IGCSE Biology Summary

This IGCSE Biology flashcard deck covers a broad range of key topics, including breathing mechanisms and ribcage movement, cell and tissue structure and function, plant and animal characteristics and classification, and fundamental biological processes such as diffusion, osmosis, and reproduction. It also addresses specific adaptations like the alveoli, specialized cell functions, and important definitions related to biological organization levels. Additionally, it includes interesting facts and relevant information about human health and biotechnology, such as the effects of steroids and survival rates for kidney treatments.

Esta baraja de tarjetas de estudio de biología IGCSE cubre una amplia gama de temas clave, incluyendo la respiración y el movimiento del pecho, la estructura y función de las células y tejidos, características y clasificación de plantas, animales y virus, así como procesos biológicos fundamentales como la difusión, osmosis y reproducción. También aborda adaptaciones específicas como las alveolares, funciones celulares especializadas, y definiciones importantes relacionadas con niveles de organización biológica. Además, incluye curiosidades y datos relevantes sobre la salud humana y la biotecnología, como el impacto de los esteroides y la supervivencia en tratamientos renales.

Learn using these flashcards. Click a card to start.

• Intercostal muscles internal external function antagonistically true false
• Surface list adaptations alveoli cell thick walls large
• Fun fact breathe organs abdomen pushed
• Steroids fun fact sterilize men safe doctor tells
• Substances move diffusion placenta question i simple
• Fun fact fruits 17th century selective breeding made
• Breathing moves ribcage  intercostal muscles contract external internal
• Test carbon dioxide exhaled air limewater
• People treatment years fun fact canada dialysis survive
• Abdominal fun fact breathing forcefully muscles contract push
• Fun fact ribcage this is
• Catus binomial felis refers species
• Parallel veins characteristic dicotyledons true false
• Monocotyledons broad leaves true false
• List common arthropod families insects arachnids crustacea myriapods
• List common classes vertebrates fishes amphibians reptiles birds
• Viruses alive true false are
• Mitochondria powerhouse cell aerobic respiration
• Function ciliated cell move mucus trachea bronchi
• Functions xylem vessels transportation support
• Function nerve cells conduct neural impulses
• Function red blood cells transport oxygen
• Define tissue group cells working perform shared function
• Define organ system group working perform body functions
• Micrometers μm 1mm = 1000
• Enzyme multiple types substrates true false
• List factors affect diffusion surface area temperature concentration
• Plasmolysis cell loses water hypertonic solution
• Define turgor pressure force pushes plasma membrane cell
• Define flaccid lacking firmness
• Define hypertonic higher solute concentration compared solution partially
• Define isotonic solute concentration compared solution partially permeable
• Things active transport carrier proteins energy
• Carbohydrates composed small sugar units
• Starch glycogen cellulose composed of  glucose
• Test detect reducing sugars colour positive result benedict
• Test proteins colour positive result biuret s reagent
• Step adding solvent emulsion test pour distilled water
• Colour positive result emulsion test milky-white
• Proteins made combinations amino acids
• Structure function antibodies binding site
• Letters represent bases g,c,a,t the
• Base g bind c what
• Base t bind what will
• Dna strands connected base pairs
• Enzyme biological catalyst composed proteins
• Large decrease temperature optimal change enzyme reacts function
• Define photosynthesis process plants create carbohydrates light raw
• Give balanced chemical equation photosynthesis 6co2 6h2o c6h12o6
• Energy chlorophyll photosynthesis transfers light chemical
• Colour change represents acidic concentrations carbon dioxide hydrogencarbonate
• Leaves flat creates large surface area diffusion sunlight
• Leaves thin create small distance diffusion gases
• Stomata gas exchange carbon dioxide oxygen
• Main nitrate ions plant synthesis amino acids
• Main magnesium ions plant synthesis chlorophyll
• Magnesium deficiency ions affect plant turn yellow bottom
• Low fiber intake constipation what
• Too-large intake calories obesity what
• Vitamin c deficiency scurvy what
• Proteins main sources healthy diet meat fish dairy
• Main sources vitamin d skin sun foods absorption
• Alkali substances bile neutralise stomach acids coming duodenum
• Fibre indigestible cellulose what is
• Iron deficiency anaemia extreme cases death
• Kwashiorkor symptoms protein deficiency loss muscle mass swelling
