SAT Biology Flashcards (please read description)

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• Structures vestigial ancestors used
• Energy making electron chlorophyll-atomic structure chlorophyll absorbs move
• Radioisotopes radioactive isotopes measure fossil age carbon dating
• Electrons anion cation gain lose
• Water stick characteristics adhesion--tendency materials cling cohesion--tendency molecules
• Ph change 10x increment marked acidity acidic
• Natural buffer bicarbonate hco(3
• Acid rain molecules so(2 so(4 co(2
• Carbohydrate functions quick energy storage g cal mono
• Monosaccharides smallest unit carbs glucose galactose fructose c6h12o6
• Glucose water disaccharides monosaccharides joined dehydration synthesis c12h22o11
• Plant cell walls carb storage polysaccharides cellulose--for starch--for
• Fatty lipid structure glycerol glycogen carb acids glycerol--alcohol
• Unsaturated saturated room temperature fats double bonds bent
• Lipid function long term energy storage structures cell
• Amino group protein structure made acids connected peptide
• Dipeptides amino acids joined peptide bond
• Amino protein acid shape levels primary--the linear formation
• Protein function grow repair enzymes build cells g
• Enzymes optimal type protein works substrate reused cofactors
• Enzyme fit model substrate induced approaches slightly alters
• Sugars guanine cytosine nucleic acids base nucelotides nucleotides
• Prokaryote features membrane bound organelles circular chromosome plasmids
• Eukaryote features membrane bound organelles linear multiple chromosomes
• Theory endosymbiosis started billion years ago
• Form function cell adapted fit
• Nucleus chromatin network histone proteins chromosomes double membrane
• Chromosomes dna codes polypeptides contain
• Nucleolus region inside nucleus membrane bits chromatin unfinished
• Proteins ribosomes made rrna synthesizes free particles unbound
• Endoplasmic reticulum membrane channels types rough smooth
• Rough er studded ribosomes synthesizes proteins transports
• Er smooth synthesizes steroid hormones lipids connects rough
• Golgi apparatus nucleus flat sacs membranes stacked pancakes
• Lysosome sac hydrolytic enzyme single membrane handles apoptosis
• Mitochondria cell respiration membranes cristae embedded enzymes dna
• Vacuole single membrane storage water protista contractile push
• Plastids plants algae double membrane chloroplasts leucoplasts chromoplasts
• Chloroplasts plastid chlorophyll photosynthesizes membrane forms grana lie
• Leucoplasts store starch found roots plastid
• Chromoplasts plastid carotenoid pigment helps induce pollination
• Cytoskeleton made protein filaments microtubules microfilament structures
• Microtubules hollow tubes make cilia flagella spindle fibers
• Animals microfilaments support cell shape aid cleavage furrow
• Centrioles/centrosomes animals organize spindle fibers plants microtubule organizing
• Cilia flagella pairs microtubules inside short long
• Cell plants wall fungi chitin algae cellulose middle
• Cytoplasm/cytosol area nucleus cell membrane cytosol semiliquid portion
• Membrane fluid plasma mosaic parts control permeability phospholipid
• Animal cells centrioles centrosomes plastids small vacuoles lysosomes
• Plant cells centrsomes centrioles large vacuoles lysosomes plastids
• Solvent dissolving big liquid the
• Solute dissolved object what is
• Hypertonic higher concentration solute has
• Hypotonic lower solute concentration has
• Isotonic equal solute concentration water flows net change
• Diffusion passive transport natural movement high low concentration
• Movement simple diffusion high low concentration membrane oxygen
• Membrane facilitated diffusion movement high low tunnel special protein
• Osmosis diffusion water depends solute concentration
• Plasmolysis cell shrinkage hypertonic solution
• Cell turgid lysis/turgidity animals bursting hypotonic solution plants
• Active transport concentration gradient requires energy atp contractile
• Push substance exocytosis actively membrane vesicles neurotransmitters pass
• Uric acid nonsoluble nontoxic excreted insects reptiles birds
• Endocytosis actively push stuff membrane pinocytosis phagocytosis receptor-mediated
• Pinocytosis uptake large dissolved molecules pushes membrane vesicle
• Molecule membrane phagocytosis large small pseudopods push reaches
