
• Hormone chemical substance produced gland carried blood alters
• Topic covers glands adrenal pancreas testis ovary hormones
• Signals liver blood glucose level produce secondary sexual
• Muscles breathing arterioles fat body digestive alimentary faster
• Homeostasis maintenance constant internal environment
• Meiosis nuclear division leads genetically cells
• Blood remove nutrients regulate wastes exchange water examples
• Negative feedback system change normal opposing reaction
• Blood glucose level high happen pancreas detects change
• Diabetes condition blood glucose level remains high
• Diabetes treated insulin injections how
• Uppermost layer skin epidermis the
• Uppermost layer skin dermis the
• Fat stored subcutaneous layer where
• Pigment skin dark colour helps absorb uv rays
• Layer capillaries located dermis the
• Warm heat methods insulation fat retains hairs trap
• Skin methods cool vasodilation arterioles dilate blood sweating
• Temperature body detect change regulate skin receptors sense
• Geotropism response plant grows gravity
• Phototropism response plant grows direction incoming light
• Types photo/geotropism positive negative what
• Advantages positive phototropism leaves exposed sunlight flowers visible
• Roots advantages geotropism deep firmly attach plant reach
• Auxins family plant hormones what
• Made tips growing roots stems
• Auxins present tips stems roots true false
• Auxins elongate cells light gravity stems opposite roots
• Drug substance body modifies affects chemical reactions
• Ways antibiotics attack bacteria disrupt production cell wall
• Drug resistant bacteria developed exposed kill
• Development drug resistant bacteria prevented antibiotics completing prescribed
• Antibiotics effective bacteria viruses true false
• Alcohol toxins broken body liver
• Effects excessive alcohol consumption heroin abuse powerful depressants
• Virus transmitted dirty heroin needles hiv/aids
• Long term effect chronic alcohol abuse liver damage/failure
• Disease major caused tobacco smoking chronic obstructive pulmonary
• Effect nicotine body increase heart rate lead arrhythmia
• Effect tar body main lung cancer
• Effect carbon monoxide body permanently binds haemoglobin reduces
• Mass testosterone people sports increases muscle bone
• Anabolic steroids synthetic derivatives testosterone
• Effect anabolic steroids increased muscle development reduced body
• Negative effects long term steroid sterility masculinization women
• Asexual reproduction process results production genetically identical offspring
• Needed advantages asexual reproduction mate gametes good characteristics
• Disadvantages asexual reproduction variation evolution parent resistance disease
• Sexual reproduction process involving fusion gametes form zygote
• Fertilization fusion gamete nuclei what
• Produced gametes type division reproductive organs meiosis
• Gametes mobile common trait male small female larger
• Cells haploid diploid chromosomes pairs difference half number
• Zygotes haploid gametes diploid true false
• Haploid cells fuse diploid what
• Advantages sexual reproduction offspring variated easily adapt evolve
• Disadvantages sexual reproduction parents required plants self-pollinate gametes
• Selective breeding interfering reproduction produce favourable offspring
• The  advantage selective breeding plants desirable traits
• Disadvantage selective breeding genes lost generation reduces variation
• Male names female reproductive organs found plants stamen
• Plants type reproductive organ true false
• Petals functions sepal protect unopened flower coloured attract
• Function anther produce male sex cells pollen
• Meiosis occur sex glands animals
• Stigma ovary functions collects pollen grains produces female
• Pollination t ransfer pollen anther stigma
• Nucleus fertilization occur plants pollen fuses ovule
• Flower self-pollination transfer pollen anthers stigma plant
• Cross-pollination transfer pollen anther stigma plant species
• Self-pollination differences cross-pollination cross pollination guarantees variation good
• Pollen lands stigma tube begins grow style ovary
• Pollen grains insect-pollinated wind-pollinated difference large sticky/spiky stick
• Germination enzyme controlled process seed develops young plant
• Factors germination oxygen respiration water  to activate enzymes
• Nucleus fertilization occur humans sperm fuses ovum
• Sperm cell adapted function flagellum movement acrosome produces 
• Egg cell adapted function energy stores growth jelly
• Sperm gland male reproductive tubes urethra secretes nutritive
• Uterus vagina keywords female reproductive system functions ovaries
• Sperms difference egg cells smaller produced larger numbers
• Embryo fertilization humans zygote divides form ball cells
• Amniotic sac fluid tough membrane protects fetus
• Embryo placenta connected anchors uterus supplies nutrients oxygen
• Blood embryo shared mother prevents borne diseases harmful