• Ingestion taking substances body mouth
• Mechanical digestion breaking food smaller pieces chemical change
• Cells assimilation moving digested food molecules making part
• Egestion removing food digested absorbed faeces
• Diarrhoea treated oral rehydration therapy
• List parts small intestine duodenum ileum
• List parts large intestine colon rectum anus
• Hard layer teeth called enamel
• Hardest layer teeth called dentine
• Blood vessels nerves tooth pulp
• Important brush teeth remove bacteria sugars lead tooth
• Chemical digestion important breaks food soluble molecules absorbed
• Protein digested pepsin stomach trypsin small intestine
• Ph optimum pepsin what is
• Fats oil broken lipase duodenum
• Produced stored bile liver gallbladder
• Bile salts important emulsify fats increases surface area
• Function goblet cell secrete mucus protects intestine
• Villus wall cell thick reduce distance diffusion
• Function xylem vessel transport water mineral ions
• Function phloem sieve tubes translocation
• Root hair cell large surface area speed rate
• Large leaf surface area affect transpiration will  increase
• Minerals absorbed root hair cells active transport
• Water enter root hair cells osmosis
• Substance rigidity xylem vessels lignin
• Translocation movement sucrose  and amino acids source sink
• Translocation meant sink region sugars amino acids stored/used
• System circulatory blood vessels pumps valves ensures flow
• Circulation double difference single blood passes heart circuit
• List types valves heart remember labrat bicuspid tricuspid
• Septum tissues separates sides heart
• Diagram heart side oxygenated blood
• Type blood pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated
• Function valve prevent backwards flow
• Atria thicker walls ventricles true false
• Organ pulmonary arteries/veins lungs the
• Coronary heart disease chd blockage artery cholesterol build
• Prevent coronary heart disease chd maintain healthy diet
• Treat coronary heart disease chd surgery regular doses
• Stent flexible wire mesh tube
• Function capillary network diffusion substances tissue fluid
• Refer kidney system related parts renal
• Lumen artery small increase blood pressure
• Vein lumen large reduce friction blood walls
• Capillary walls cell thick decrease distance diffusion
• Difference artery arteriole elastic tissue muscle fibres
• Arterioles muscle fibres responsible vasoconstriction
• Liver system related parts hepatic
• Function lymphatic system recycle tissue fluid transport white
• Fluid inside lymphatic system lymph
• Lymphocytes stored lymph nodes where
• Lymph moved contraction lymphatic vessels true false?  false
• List ways monitor heart activity ecg pulse rate
• Red blood cells nucleus haemoglobin
• Red blood cells fit capillaries true false
• Function phagocytes engulf pathogens phagocytosis digest
• Clotting present occur platelets fibrinogen calcium factors
• Function fibrin form network fibres trap blood cells
• Clotting important prevent blood loss entry pathogens
• Function tissue fluid act medium transport glucose oxygen
• Pathogen disease-causing organism a what
• Disease transmissible pathogen move hosts
• Contact ways pathogens spread direct indirect
• Contact methods included direct coming blood bodily fluids
• Barriers methods  defence disease mechanical chemical cells vaccination
• Chemical barriers stomach acid mucus tears enzyme lysozome
• Cells protect disease phagocytes lymphocytes white blood
• Antibodies  affect antigens true false
• Vaccine harmless pathogens what is
• Vaccine give immunity white blood cells attack pathogens
• Cells type diabetes autoimmune disease white blood attack
• Reproduction processes create organisms what
• Binomial panthera tigris refers genus
• List unique features plant cells walls made cellulose
• Mono cotyledons true false only
• List features commonly shared arthropods multiple pairs jointed
• Viruses protected protein coat are
• Structures cells prokaryotes ribosomes rough endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria
• Function root hair cell absorb water
• Function palisade mesophyll cell perform photosynthesis
• Function sperm egg cells reproduction
• Define organ structure made tissues working perform specific
• Long micrometers μm cell 5mm 100x magnification reality
• Concentration diffusion random movement particles higher lower gradient
• Selective diffusion semi-permeable membrane what
• Water potential osmosis movement molecules higher lower partially
• Define turgid swollen due liquid
• Water cell diffuse osmosis root hair potential inside
• Define hypotonic lower solute concentration compared solution partially
• Concentration active transport movement particles low high cell
• Fats oils composed glycerol fatty acid molecules