• Specific receptors receptor-mediated endocytosis large amounts molecule bind
• Removal cell characteristics ingestion digestion respiration energy producing
• Micrometers/grams fancy u unit microm millimeter grams
• Precision exactness number decimal places
• Accuracy correctness number decimal places proximity correct answer
• Lens total magnification multiply ocular eye microscope objective
• Image representation microscope upside backwards
• Cell contrast electron mic microscopes compound structure phase
• Electron microscopes require extensive process tissue killed thinly
• Cell ultracentrifuge isolate parts large quantities fractionation
• Freeze fracture detailed membrane studying
• Tissue culture studying cells vitro involves phase mic
• Sessile animal move hydra sponges
• Exoskeleton made chitin grow animal shed protects helps
• Hydrostatic skeleton closed body compartment fluid nematodes roundworm
• Endoskeleton chordate phylum bone muscle ligament tendons
• Bone ligament to
• Tendon bone muscle to
• Land temperatures ocean vary significantly water stable
• Body temperature regulation physical features behaviors snake find
• Ectotherm body temperature depends external environment
• Endotherm controls body temperature birds mammals
• Excretion removal metabolic waste of
• Types excretion ammonia urea uric acid order toxicity
• Ammonia soluble toxic excreted orgs water hydra fish
• Ammonia urea toxic humans liver earthworms
• Phylum hydra's cnidaria
• Hydra digestion digests gastrovascular cavity mouth digestive system
• Hydra body plan polyp jellyfish medusa phylum primitive
• Hydra nervous system phylum cnidocytes stingers nematocysts primitive
• Hydra reproduction phylum reproduce sex/asexually budding tiny version
• Earthworm phylum annelida
• Earthworm digestive system mouth crop food stored gizzard
• Respiratory system earthworm external surface gas exchenges passively
• Earthworm excretion paired nephridia body
• Earthworm reproduction hermaphrodite
• Grasshopper phylum arthropoda
• Grasshopper digestion crop gizzard crushes chitin specialized mouthparts
• Blood grasshopper nervous system transport similar earthworm capillaries
• Respiratory grasshopper system internal surface air enters spiracles
• Hemocyanin hemoglobin copper iron center
• Pathogens organisms disease that cause
• Mucus 1st line defense nonspecific barriers skin mucous
• 2nd line defense nonspecific limiters inflammatory response phagocytes
• Inflammatory response nonspecific 2nd line defense swelling redness
• Histamines triggers vasodilation bigger blood vessels responsible cold
• Increased body temperature--effects speeds immune system slows microbes
• Phagocytes macrophages pseudopods engulf microbes path
• Interferons chemicals released block viral infections
• 3rd line defense specific response b t lymphocytes
• B lymphocytes produce antibodies antigens humoral response
• T lymphocytes fight pathogens antibodies cell-mediated response specialized
• Antibodies neutralize antigens binding forms complex engulfed phagocytes
• Clonal selection mass cloning lymphocytes plasma memory cells
• Plasma cells defense fight primary immune response short
• Memory cells defense fight remain blood secondary immune
• Passive immunity temporary antibodies breast milk colostrum
• Active immunity antibodies made permanent illness vaccine
• Blood types cells antibodies attack enemy antigens b
• B blood type antigens antibodies attack
• B blood type antigens antibodies attacks
• Antigens antibodies o blood type o=0 b universal
• Ab blood type antigens antibodies universal acceptor
• Aids hiv retrovirus attacks helper t cells
• Allergies hypersensitive immune system allergens release excessive histamines
• Autoimmune disorders body attacks multiple sclerosis lupus rheumatoid
• Animal behavior organism responds change response stimulus innate
• Innate behavior inborn
• Learned behavior taught
• Ethology link behavior evolution scientists von frisch bee
• Sign stimuli fixed action patter fap innate stereotypical
• Capacity learning behavior modified experience depends length life
• Habituation simple form learning learn ignore persistent stimulus
• Associative learning stimulus leads classicla  operant
• C classical conditioning stimulus b
• Operant conditioning trial error associate positive negative outcomes
• Period imprinting lorenz learning sensitive youth irreversible mother-offspring
