AP Biology + Alberta Biology 30 Diploma
This flashcard deck covers key biology concepts related to the endocrine, circulatory, and immune systems, among others. It explains hormones such as GnRH and their role in releasing FSH and LH, normal blood pressure ranges, and the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries. The deck includes innate and adaptive immunity processes, including the inflammatory response and roles of specific cells like leukocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes. It also covers topics such as anemia, blood clotting, and hemolytic diseases associated with the Rh blood group system. This deck is useful for advanced biology students seeking a concise and detailed review of human physiology and immunology.
Esta baraja de tarjetas de estudio cubre conceptos fundamentales de biología relacionados con el sistema endocrino, sistema circulatorio, sistema inmunológico y hemorragias, entre otros. Se explican hormonas como GnRH y su papel en la liberación de FSH y LH, los rangos normales de presión arterial, la estructura y función de arterias, venas y capilares, y procesos de inmunidad innata y adaptativa, incluyendo la respuesta inflamatoria y el papel de células específicas como leucocitos, macrófagos y linfocitos. También aborda temas como la anemia, la coagulación sanguínea y las enfermedades hemolíticas relacionadas con el sistema Rh. La baraja es útil para estudiantes de biología avanzada que buscan un repaso conciso y detallado de la fisiología humana y la inmunología.
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- N k population growth stops
- Leading strand dna runs direction
- Oxygen-loaded form hemoglobin called oxyhemoglobin
- Normal systolic pressure for adult mmhg
- Signal medulla oblongata travels vagus nerve sa node
- Pressure initial blood cuff mmhg
- Maximum length time leave inflated blood pressure cuff
- Normal diastolic pressure adult mmhg
- Pulse veins pulse::a no have
- Arteries pulse::a pulse/no pulse have
- Arteries slick smooth epithelium have
- Capillary walls composed single layer endothelial cells
- Arteries veins have layers and
- Tunica media in veins thinner::thinner/thicker arteries
- Lymph vessels valves::valves/no valves have
- Lymph nodes act checkstop cells body
- Bacteria prokaryotic::prokaryotic/eukaryotic cells are
- Inflammatory response non-specific::specific/non-specific defense the
- Adaptive immunity specific specific/non-specific defense
- Fighting pathogen monocytes will release chemicals increase body
- Blood composed plasma of 55
- Neutrophils basophils eosinophils granulocytes and
- Oxygenated hemoglobin responsible colour red blood cells
- Cells t helper activate cytotoxic b
- Chemicals released cytotoxic cells apoptosis
- Sickle cell anemia erythrocytes deform rupture form blood
- Prothrombin fibrinogen inactive proteins made liver
- Thromboplastin calcium ions convert prothrombin thrombin fibrinogen fibrin
- Action blood cells migrating capillary walls called diapedesis
- Leucocytes neutrophils::type wbc of 70
- Rh individuals antibodies exposed do
- Internal respiration is exchange o between the blood body
- System pharynx passageway air respiratory food/water digestive
- Glottis is opening trachea the
- Larynx the vocal cords the contains
- Trachea the windpipe the is also
- Trachea collapsing semicircular cartilaginous arches
- Sensitive trachea coughing a causes
- Postnasal drip is mucus runs nose throat
- Bronchioles small mm as can
- Alveoli are coated thin layer fluid gases dissolve
- Alveoli covered capillaries transfer oxygen carbon dioxide
- Tuberculosis is alveoli caused bacteria burst inelastic scar
- Emphysema alveolar walls destroyed decreases surface area
- Average person inhales l air day
- Intercostal muscles contract pull ribs outwards inspiration
- Hiccups caused diaphragm spasms air hits vocal cords
- Membrane mitochondria cristae another name
- Electron transport chain results atp produced glucose molecule
- Nadh s electrons indirectly create 3 atp
- One fadh s electrons indirectly create 2 atp
- Processes glycolysis pre-krebs krebs total produced nadh fadh
- Atp produced substrate-level phosphorylation glycolysis
- Atp produced substrate-level phosphorylation krebs cycle
- Diaphragm contracts flattens inspiration the
- Hydrogen ions created bicarbonate buffer system binded hemoglobin
- Muscular contraction myofilaments themselves do not::do/do shorten
- Mucosa mucous membrane another name
- Carbon dioxide humans produce cellular respiration dissolves plasma
- Carbon dioxide humans produce cellular respiration bonds hemoglobin
- Tissues ph low temperature high hemoglobin releases::releases/binds oxygen
- Bicarbonate produced buffering system transported plasma
- Glycolysis requires atp happen produces
- Pre-krebs eukaryotes happens only in
- Increase rate breathing medulla oblongata sends sympathetic signals