• Test detect starch colour positive result iodine solution
• Step test reducing sugars boil solution adding benedict
• Solvent dissolve oils fats emulsion test ethanol
• Test vitamin c positive result dcpip colourless
• Structure function enzymes active site
• Structure dna strands coiled double helix
• Define catalyst substance increases rate reaction changed
• Enzyme enzyme-substrate complex temporary combination substrate form product
• Small decrease temperature optimal change enzyme reacts slower
• Large increase temperature optimal change enzyme reacts denatured
• Enzymes reduce activation energy reaction body
• Change denature large ph enzyme 3d structure reliant
• Energy greenhouse grow plants colder countries light traps
• Colour change represents basic concentrations carbon dioxide hydrogencarbonate
• Large empty spaces inside leaf provide easy passage
• Mesophyll palisade spongy chloroplasts cells light hits higher
• Deficiency nitrate ions affect plant stunted growth stem
• High cholesterol blood coronary heart disease chd
• Main sources carbohydrates healthy diet grains starchy vegetables
• Energy main sources fats healthy diet nuts seeds
• Main sources vitamin c fruits vegetables involved collagen
• Main sources calcium healthy diet dairy products improves
• Main sources iron healthy diet eggs meat part
• Vitamin d deficiency rickets bones lack calcium weak
• Marasmus symptoms deficiency nutrients stunted growth intellectual disability
• Chemical digestion breaking l arge insoluble molecules small
• Diarrhoea movement water faeces rectum caused change solute
• Cholera bacterium produces toxins attract chlorine ions faeces
• List types teeth front back incisors canines premolars
• Tooth stuck gums cement what
• Enamel dissolve acids produced bacteria feed sugars mouth
• Starch digested amylase secreted mouth maltose small intestine
• Acid stomach break harmful enzymes provide optimum ph
• Bile alkaline substances pigments salts
• Digested food absorbed small intestine
• Water absorbed small intestine where
• Function villi microvilli increase surface area diffusion
• Function lacteal villi absorb fats
• Function capillaries villi absorb sugars minerals ions water
• Water move xylem chain evaporates leaves cohesion means
• Water minerals enter leaves absorption roots transport xylem
• Transpiration loss water vapour leaves evaporating spongy mesophyll
• Xylem vessel line dead empty cells broken walls
• Rate water wilting happen transpiration higher absorption cells
• Translocation meant source region sugars amino acids produced/stored
• Storage regions source sink production plants explain excess
• Double circulation system advantageous ensures high pressure blood
• Left stronger ticker-walled ventricle supplies blood entire body
• Heart diagram side carries oxygenated blood left
• Pulmonary list major blood vessel types into/out heart
• Veins heart true false go
• Arteries heart true false go
• Arteries carry oxygenated blood high pressure heart statement
• Ventricle pulmonary vena cava atrium vein statement correct
• Exercise heart rate increase oxygen glucose demand blood
• High give coronary heart disease chd lack exercise
• Stent artery describe procedures angioplasty surgery catheter inserted
• Blood describe procedure coronary bypass surgery vessel part
• Muscles artery thick support high pressure rupturing
• Muscles vein lumen thick pressure low
• Blood vessels veins venules  the valves high pressure
• Function shunt vessel dilate divert blood skin body
• Function hepatic portal vein transport blood nutrients digestive
• Valves lymphatic system true false
• Blood cells main components red white platelets plasma
• Percentage volume plasma normal blood
• Protein red blood cells colour transport oxygen haemoglobin
• Main types white blood cell phagocytes lymphocytes
• Function lymphocytes store genetic information antibodies produce
• Function platelets perform steps lead clotting
• Plasma exits capillaries called tissue fluid
• Plasma difference tissue fluid proteins large diffuse capillaries
• Tissue fluid nutrients removed diffuse blood lymphatic system
• Contact methods included indirect contaminated surfaces food water
• Mechanical barriers skin hair nose
• Lysozome break bacterial cell membranes
• Antibodies work binding antigens cell surfaces marking phagocytes
• Immunity active lasts long time lymphocytes remember pathogen
• Immunity passive short time antibodies produced body lymphocytes
• Babies protected infection weak immune system antibodies mother
• Auxins family plant hormones what
• Fertilization fusion gamete nuclei what
• Air breathe contact alveoli true false
• Bronchioles alveoli the what comes
• Small bronchi bronchioles what is
• Trachea splits bronchi the when