• Social behavior cooperation agnostic dominance hierarchy territoriality altruism
• Cooperation social behavior working hunting packs
• Behavior agonistic social aggressive behavior physical ritualistic conflict settled
• Dominance hierarchy social behavior pecking order animal threatens
• Territoriality settled agnostic behavior by
• Fitness altruism social behavior giving individual increase group
• Mitosis reproduction body cells of
• Meiosis reproduction sex cells gametes
• Homologous structures function explains divergent evolution
• Strands sister homologous chromosomes chromatids unreplicated chromosome-1 replicated
• Centromere binds sister chromatids what
• Cyclin protein regulates cell cycle
• External regulators proteins speed slow stop cell cycle
• Interphase cell's life g1 s g2 replicates dna
• G1 increases cell size prepares dna replication
• G1 checkpoint checks health resources undamaged dna pass=g0
• S dna replicates
• S checkpoint checks replication errors
• G2 produces organelles incoming daughter cells
• G2 checkpoint checks full replication dna
• Mitosis stage order pmat pro meta ana telophase
• Prophase chromosomes condense nucleoli disappear spindle fibers form
• Metaphase chromosomes line plate centrosomes centrioles ends spindle
• Anaphase spindle fibers pull centromeres
• Telophase chromosomes unravel cluster ends nuclear membrane reforms
• Cytokinesis animal cleavage furrow
• Middle cytokinesis plant cell plate lamella cements
• Meiosis called reduction division synapsis crossing nondisjuction shuffling
• Synapsis meiosis prophase--chromosomes line homologous pair crossing
• Nondisjuction chromosomes incorrectly pulled meiosis anaphase
• Chromosome shuffling shuffle meiosis telophase genetic diversity
• Double file chromosomes line meiosis metaphase
• Meiosis sister chromatids separate chromosomes line single file
• Atp adenosine triphosphate
• Glucose respiration formed c6h12o6 6o2 energy
• Atp adp phosphate releases energy-adp absorb energy
• Anaerobic respiration glycolysis alcohol lactic acid fermentation
• Aerobic respiration glycolysis krebs cycle electron transport chain
• Atp glycolysis cytoplasm glucose pyruvate +2nadh
• Alcohol fermentation converts pyruvate ethyl yeast
• Acid lactic pyruvic fermentation o2 runs converts burning
• Cycle inside acetyl coa kreb matrix reagion cristae
• Nadh fadh coenzymes shuttles protons electrons glycolysis krebs
• Transport electron chain carrier proteins nadh fadh2 cytochromes
• Proton atp produces chemiosmosis powered gradient utilizes synthetase
• Oxygen role collects remaining electrons protons cleanup combines
• Classification plants bryophytes tracheophytes of
• Bryophytes type plant classification lack vascular tissue live
• Seed plants tracheophytes transport vessels xylem phloem include
• Gymnosperm conifers cone bearing needle shaped leaves thick
• Angiosperm flowering plants diverse divided monocotyledons eudicots
• Eudicots complex flowering plants--include dicotyledons dicots
• Monocots cotyledons seed leaf scattered vascular bundles stem
• Dicots cotyledons sead leaves ringed vascular bundles stem
• Rough plant cladogram vascular seeds flowers
• Water loss land-based modifications plants cellulose cell walls
• Plants grow meristem tissue continually divides primary secondary
• Growth grow primary vertical roots longer stem taller
• Apical meristem located ends plants tip shoot bottom
• Zone primary root growth cell division apical meristem
• Zone cell division meristem actively dividing laer bottom
• Zone elongation cells grow longer push root cap
• Zone differentiation cells undergo specialization epidermis ground xylem
• Growth lateral secondary grow wider meristem plants wood
• Root function absorb nutrients anchor plant store food
• Dicot root structure zones inside endodermis stele cortex
• Dicot root structure zones inside pith pericycle endodermis
• Absorption epidermis root covers entire surface modified hairs
• Cortex root storage made parenchyma cells leucoplasts
• Stele root a.k.a vascular cylinder function transport xylem
• Endoderm root tightly packed cells lining stele selects
• Casparian strip wraps endoderm cells roots create selectively
• Plants absorption nutrients water htough apoplast symplast mycorrhizae
• Apoplast symplast moves water laterally plant symplant cells
• Rhizobium symbiotic bacteria fixes nitrogen plants