- Chemiosmosis oxidative phosphorylation is
- Catabolic metabolic pathways break complex molecules smaller units release::require/release energy
- Anabolic metabolic pathways construct molecules smaller require::require/release energy
- Bond amino acids a peptide the
- Acetyl-coa reactant krebs cycle oxaloacetate reacts form citrate
- Mitochondria atp synthase located cristal membrane
- Passage of h atp synthase a(n passive transport::active/passive transport
- Lactic fermentation occurs eukaryotes oxygen levels low
- Muscles make total body weight
- Muscle cells shorten lengthen move
- Muscles pull::push/pull only
- Smooth muscle cells nucleus striations::striations/no striations tapered shape
- Movement smooth muscle tissue involuntary::voluntary/involuntary
- Movement cardiac muscle tissue involuntary::voluntary/involuntary
- Nuclei muscle cells located sarcolemma pushed side
- Cytoplasm muscle cells called sarcoplasm
- Endoplasmic reticulum muscle cells called sarcoplasmic
- Ligaments connective::type tissue hold bone
- Tendons connective::type tissue hold muscle bone
- Organism manufacture food called heterotroph
- Filament long chain proteins a
- Skeletal muscles attached bones tendons
- Muscle bundle is another a fascicle
- Muscles contract rush calcium ions
- Thin::thick/thin myofilaments made actin tropomyosin troponin
- Actins small ball-shaped proteins form chains coil
- Myosin molecule made long proteins
- Type fibers i slow-twitch ii fast-twitch
- Type muscle fibers i more::more/less mitochondria ii less::more/less
- Type muscle fibers i more::more/less oxygen make more::more/less atp ii
- Type muscle fibers store energy i triglycerides while
- Type muscle fibers are resistant/easily i fatigue resistant::fatigue
- Type muscle fibers are activated motor neurons i
- Myoglobin is relative hemoglobin exists muscle tissue
- Kidney filtration non-selective::selective/non-selective process is
- Fluid space chloroplast called stroma
- Thylakoids interconnected flattened sacs located stroma chloroplast
- Grana stacks thylakoids are of
- Carbohydrate molecules atoms c h o
- Air enters intrapleural space lobe lung collapse
- Area brain responsible controlling breathing medulla oblongata
- Electronegativities abundant elements organisms o n c h
- Group formula amino acids carboxyl cooh) and amine nh
- Central carbon::element atom links carboxyl amine groups amino
- Amino variations r group acid differences
- Amino acids found commonly organisms
- Disaccharides monosaccharides bonded glycosidic linkage
- Chemical evolution theory carbohydrates originated prebiotic soup space
- Primary structure protein refers protein's unique sequence amino
- Arrangement carbon atoms molecule shape functional groups determine
- Groups act solution amino bases carboxyl acids
- Polymerization reactions end::ex/endergonic nonspontaneous are
- Group carboxyl amino acid converted carbonyl polypeptide condensation
- Amino acids polypeptide called residues
- Proteins polypeptide quaternary structures have
- Levels protein structure depend primary
- Molecular chapterones special proteins facilitate speed refolding
- Location enzyme substrates bind react active site
- Cofactors metal ions coenzymes part active site stabilize
- Bond nucleotides called phosphodiester linkage
- Deoxyribonucleic acid consists nucleotides deoxyribose
- Ribonucleic acid consists nucleotides ribose
- Nucleotide phosphate group attached carbon
- Nitrogenous base differences ribonucleotides the
- Purines larger::larger/smaller pyrimidines are than
- Writing sequence amino acids polypeptide chain n-terminus c-terminus
- Primary structure nucleic acid refers its unique sequence of nitrogenous
- Bases a–t g–c dna molecule complementary meaning hydrogen
- Dna molecule hydrophilic nitrogenous bases tightly stacked with 0.34
- Dna is less::more/less reactive rna lacks hydroxyl group
- Complementary base pairs rna a–u g–c
- Thyroxin aka t4 inactive form t3
- Aerobic::aerobic/anaerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide
- Gluten protein::macromolecule wheat is a
- C h o formula ethanol
- Alcohol variations structure number individual’s dehydrogenase::family enzymes explain
- Carbonation speeds up::speeds up/slows absorption alcohol bloodstream
- Hydrogen atoms released alcohol turned acetaldehyde bind nad
- Sodium bicarbonate raises duodenum ph secreted pancreas
- Trypsinogen converted active form trypsin enterokinase
- Secretin::enzyme peptidases disaccharidases secreted duodenum
- Villi found jejunum ileum are
- Lacteals absorb fatty acids glycerol
- Choroid layer of eye absorbs stray light rays::function
- Purpose colon aka large bowel reabsorb water absorb
- Water alcohol hormones medications absorbed stomach
- Stomach digests proteins::macromolecule the mainly
- Salivary amylase ph breaks starch maltose
- Sodium ions attract water osmosis