• Lungs thorax where are your
• Talk make sounds larynx what
• Function ribs support skin protect organs move breath
• Inhaling set intercostal muscles contracts external
• Exhaling set intercostal muscles contracts internal
• Cells goblet ciliated protect lungs produce mucus traps
• Respiration carried cells enzymes mitochondria break glucose
• Aerobic presence oxygen what does
• Anaerobic presence oxygen what does
• Aerobic respiration food oxidized true false
• Anaerobic respiration occur humans true false
• Organism commonly anaerobic respiration yeast
• Lactic acid removed body aerobic respiration liver
• Deamination breaking excess amino acids glycogen urea liver
• Tubes carry urine kidneys bladder ureters
• Tube carries urine body urethra
• Ammonia dangerous alkaline toxic is
• Ammonia dangerous urea true false
• Names arteries/veins kidney renal the
• Glomerulus ball capillaries a what
• Diffuses renal fluid glomerulus capsule tubule
• Renal nephron glomerulus capsule tubule capillaries
• Fluid called glucose water salts removed urine
• Dialysis fluid glucose ions at similar concentration blood
• Blood passes dialysis machine lose urea
• Dialysis patients kidney transplants shortage donors surgery risky
• Nerve impulse electric signal passes neurons
• Nervous components human system central cns peripheral
• Myelin electrical insulator coats axon
• Types neuron sensory motor relay
• Function sensory neuron impulses receptor cells cns
• Relay function neuron signals sensory motor
• Part cns brain spinal chord
• Reflexes faster normal actions prevent reduce lasting damage
• Action voluntary difference involuntary requires brain send impulses
• Synapse gap neurons what is
• Neurotransmitters stored vesicles where are
• Neurotransmitters receptors present sides synapse true false
• Heroin make feel high stimulating receptors control dopamine
• Sense organ responds specific stimulus
• Controls shape lens ciliary muscles suspensory ligaments
• Function lens focus light retina
• Types light receptors cones rods
• Cones detect bright coloured light
• Rods detect dim monochromatic light
• Types cone cells red green blue
• Muscles contract make pupil smaller circular
• Object nearby shape lens contract fat ciliary muscles
• Suspensory ligaments contract object incorrect statement stretch slacken
• Central part retina fovea the
• Homeostasis maintenance constant internal environment
• Geotropism response plant grows gravity
• Phototropism response plant grows direction incoming light
• Roots advantages geotropism deep firmly attach plant reach
• Made tips growing roots stems
• Auxins present tips stems roots true false
• Drug substance body modifies affects chemical reactions
• Drug resistant bacteria developed exposed kill
• Antibiotics effective bacteria viruses true false
• Alcohol toxins broken body liver
• Virus transmitted dirty heroin needles hiv/aids
• Long term effect chronic alcohol abuse liver damage/failure
• Disease major caused tobacco smoking chronic obstructive pulmonary
• Negative feedback system change normal opposing reaction
• Blood glucose level high happen pancreas detects change
• Diabetes condition blood glucose level remains high
• Diabetes treated insulin injections how
• Uppermost layer skin epidermis the
• Uppermost layer skin dermis the
• Fat stored subcutaneous layer where
• Layer capillaries located dermis the
• Effect tar body main lung cancer
• Mass testosterone people sports increases muscle bone
• Anabolic steroids synthetic derivatives testosterone
• Effect anabolic steroids increased muscle development reduced body
• Asexual reproduction process results production genetically identical offspring
• Sexual reproduction process involving fusion gametes form zygote
• Produced gametes type division reproductive organs meiosis
• Gametes mobile common trait male small female larger
• Cells haploid diploid chromosomes pairs difference half number
• Zygotes haploid gametes diploid true false
• Haploid cells fuse diploid what
• Disadvantages sexual reproduction parents required plants self-pollinate gametes
• Selective breeding interfering reproduction produce favourable offspring
• Disadvantage selective breeding genes lost generation reduces variation
• Male names female reproductive organs found plants stamen
• Plants type reproductive organ true false
• Function anther produce male sex cells pollen
• Meiosis occur sex glands animals
• Pollination t ransfer pollen anther stigma
• Cross-pollination transfer pollen anther stigma plant species
• Pollen lands stigma tube begins grow style ovary
• Germination enzyme controlled process seed develops young plant
• Factors germination oxygen respiration water  to activate enzymes
• Nucleus fertilization occur humans sperm fuses ovum
• Egg cell adapted function energy stores growth jelly