• Types roots taproot adventitis aerial prop fibrous grasses
• Taproot single root branches soil tap water store
• Roots adventitis rise ground aerial ivy prop support
• Levels organization naming kingdon phylum class order genus
• Domain bacteria prokaryotes consist decomposers pathogens anaerobes aerobes
• Domain archaea unicellular prokaryotes extremophiles methanogens halophiles thermophiles
• Conjugation bacterial sexual reproduction exchange genetic material
• Methanogens bacteria live converting methane hydrogen
• Halophiles bacteria live high salt concentrations
• Thermophiles bacteria live high temperatures
• Domain eukarya eukaryotes protista fungi plantae animalia
• Kingdom protista unicellular hetero amoeba paramecium autotrophs euglenas
• Kingdom fungi heterotrophs uni multicellular extracellular digestion decomposers
• Digestion extracellular fungi secrete hydrolytic enzymes allowing body
• Saprobes organisms digest decaying organic stuff
• Kingdom plantae multicellular nonmotile autotrophic store carbs starch
• Kingdom animalia heterotrophic multicellular motile reproduce sexually
• Body evolutionary trends animals specialized tissues germ layers
• Tissues organs evolve systems specialized cells specialize functions
• Layers animals germ form tissues organs endo meso
• Ectoderm outermost germ layer skin nervous system
• Mesoderm middle germ layer blood muscles bones
• Endoderm germ layer guts digestive system
• Tripoblastic animals possess germ layers
• Symmetry radial bilateral body basic complex exception echinoderms
• Head end development cephalization added bilateral symmetry brain
• Analogous structures function different same
• Body cavity animals formation order complexity acoelomates pseudocoelomates
• Acoelomates coelom body cavity no
• Pseudocoelomates fluid filled tube meso endoderm acts hydrostatic
• Coelomates coeloms contain
• Symmetry primitive animal development characteristics radial head mesoglea
• Complex animal development characteristics bilateral symmetry head cell
• Cell reproduce porifera phylum sponges symmetry nerves muscles
• Cnidarians hydra jellyfish radial symmetry polyp medusa motile
• Platyhelminthes flatworms tapeworms simplest animal bilateral symmetry head
• Nematodes roundworms bilateral symmetry nerves parasitic
• Annelids earthworms leeches bilateral symmetry nerves digestive tract
• Body mollusks squids octupi slugs clams snails soft
• Arthropods head thorax abdomen nerves annelids open circulatory system
• Echinoderms sea stars urchins sessile slow moving bilateral
• Chordates fish amphibians reptiles birds mammals notochord body
• Charactersitics mammals nourish babies milk hair fur endotherms
• Characteristics primates dexterous hands opposable thumbs close-set eyes
• Dominant diploid stage body cells haploid plants animals
• Roots aerial adventitious stick water/ground ivy
• Roots prop adventitious grow aboveground support plant corn
• Stem function support plant allowing light exposure nutrient
• Tissue stem structure bundles vascular xylem phloem meristem
• Stem sturcture ringed vascular bundles pith cortex tissues
• Pith plant tissue modified storage
• Monocot stem structure scattered vascular bundles cortex pith
• Incomplete dominance traits blend when
• Codominance traits expressed both are
• Multiple alleles versions trait blood types i(a),i(b i(i
• Polygenic multiple genes contribute characteristic skin color hair
• Genes sex-linked inheritance color blindless hemophilia vary expressivity
• Aneuploidy chromosomal mutation a
• Chromosomal deletion error fragment chromosome lost
• Chromosomal inversion fragment attaches backwards
• Chromosomal translocation error chromosome attaches non homologous chromosome
• Phenylketonuria genetic disease unable break phenylalanine autosomal recessive
• Cystic fibrosis genetic recessive disorder buildup fluid lungs
• Tay-sachs disease recessive genetic disorder inability break lipids
• Klinefelter's syndrome chromosomal disorder xxy males small genitals
• Griffith's discovery discovered bacterial transformation
• Avery macleod mccarty discovered dna genetic material
• Hershey chase disc dna inherited
• Rosalind franklin disc dna helix
• Watson crick disc dna double helix
• Meselson stahl disc dna replicates semiconservatively
• Dna replication overview cell interphase polymerase catalyzes proofreads
• Structure rna single stranded helix
