Microbiology

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• Invade host tissue hyaluronidase
• Salmonella enteritidis general  rods gram lactose fermentation contaminated
• Neisseria gonorrhea structure aerobic gram negative cocci oxidase
• Range microbe host organisms infect  tissue replicates in 
• Borrelia burgdorferi  lyme disease
• Bordetella pertussis general  gram negative coccobacilli capsule whooping
• Staphylococcus aureus  gram cocci boils food poisining wide
• Streptococcus pyogenes gram positive cocci pili colonises throat
• Streptococcus pneumoniae gram positive cocci respiratory tract infection
• Clostridium tetani  gram positive rod generalized/localized neonatal rigidity
• Cells eukaryotic similarities prokaryotic plasma membrane cytoplasm ribosomes 
• Eukaryotic cell differences  nucleus dna er golgi mitochondria 
• Prokaryotic cells difference doesnt nucleus dna cytoplasm wall 
• Cell wall function bacteria susrvive osmotic environments integrity
• Cell wall made of  peptidogylcans layers n-acetylmuramic acid
• Gram stain thick peptidoglycan teichoic acid charge molecule
• Teichoic acid purpose attracted cell surface host charge
• Gram strain  thin peptidoglycan extra membrane lps
• Lipopolysaccharide membrane  charged membrane
• Haemophilus influenzae  gram coccobaccilli capsule  meningitis children 
• Bacillus cereus  rod gram endospore food poising couple
• Escherichia coli rod gram gastrointestinal diarrhea traveling uti
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa  rod gram common nosocomial hospital burns
• Bornelia burgdorfe spirochete/spiral gram lyme disease bite tick
• Cell break wall lysozyme secreted eyes= bond nam
• Penicillin block formation aa cross link formations) 
• Division bacteria binary fission of
• Pamps bacteria peptidoglycan teichoic acid lipopolysaccharide lps
• Endotoxins lps give bacteria negative charge 
• Exotoxins  toxin released bacteria alter surround cell virulence
• Bacteria capsules polysaccharide secreted creates film
• Capsules function  attachment sugery stick drying protection immune
• Biofilm bacteria capsule surrounds colonys
• Streptococcus mutans gram dental carrier cavities cardiac issues
• Whooping cough acute bordetella pertussis causes  respiratory servere
• Tuberculosis mycobacterium tuberculosis gram rod secrete mycolic acid
• Bacteria grows doubles  cocci bacilli--> dilococci doublets strephtococci
• Cocci grow cluster straphylococci that
• Classifications bacteria structures straining dna sequence antigens cell
• Mycobacterium  waxy coat bacteria, have mycolic acid outer coat 
• M tuberculosis airborne bacteria lungs  gram rod
• Positive tb lungs test forms spots glon’s lesions
• System mycobacterium leprae  leprosy,  deformation skin/muscle tissue  immune
• Bacillus difference clostridium  clostridium anaerobes killed oxygen aerobic
• Endospores types  clostridium bacillus gram rods) 
• Environment endospores formation  protects bad heat radiation chemicals
• Neisseria meningitidis general  gram cocci oxidase maltose fermentation
• Clostridium tetani tetanus contractile paralysis)  neuro toxin releases
• Spread clostridium tetani person stepping injected body kill
• Clostridium botulinum botulism flaccid paralysis neurotoxin
• Clostridium botulinum exposure adult  asymptomatic immune system fight
• Botulinum death honey clostridium exposure infant  don’t give
• Botox  clostridium botulinum diluted injected you 
• Clostridium perfringens  common food poisoning hours)  bite anaerobic
• Cell clostridium perfringens gas gangrene  tight junction kills
• Clostridium difficile  gram rod fecal oral transmission diarrhea 
• Flagella  protein appendages stick bacteria move. 