• Uterus vagina keywords female reproductive system functions ovaries
• Sperms difference egg cells smaller produced larger numbers
• Embryo fertilization humans zygote divides form ball cells
• Amniotic sac fluid tough membrane protects fetus
• Blood embryo shared mother prevents borne diseases harmful
• General antenatal care strategies eating including iron folic
• Baby exits vagina umbilical cord tied cut afterbirth
• Body puberty period ages child's develops adults gradually
• Occur puberty production hormones testosterone males oestrogen females
• Hormone produced pituitary gland functions follicle stimulating fsh
• Production uterus lining hormones produced ovaries/placenta pregnant functions
• Types birth control natural chemical mechanical surgical
• Condom mechanical barriers simple plastic layer semen prevents
• Cut sealed surgical sterilization procedures vasectomy sperm ducts
• Hormone pills  can contraceptively true false
• Uterus fertilization ova fertilized methods artificial insemination injecting
• Transmitted sexually infection/disease sti/std infection bodily fluids sexual
• Effect hiv/aids hiv attack lymphocytes reducing presence body
• Stis/stds spread reduced engaging sexual intercourse infected person
• Is  movement an  action  by  organism part organism
• Is  respiration the  chemical reactions  that break nutrients
• Is  nutrition taking in  materials  for  energy growth
• Increase size is  growth  permanent  in   and  dry
• Study inheritance works genetics what
• Pairs chromosomes human body how
• Letters represent sex chromosomes humans x y
• Xy female true false is
• Code genetic set bases g c t proteins
• Genetic information important instructions proteins enzymes antibodies receptors
• Bases represent amino acid how
• Body selective gene expression proteins parts expressed saves
• Mitosis nuclear division creates genetically identical cells
• Humans produce sexually mitosis cells damaged die replaced
• Move describe process mitosis chromosome duplicated cell eventually
• Allele dominant recessive expressed true false
• Pure breeding happen homozygous individuals alleles true false
• Heterozygous genotype involved pure breeding true false
• Variation differences individuals species the
• Variation genetic determined genes what
• Phenotypic variation determined genes true false affected environment
• Variation continuous discontinuous present difference spectrum categorised
• Blood groups discontinuous variation true false
• Mutation spontaneous genetic change what
• Increase rate of mutation chemicals ionizing radiation
• Feature adaptive inherited functional improves organisms ability  survive
• Fitness likeliness organism surviving reproducing
• Hydrophytes large stomata air adapted environments surface area
• Adaptation process species adapts develops traits loses harmful
• Evolution change adaptive features population time due natural
• Selection pressure antibiotic resistant bacteria abuse
• Natural selection selective breeding difference promotes variation limits
• Energy biological systems sun where
• Producers organisms create food autotrophs sunlight
• Consumer organism consumes food what
• Interdependence living organisms depend eachother survive reproduce
• Consumers primary secondary tertiary quarternary
• Pyramid balanced ecosystem biomass displays mass organisms order
• Over-harvesting reduction population species point endangered extinct
• Food trophic level position organism chain web pyramid
• Food efficient maize producer or  cow primary consumer
• Common types cycles water carbon nitrogen
• Organisms carbon true false use
• Carbon main source plants dioxide
• Plants photosynthesis carbon dioxide form sugars
• Animals main source carbon sugars carbohydrates plants
• Animals sugars carbohydrates respiration produce energy carbon dioxide
• Atmosphere burning fossil fuels affected industrial revolution concentration
• Increase population increased carbon dioxide atmosphere land needed
• Evaporation energy sun wind hits surface water
• Condensation cooling water vapour particle form droplet
• Transpiration diffusion water vapour stomata
• Nitrogen essential part amino acids required build proteins
• Produces lightning ammonia strikes true false nitrogen oxides
• Nitrates factors remove soil plants amino acids soluble
• Population group organisms species living interacting area time
• Community populations species ecosystem what
• Factors affect population growth food supply predation disease
• Infant mortality death rate children years
• Life expectancy average age death population
• Phase lag population remains small beginning curve
• Phase exponential(log population doubles increases exponentially
• Phase death organisms die born resources depleted