• Mrna nucleus cytoplasm proteins made codons groups nucleotides
• Anticodons amino trna groups nucleotides carry acid attach
• Rrna forms ribosomes proteins with
• Protein synthesis steps transcription rna processing translation
• Rna transcription facilitated polymerase strand dna transcribed makes
• Mrna rna processing enzymes introns transcription remaining exons
• Amino translation ribosome trna anticodons acids bind mrna
• Gene regulation polypeptides constantly produced rna operon decides
• Inducible/lac coding polypeptide turned energy needed turn
• Repressible gene regulation polypeptide produced energy needed stop
• Promoter gene regulation rna polymerase binds start transcription
• Operator gene regulation binding site repressor turns polypeptide
• Gel electrophoresis separates large molecules dna long short
• Microevolution gene pool population changes
• Macroevolution speciation
• Fossils transitional linking modern extinct species
• Structures comparative anatomy homologous analogous vestigial
• Comparative evidence evolution fossil record anatomy compartive biochemistry
• Natural selection overpopulation leads famine malthus survial fittest
• Industrial melanism populations changing colors industrialization
• Types natural selection stabilizing disruptive/diversifying directional
• Diversity populations mutations genetic drift gene flow
• Population hardy weinberg equilibrium large isolated mutations random
• P hardy weinberg equation q p(2 +2pq q(2
• Isolation species formation geographic polyploidy habitat niches behavioral
• Patterns evolution divergent convergent analogous parallel coevolution adaptive
• Parallel evolution similar adaptations live
• Coevolution adapt flowers bees together
• Adaptive radiation species stem recent common ancestor finches
• Theories evolution gradualism punctuated equilibrium spontaneous generation
• Gradualism small evolution many changes
• Punctuated equilibrium rapid evolution stasis supported theory today
• Life began stuff methane ammonium water vapor intense
• Oparin haldane hypothesized organic molecules formed beginning earth
• Miller urey proved oparin haldane hypothesis
• Sidney fox produced primitive protenoid microphages part life
• Y.a mil heterotroph hypothesis  cells anaerobic bil multicellular
• Modifications land living animals lungs skin limbs internal
• Mass extinctions permian cretacious and
• Permian extinction mil y.a volcano explosion siberia
• Cretacious explosion mil y.a asteroid impact basically birds
• Evolution concepts fast bacteria rates differ species make
• Types plant tissue dermal vascular ground
• Plant dermal tissue outer protective covering leaves protected
• Plant dermal tissue outer protective covering leaves protected
• Plant tissue vascular transports water xylem phloem
• Ground plant tissue parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma cells
• Plant cell parenchyma traditional wall large vacuoles support
• Collenchyma cells unevenly thickened wall secondary plants celery
• Sclerenchyma cells thick primary secondary wall function support
• Xylem made tracheids vessel elements cells carries water
• Transpiration rates slows factors affecting high humidity low
• Phloem made sieve tube elements companion cells carries
• Plant asexual reproduction vegetative propagation cuttings bulbs runners
• Parts flower sexual organ plant petals sepals pistils
• Petals modified leaves attract pollinators
• Sepals greenish leaves petals protects the flower development
• Pistils carpels bulb thingy flower female part ovary
• Ovary plants fat part pistil ova produced
• Ovule actual area inside ovary ovas produced
• Style plant reproduction skinny part pistil
• Stigma sticky top pistil pollen lands fertilizes flower
• Stamen dude part flower includes anther filament
• Anther top stamen pollen sperm produced meiosis
• Filament plant skinny part stamen supports anther
• Plant hormones auxins ethylene cytokinins gibberellins abscisic acid
• Auxins enhance apical dominance stimulates stem elongation softening
• Cytokinins simulate cytokinesis cell division delay aging inhibiting
• Gibberellins promote stem leaf elongation induce rapid growth
• Abscisic acid helps plant withstand drought closes stomates
• Ethylene gas promotes ripening positive feedback
• Reproduction human process fertilization cleavage gastrulation organogenesis

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