• Helicobacter pylori  gastric ulcers found acidic environment flagella
• H pylori produce urease  urease urea---> ammonia co2
• E coli proteus mirabilis  uti, flagella travel urethra bladder 
• Bacillus anthracis  gram rod endospore  anthrax cattle--> human
• Bioterrorism release toxins biological agent 
• Helicobacter pylori general  gram rod gastric ulcers= flagella
• Bacteria uti feature e coli proeus mirabillis gram
• Benefits microbiome symbiotic relationships mutualism commensalism unharmed parasitic
• Tropcial area skin warm moist groin armpit 
• Bacteria tropical area staph aureus mrsa corynebacterium diphtheriae 
• Desert area dry skin on
• Bacteria desert areas staph epidermidis propionibacterium acnes 
• Corynebacterium diphtheriae gram rod skin tropical uri throat
• Staphylcoccus epidermidis  skin desert oppurtunistic catheters implanted devices 
• Propionibacterium ances anaerobic rod loves pours--> blocked pour=
• Gum porphyromonas gingivalis gram rod line= gingivitis tooth
• Bacteria meningitis young children  streptococcus pneumoniae haemophilus influenzae
• Bacteria meningitis young adults neisseria meningitidis 
• Bacteria oral/nasal cavity  streptococcus pneumoniae neisseria meningitidis haemophilus
• Lactobacillus acidophilus  growth acidic ph 
• Candida albicans fungal vaginal yeast infections lacto undercontrol 
• Bacteria urogenital  lactobacillus acidophilus candida albicans
• Bacteroides  gram rods occupy space vitamin b production
• Bacteroides fragilis gram rod peritoneal infection life threatening 
• Bifidobacterium sp.  increase digestion decrease allergies inflamation 
• Lactobacillus sp gram rod  decrease ph vitamin k
• Breast milk contains  bifidobacterium macrophage pick deposit) 
• Increase mother trimester pregnancy lactobacillus hormone regulated 
• Probiotics maintain microbiome cosistency 
• Prebiotics  food microbes  for
• Buying probiotics makes billions microbes millions 
• Function probiotics  maintain normal flora sibo small intestinal
• Maintain normal flora  complet e coli salmonella 
• Sibo decrease movement diarrhea develops si 
• Bacteria probiotic lactobacillus bifidobacterium  what
• Shigella dysenteriae transmission  fecal oral endemic poor sanitation
• Hyaluronidase digest tight junctions human cells  strept pyrogenes
• Necrotizing fasciitis  strept pyrogene  flesh eating bacteria dissolve
• Antigenic phase variation bacteria  borrelia burgdouferi  host immune
• Iga protease neisseria gonorrhea
• Pathogenesis  entry attachment propagation tissue damage host immune
• Host immune evasion antigenic phase variation iga protease
• Infection incubation period illness symptoms convalescence 
• Incubation period  time exposure microbe symptoms develop 
• Convalescence  time spent recovering illness medical treatment recovery
• Salmonella typhi general  gram rod typhoid fever fecal/oral
• Bacteria produce exotoxins environment  bacillus cereus clostridium botulium 
• Types bacteria infect host colonize produce exotoxin salmonella
• Yersinia pestis gram rod  plague bubonic pneumonia)  rat-->
• Bubonic plague  yersinia pestis  flea--> human
• Pneumonia plague  yersinia pestis  human human 
• Bacteria infect produce exotoxin shigella dysenteriae corynebacteria diphtheriae 
• Lactose fermentation shigella dysenteriae general  gram rod e.coli
• Person community acquired  transmission to
• Chlamydia trachomatis  gram cocci hard stain)  std common
• Normal genes plasmid  extrachromosomal pieces genetic information  essential
• Function plasmid enable bacteria develop antibiotic resistance synthesize
• Antibiotic mechanism resistance  increase efflux decrease uptake alter
• Increase efflux antibiotic  enters cell bacteria pumps back
• Antibiotics cell pore decrease uptake enter surface bacteria
• Alter bacteria target site antibiotic  stucture antibiotics longer
• Antibiotic destroy directly  produce secrete enzyme digest penicillin 
• Synthesize bacteriocins  antimicrobials produced bacteria kill competing organisms
• Bacteria resistant baceriocins becuase werent poison death
• Exotoxin  integrated plasmid genome recombination event
• Specific bacteriophage  type exotoxin bacteria virus  obligatory intracellular
• Infection life cycle bacteriophage  lytic lysogenic
• Lytic infection  bacteriophage infects bacteria reproduces thousand times
• Bacteriophage lysogenic infection  infects bacteria--> integration dna inot
• Lysogenic infection bad environment bacteriophage pop dna bacteria
• Disease capable producing lysogenic infection hiv
• Relationship type a lysogenic infection commensalistic
• Bacteriophage bacteria bacterial exotoxin gene genome inserts itselt
• Exotoxin beneficial bacteriophage everytime bacteria spreads
• Bacteriophages hard treat specific exact genus species microbe
• Heat entertoxins  exotoxin watery diarrhea libile stable 
• Heat increase labile stable bacteria body camp cgmp-->release
• Heat labile  enterotoxin quicker ride causing watery diarrhea 
• Heat stable  entertoxin symptoms longer labile worse watery