• General antenatal care strategies eating including iron folic
• Cervix head contractions vagina process labour birth good
• Baby exits vagina umbilical cord tied cut afterbirth
• Advantages breast-feeding nutrients easily digestible forms antibodies protect
• Body puberty period ages child's develops adults gradually
• Occur puberty production hormones testosterone males oestrogen females
• Uterus implantation describe menstrual cycle ovaries collectively  release
• Hormone produced pituitary gland functions follicle stimulating fsh
• Production uterus lining hormones produced ovaries/placenta pregnant functions
• Types birth control natural chemical mechanical surgical
• Sex matured natural birth control methods abstinence ineffective
• Contraceptive progesterone intra-uterine device inserted releases long time
• Condom mechanical barriers simple plastic layer semen prevents
• Cut sealed surgical sterilization procedures vasectomy sperm ducts
• Hormone pills  can contraceptively true false
• Uterus fertilization ova fertilized methods artificial insemination injecting
• Cells make divide process meiosis chromosomes copy pair
• Treatments social implications contraception fertility religions methods encourage
• Transmitted sexually infection/disease sti/std infection bodily fluids sexual
• Hiv/aids main concern scientists researching stis/stds aids acquired
• Effect hiv/aids hiv attack lymphocytes reducing presence body
• Stis/stds spread reduced engaging sexual intercourse infected person
• Is  movement an  action  by  organism part organism
• Is  excretion removal  of  waste products  of metabolism, 
• Is  respiration the  chemical reactions  that break nutrients
• Is  nutrition taking in  materials  for  energy growth
• Is  sensitivity ability to  react  to  external stimuli
• Increase size is  growth  permanent  in   and  dry
• Inheritance transmission genetic information generation
• Study inheritance works genetics what
• Chromosome gene allele  is dna define thread made
• Pairs chromosomes human body how
• Letters represent sex chromosomes humans x y
• Xy female true false is
• Code genetic set bases g c t proteins
• Genetic information important instructions proteins enzymes antibodies receptors
• Bases represent amino acid how
• Rna bind amino dna protein half strand removed
• Body selective gene expression proteins parts expressed saves
• Mitosis nuclear division creates genetically identical cells
• Humans produce sexually mitosis cells damaged die replaced
• Move describe process mitosis chromosome duplicated cell eventually
• Cells stem divide skin bones
• Genotype phenotype organism difference genetic information observable features
• Homozygous heterozygous person copies difference gene
• Allele dominant recessive expressed true false
• Pure breeding happen homozygous individuals alleles true false
• Heterozygous genotype involved pure breeding true false
• Sex affected linked characteristic common men genotypes chromosomes
• Variation differences individuals species the
• Variation genetic determined genes what
• Phenotypic variation determined genes true false affected environment
• Acquired characteristic inherited determined difference environment genes
• Variation continuous discontinuous present difference spectrum categorised
• Blood groups discontinuous variation true false
• Mutation spontaneous genetic change what
• Increase rate of mutation chemicals ionizing radiation
• Sickle-cell anaemia mutation haemoglobin red blood cell sickle
• Sickle-cell anaemia malaria the  allele populations central africa
• Feature adaptive inherited functional improves organisms ability  survive
• Fitness likeliness organism surviving reproducing
• Xerophytes large adapted environments no/very small leaves stomata
• Hydrophytes large stomata air adapted environments surface area
• Reproduce traits genes natural selection process organisms survive
• Adaptation process species adapts develops traits loses harmful
• Evolution change adaptive features population time due natural
• Selection pressure antibiotic resistant bacteria abuse
• Natural selection selective breeding difference promotes variation limits
• Energy biological systems sun where
• Biofuels require sun's energy true false
• Food chain diagram shows transfer energy organism
• Producers organisms create food autotrophs sunlight
• Eat difference herbivore carnivore plants animals
• Consumer organism consumes food what
• Interdependence living organisms depend eachother survive reproduce
• Predator difference scavenger hunt food find dead killed
• Consumers primary secondary tertiary quarternary
• Pyramid balanced ecosystem numbers displays organisms order energy
• Pyramid balanced ecosystem biomass displays mass organisms order
• Over-harvesting reduction population species point endangered extinct
• Species introducing foreign dangerous ecosystem predators spread rapidly
