OCR Biology A - Hormonal communication

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• Endocrine gland group cells specialised secrete hormones directly
• Exocrine gland found digestive system secretes chemicals ducts
• Hormones chemical messengers carry information part body e.g
• Hormones transported blood plasma the
• Target cells specific receptors hormone found membranes cytoplasm
• Endocrine system hormones send information environment body bring
• Endocrine role pancreas gland tissue small regions called
• Difference between endocrine exocrine glandular tissue
• Cell hormones pass bind receptors e.g surface difference
• Growth role pituitary gland produces hormone controls bones
• Role adrenal gland produces adrenaline increases heart breathing
• Produces converts glucose glycogen role pancreas insulin excess
• Difference hormonal nervous systems what
• Adrenal glands small located top kidney made outer
• Adrenal cortex outer region glands produces essential hormones
• Adrenal medulla region glands produces non-essential horomones e.g
• Hormones adrenal medulla released sympathetic nervous system stimulated
• Blood glucose role adrenaline increases heart rate sending
• Widening role noradrenaline works adrenaline response stress producing
• The pancreas located found upper abdomen stomach plays major
• Pancreas glandular organ plays role produce secrete hormones
• Gland produce release function pancreas exocrine enzymes duct
• Role of pancreas exocrine gland responsible producing digestive enzymes
• Breaks digestive enzymes made pancreas amylase starch simple
• Cells produce secrete beta types found islets langerhans
• Glucose blood bloodstream broken released increasing ways concentrations
• Glucose blood higher ways concentration decreases respiration required
• Glucose insulin role blood concentration high beta-cells detect
• Glucose increasing rate blood cells stimulates liver release
• Insulin constantly secreted broken enzymes cells liver maintain
• Alpha-cells glucagon cells role produced islets langerhans pancreas
• Glucose liver ways glucagon raises blood concentration glycogenosis
• Glucose liver increasing ways glucagon can raise blood concentrations
• Insulin glucagon antagonistic hormones work system maintaining blood
• Glucose potassium channels ions cell insulin blood diffuse
• Produce insulin type diabetes inability beta cells islets
• Insulin person’s type diabetes inability effectively control blood
• Type diabetes excess body weight physical inactivity habitual
• Type diabetes treated controlled regular injections insulin dependant
• Hypoglycaemia low blood glucose concentrations result unconsciousness
• Hyperglycaemia blood glucose levels drop rapidly result death. 
• Exercise type diabetes treated regulating patient's glucose intake
• Produced insulin what are advantages of medically made genetically modified
• Cells advantages stem diabetes treatment donor availability won't be issue
• Stem cells drawbacks diabetes treatment due limited ability
• Physical responses flight fight system
• Body flight fight response instinct mammals possess potentially
• Main roles adrenaline trigger liver cells undergo glycogenolysis
• Adrenaline cell surface activate adenylyl conversion camp enzymes
• Centre involuntary heart rate controlled autonomic nervous system 
• Heart rate controlled medulla oblongata brain responsible controlling
• Nerve impulses increase heart rate transmitted accelerator passes
• Nerve impulses decrease heart rate transmitted vagus parasympathetic
• Heart blood found aorta cartoid receptors provide information

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