• Toxin liver cornynebacterium diptheriae cytotoxin  bull neck gray
• Vaccine toxin bacteria  the what
• Secretion pertussis increase human cilia bordetella virulence mucous
• Toxin shigella dysenteriae toxin  inhibits cellular protein synthesis
• E coli gram rod  flagella  pili colonization ilium
• Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin  block acetyl choline release
• Clostridium tetani neurotoxin  toxin released bacteria pick peripheral
• Super-antigen  foreign substance highly recognized immune system activate
• Super staph aureus strep pyrogen antigen  acts decoy
• Fe siderophore protein high affinity yank off  salmonella
• Neisseria gonorrhaeae?  clap another name
• Hose neisseria gonorrhoeae humans  what
• Urethra neisseria gonorrhoeae clinical  std septic arthritis pelvic
• Untreated neisseria gonorrhoeae  bacteremia fever chills hand/feet arthritis
• Incubation period neisserea gonorrhoeae days 
• Replicate chlamydia human in?  obligate intracellular it’s can’t
• Transmission chlamydia trachomatis  conjunctivitis spread touching eye nose
• Chlamydia trachomatis conjuctivitis  common preventable blindness world cases
• Discharge painful urination chlamydia trachomatis genital infection  common
• Incubation period of chlamydia trachomatis  weeks  increase chances hiv 
• Ureaplasma urealyticum  infects urethra carry gonorrhea elevated levels
• Shigella dysenteriae symptoms  mild watery diarrhea  severe dysentery
• Incubation period shigella dysenteriae  hours days 
• Diarrhea e coli virulent  virulent strain possess genetic elements
• Toxin heat increase enterotoxigenic etec)  common  damage mucosal
• Enteroinvasive eiec)  secrete invasive factors a-b subunit  invade
• Enteropathogenic epec)  unknown toxin  symptoms profuse watery diarrhea
• Kidney toxin failure failure  enterohemorrhagic ehec)  o157:h7 serologic
• Uti uropathogenic e coli upec)  colonizes urethra bladder) 
• Salmonella enteritidis invasion  m cells peyers patches phagocytosed
• Diarrhea abdominal fever  salmonella enteritidis clinical  symptoms:  gastroenteritis=
• Salmonella typhi  typhoid fever enteric fever)  symptoms:  week
• Hemin factor nad+ growth blood cells  lysed haemophilus
• Bacteria haemophilus influenzae clinical  acute meningitis  symptoms:  begins
• Haemophilus influenzae transmission  spread direct contact secretion aerosol 
• Painful haemophilus ducrevi gram coccobacilli  genital ulcerations sores
• Normal flora gardnerella vaginalis general  previously haemophilus)  vagina
• Gardnerella vaginalis symptoms  symptoms vaginal discharge white/grey fish-like
• Acinetobacter baumannii gram rod  pneumonia blood stream infection
• Days helicobacter pylori clinical  stomach inflammation  peptic ulcers 
• Ammonia helicobacter pylori pathogenesis  drills mucous layer gut
• Common campylobacter jejuni  shape structure spiral rod  animal
• Virus campylobacter jejuni linked disease guillain barre syndrome: 
• Legionella pneumophila general  shape structure rod  transmission aerosol
• Legionella pneumophila pathogenesis  infection engulfed alveolar macrophages intracellular
• Legionella pneumophila clinical  legionnaires disease break conference philadelphia) 
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae  smallest bacteria  shape structure cell wall
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae patho  binds infects epithelial cells membranous
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae clincal  walking pneumonia invades upper lower
• Ureaplasma urealyticum general shape structure cell wall  normal
• Symptoms pregnancy ureaplasma urealyticum clinical  non-gonococcal urethritis  female
• Agar kill gram neisseria meningitis agar  chocolate  (lysed
• Neisseria meningitis patho attach nasopharyngeal mucosa cross mucosal
• Meningitis neisseria meningitidis  epidemics)  acute bacterial neck stiffness headaches
• Moraxella catarrhalis previously knew as  neisseria catarrhalis) 
• Moraxella catarrhalis general  shape structure diplococcus  normal flora 
• Moraxella catarrhalis clinical  common otitis media sinusitis.  elderly
• Rickettsia rickettssii  general  shape structure spirochete  zoonotic= bite
• Rickettsia rickettssii clinical  rocky mountain spotted fever eastern
• Rickettsia rickettssii  obligate intracellular parasite requires atp)  bite
• Rickettsia typhi general  shape structure spirochete  zoonotic= bite
• Rickettsia typhi clinical  feces lice fleas scratch rub
• Rickettsia prowazeki general  shape structure spirochete  zoonotic= bite
• Rickettsia prowazeki clinical  feces lice person overcrowding poor
• Treponema pallidum general  shape/structure helical/spirochete  lack lps outer
• Treponema pallidum clinical general  syphilis genital tract lesion
• Treponema pallidum primary stage  incubation days skin lesion
• Treponema pallidum secondary stage  month post infection asymptomatic short
• Treponema pallidum tertiary stage  year post infection tissue

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