• Factors abiotic biological rain temperature
• Biotechnology application biological organisms systems processes manufacturing service
• Common products genetic engineering insulin
• Make common yeast alcohol bread
• Enzymes restriction cut dna specific sites
• Enzymes ligase join dna specific sites
• Fermenter machine produces optimal conditions organism growth
• Agricultural machinery machines clear land prepare soil/plants maintain/harvest
• Chemical fertilizers provide minerals increase yield crops
• Pesticide chemical destroys agricultural pests/competitors
• Insecticides chemicals destroy harmful insects
• Monoculture species grown space is
• Food distribution problems dependence country devalue local large
• Oil extraction resources habitats mining natural damage destroys
• Organisms factors marine pollution  explain untreated sewage fertilizers
• Insecticides effects  insecticides kill insects carry disease remain
• Herbicides kill plants effects competing leach water systems
• Nuclear fallout long effects carried wind water half-life
• Sewage negative impact environment diseases typhoid cholera dangerous
• Leaching fertilizers eutrophication what can
• Common greenhouse gases work carbon dioxide methane trap
• Acid rain oxides lakes effects caused acidic sulphur
• Resource sustainable replenished faster quickly removed
• Development sustainable population harming environment
• Fish resource sustain forests stocks education teaching people
• Common products reused or recycled paper glass plastic metal
• Sustainable development require management conflicting demands planning local
• Ways habitats conserved monitoring species education captive breeding
• Reasons for  conservation programmes reduce extinction protect vulnerable
• Plastics animals negative effects dumped large ugly piles
• Change issue climate polar ice caps melt raise
• Hormones sewage water environmental effects of  contraceptive excreted
• Important conserve non-renewable resources finite eventually run preserved
• Settled gravity sludge process sewage treatment water screened
• Population species reduce ways endangered extinct climate change
• Skin methods cool vasodilation arterioles dilate blood sweating
• Temperature body detect change regulate skin receptors sense
• Types photo/geotropism positive negative what
• Advantages positive phototropism leaves exposed sunlight flowers visible
• Auxins elongate cells light gravity stems opposite roots
• Ways antibiotics attack bacteria disrupt production cell wall
• Development drug resistant bacteria prevented antibiotics completing prescribed
• Meiosis nuclear division leads genetically cells
• Effects excessive alcohol consumption heroin abuse powerful depressants
• Effect nicotine body increase heart rate lead arrhythmia
• Effect carbon monoxide body permanently binds haemoglobin reduces
• Negative effects long term steroid sterility masculinization women
• Needed advantages asexual reproduction mate gametes good characteristics
• Disadvantages asexual reproduction variation evolution parent resistance disease
• Advantages sexual reproduction offspring variated easily adapt evolve
• The  advantage selective breeding plants desirable traits
• Petals functions sepal protect unopened flower coloured attract
• Stigma ovary functions collects pollen grains produces female
• Nucleus fertilization occur plants pollen fuses ovule
• Flower self-pollination transfer pollen anthers stigma plant
• Predator difference scavenger hunt food find dead killed
• Self-pollination differences cross-pollination cross pollination guarantees variation good
• Pollen grains insect-pollinated wind-pollinated difference large sticky/spiky stick
• Sperm cell adapted function flagellum movement acrosome produces 
• Sperm gland male reproductive tubes urethra secretes nutritive
• Embryo placenta connected anchors uterus supplies nutrients oxygen
• Cervix head contractions vagina process labour birth good
• Advantages breast-feeding nutrients easily digestible forms antibodies protect
• Uterus implantation describe menstrual cycle ovaries collectively  release
• C6h12o6 6o2 6co2 6h2o +
• Sex matured natural birth control methods abstinence ineffective
• Contraceptive progesterone intra-uterine device inserted releases long time
• Treatments social implications contraception fertility religions methods encourage
• Hiv/aids main concern scientists researching stis/stds aids acquired
• Is  excretion removal  of  waste products  of metabolism, 
• Is  sensitivity ability to  react  to  external stimuli
• Inheritance transmission genetic information generation
• Chromosome gene allele  is dna define thread made
• Rna bind amino dna protein half strand removed
• Cells stem divide skin bones
• Cells make divide process meiosis chromosomes copy pair