• Food trophic level position organism chain web pyramid
• Lost energy trophic moves levels metabolism organism passes
• Food efficient maize producer or  cow primary consumer
• Common types cycles water carbon nitrogen
• Organisms carbon true false use
• Carbon main source plants dioxide
• Plants photosynthesis carbon dioxide form sugars
• Animals main source carbon sugars carbohydrates plants
• Animals sugars carbohydrates respiration produce energy carbon dioxide
• Other  sources carbon dioxide animals burning fossil fuels
• Atmosphere burning fossil fuels affected industrial revolution concentration
• Increase population increased carbon dioxide atmosphere land needed
• Water main movements cycle evaporation condensation transpiration precipitation
• Evaporation energy sun wind hits surface water
• Condensation cooling water vapour particle form droplet
• Transpiration diffusion water vapour stomata
• Precipitation water heavy remain floating drops
• Nitrogen essential part amino acids required build proteins
• Humans plants absorb nitrogen gas atmosphere true false
• Nitrogen gas converted ammonia nitrogen-fixing bacteria present soil
• Nitrates ammonia produced proteins made plants prefer naturally
• Produces lightning ammonia strikes true false nitrogen oxides
• Nitrates factors remove soil plants amino acids soluble
• Population group organisms species living interacting area time
• Community populations species ecosystem what
• Ecosystem unit community organisms environment
• Factors affect population growth food supply predation disease
• Infant mortality death rate children years
• Life expectancy average age death population
• Phases sigmoid population growth curve lag exponential(log stationary
• Phase lag population remains small beginning curve
• Phase exponential(log population doubles increases exponentially
• Phase stationary resources longer support growth population increase
• Phase death organisms die born resources depleted
• Factors abiotic biological rain temperature
• Factors biotic biological caterpillars eating leaf
• Biotechnology application biological organisms systems processes manufacturing service
• Genetic engineering changing material  of organism removing inserting
• Bacteria genetic engineering reasons biotechnology produce complex molecules
• Common products genetic engineering insulin
• Make common yeast alcohol bread
• Plasmid desired gene restriction forming sticky ends bacterial
• Enzymes restriction cut dna specific sites
• Enzymes ligase join dna specific sites
• Fermenter machine produces optimal conditions organism growth
• Agricultural machinery machines clear land prepare soil/plants maintain/harvest
• Chemical fertilizers provide minerals increase yield crops
• Pesticide chemical destroys agricultural pests/competitors
• Are  herbicides chemicals kill plants compete growth conditions
• Insecticides chemicals destroy harmful insects
• Monoculture species grown space is
• Negative impacts monocultures remove nutrients soil encourage loss
• Negative impacts  of intensive livestock farming unethical conditions
• Food distribution problems dependence country devalue local large
• Reduces farming famine soil seeds lack areas damage
• Oil extraction resources habitats mining natural damage destroys
• Organisms factors marine pollution  explain untreated sewage fertilizers
• Animals increase roots soil deforestation occur consequences wood
• Insecticides effects  insecticides kill insects carry disease remain
• Herbicides kill plants effects competing leach water systems
• Nuclear fallout long effects carried wind water half-life
• Water effects chemical waste dumped poisonous organisms live
• Sewage negative impact environment diseases typhoid cholera dangerous
• Leaching fertilizers eutrophication what can
• Plants water oxygen surface light underwater air dead
• Oxygen water pollution high bod biochemical demand sample
• Plastics animals negative effects dumped large ugly piles
• Common greenhouse gases work carbon dioxide methane trap
• Change issue climate polar ice caps melt raise
• Acid rain oxides lakes effects caused acidic sulphur
• Hormones sewage water environmental effects of  contraceptive excreted
• Resource sustainable replenished faster quickly removed
• Development sustainable population harming environment
• Important conserve non-renewable resources finite eventually run preserved
• Fish resource sustain forests stocks education teaching people
• Common products reused or recycled paper glass plastic metal
• Settled gravity sludge process sewage treatment water screened
• Sustainable development require management conflicting demands planning local
• Population species reduce ways endangered extinct climate change
• Ways habitats conserved monitoring species education captive breeding
• Reasons for  conservation programmes reduce extinction protect vulnerable

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