• Genotype phenotype organism difference genetic information observable features
• Homozygous heterozygous person copies difference gene
• Sex affected linked characteristic common men genotypes chromosomes
• Acquired characteristic inherited determined difference environment genes
• Sickle-cell anaemia mutation haemoglobin red blood cell sickle
• Sickle-cell anaemia malaria the  allele populations central africa
• Xerophytes large adapted environments no/very small leaves stomata
• Reproduce traits genes natural selection process organisms survive
• Biofuels require sun's energy true false
• Food chain diagram shows transfer energy organism
• Eat difference herbivore carnivore plants animals
• Pyramid balanced ecosystem numbers displays organisms order energy
• Species introducing foreign dangerous ecosystem predators spread rapidly
• Lost energy trophic moves levels metabolism organism passes
• Other  sources carbon dioxide animals burning fossil fuels
• Water main movements cycle evaporation condensation transpiration precipitation
• Precipitation water heavy remain floating drops
• Humans plants absorb nitrogen gas atmosphere true false
• Nitrogen gas converted ammonia nitrogen-fixing bacteria present soil
• Nitrates ammonia produced proteins made plants prefer naturally
• Ecosystem unit community organisms environment
• Phases sigmoid population growth curve lag exponential(log stationary
• Phase stationary resources longer support growth population increase
• Factors biotic biological caterpillars eating leaf
• Genetic engineering changing material  of organism removing inserting
• Bacteria genetic engineering reasons biotechnology produce complex molecules
• Plasmid desired gene restriction forming sticky ends bacterial
• Are  herbicides chemicals kill plants compete growth conditions
• Negative impacts monocultures remove nutrients soil encourage loss
• Negative impacts  of intensive livestock farming unethical conditions
• Reduces farming famine soil seeds lack areas damage
• Animals increase roots soil deforestation occur consequences wood
• Water effects chemical waste dumped poisonous organisms live
• Plants water oxygen surface light underwater air dead
• Oxygen water pollution high bod biochemical demand sample
• Diffusion blood supply affect lungs higher rate
• Lung tissues spongy flexible muscles true false
• Proper windpipe trachea the what
• Stops food entering trachea epiglottis
• Sheet muscle separates thorax abdomen diaphragm
• Trachea bronchi stay shape breathe cartilage supports
• Diffuses increased breathing rate support heavy exercise oxygen
• Core energy body muscle contraction protein synthesis cell
• C6h12o6 2c3h6o3 2c2h5oh 2co2 >
• Produces energy aerobic anaerobic which
• Lactic heart breathing rate stay high exercise transport
• Liver's role excretion deamination what
• Lungs role excretion removal co2 h2o
• Kidneys role excretion remove urea nitrogen waste blood
• Skin's role excretion excretory organ excrete stuff lose
• Excretion compounds toxic concentration high
• Co2 dangerous dissolves water form carbonic acid h2co3
• Cortex lighter portion kidney medulla darker outer true
• Renal tubule coiling looping leads collecting duct
• Fluid diffuses glomerulus water salts glucose urea
• Fluid passes renal tubule substances returned blood
• Urea dialysis fluid maintain concentration gradient true false
• Blood dialysis glucose diffuse machine true false fluid
• Function dendrites receive electrical impulses cells
• Function motor end plate pass electrical impulses neuron
• Function motor neuron carry impulses cns effector cells
• Part peripheral nervous system nerve cells cns
• Reflex automatic reaction require brain process information
• Neuron path reflex sensory relay motor
• Doctors hit knee hint fun nerve damage spine
• Travels synapse neurotransmitters what across
• Neurotransmitters send pulses synapse diffuse receptors starts impulse
• Takes impulse transmit neurotransmitters start pulse neuron true
• List parts eye cornea iris lens retina optic
• Function iris control light enters pupil
• Function retina light receptors the
• Cones retina fovea the where
• Types muscle find iris circular radial
• Muscles circular radial function antagonistically true false
• Object shape lens stretch thin suspensory ligaments
• Hormone chemical substance produced gland carried blood alters
• Topic covers glands adrenal pancreas testis ovary hormones
• Signals liver blood glucose level produce secondary sexual
• Muscles breathing arterioles fat body digestive alimentary faster
• Blood remove nutrients regulate wastes exchange water examples
• Pigment skin dark colour helps absorb uv rays
• Warm heat methods insulation fat retains hairs trap

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