- Potassium needed nerve function is
- Calcium needed bone muscle function
- Blood maintain ph has to
- Type cell set glycoproteins aka antigens surface identification
- Covalent bonds unequal::equal/unequal sharing electrons free energy
- Chromatin refers loose combination dna histones
- Bonds share electrons equally more::less/more free energy
- Fatty acids store energy carbohydrates c–c c–h bonds
- Fatty acid consists hydrocarbon chain bonded carboxyl functional
- Fatty acids monomers lipids individual chains linked directly
- Amphipathic compounds hydrophilic hydrophobic elements
- Tend form phospholipids micelles shorter tails bilayers longer
- Liposomes artificial vesicles are
- Liquid triacylglycerols called oils are
- Lipid bilayers less::more/less unsaturated fatty acids permeable
- Lipid bilayers more::more/less unsaturated fatty acids permeable
- Phospholipid consists glycerol linked phosphate group fatty acid
- Urea filtrate distal tubule concentrated::concentrated/dilute
- Lipids not::are/are polymers fatty acids
- Macromolecules cannot::can/cannot diffuse cell membranes
- Compared aorta blood pressure capillaries low resistance flow
- Cells renal tubules mitochondria require active transport
- Descending limb of loop henle impermeable h o
- Ascending limb of loop henle impermeable to h o
- Adh production triggered by thirst—the hypothalamus detects h o
- Only amphipathic proteins inserted lipid bilayers
- Channel ion type protein forms pores cell membrane
- Gated channels membrane proteins open close response binding
- Reactions occur light thylakoid membrane dark stroma chloroplast
- Neuron axon conducts impulses cell body::direction
- Glomerular capillaries filter blood pores cell walls form
- About 99 filtrate produced renal corpuscles recycled
- Diuresis means increased urine production
- Deals periods time microevolution short macroevolution longer
- Interneurons exist central nervous system
- Motor neurons transmit nerve impulses central nervous system
- Reflex arcs simple connections neurons body react involuntarily
- Dendrites terminals that relay nerve impulses to::to/from cell body
- Dendrite::dendrite/axon receives signal axon::dendrite/axon adjacent cell
- A membrane potential difference charge side plasma membrane
- Resting neurons permeable potassium ions
- Action potential begins sodium ions flow nerve cell
- Cornea is transparent part sclera located front eye
- Myelin sheaths increase signal transmission speed force impulse
- Ends axons synaptic vesicles store neurotransmitters
- Organelles increase efficiency speed chemical reactions bringing substrates
- Ligand molecule binds specific site receptor
- Functional unit nervous system neuron
- Reflex arc automatic and fast-acting::two characteristics
- Period refractory time neuron takes repolarize
- Cerebrospinal fluid circulates nutrients wastes cushions brain inside
- Cell body neuron called cyton
- Sclera white tough fibrous protective::function layer eye supports::function
- Exonucleases enzymes cut dna ends
- Cones pigment called photopsin reacts specific wavelengths light
- S phase, genetic material replicated during
- Iris adjusts size pupil varying amounts light
- Chamber anterior of eye aqueous humour posterior contains
- Eye lens of separates into anterior posterior chambers
- Ability lens change shape called accommodation
- People myopia have elongated::shortened/elongated eyeballs
- People hyperopia have shortened::shortened/elongated eyeballs
- People astigmatism have unevenly curved cornea
- Rods concentrated edges retina the
- Pituitary gland regulates endocrine system
- Optic nerve transmits images occipital lobe brain
- Blind spot eye photoreceptors the
- Tympanum vibrates hit soundwaves passes vibrations ossicles
- Eustachian tube connects middle ear throat equalizes air
- Stapes strikes oval window creates pressure waves cochlear
- Hair cells ear attached basilar membrane located base
- Papillae tongue taste buds sensory receptors
- Probability unlinked genes inherited the
- Mechanoreceptors semicircular canals ear detect rotational equilibrium
- Mechanoreceptors the vestibule ear detect gravitational equilibrium
- Body proprioceptors found muscles tendons joints detect position
- Impulses taste buds travel gustatory centre parietal lobe
- Cell g1 g2 gap phases time replicates organelles
- Transduction conversion external stimuli action potential
- Rhodopsin activated retinal shape when absorbs light
- Sensation sourness caused by hydrogen ions flowing taste cells
- Sensations sweetness unami detected similar receptors taste cells
- Thyroxine acts cells body::target tissue
- Cortisol acts body cells::target tissue
- Insulin acts liver muscles::target tissue
- Human growth hormone acts primarily long bones::target tissue
- Frontal lobe controls reasoning personality
- Occipital lobes located back cerebrum process visual information
- Parietal lobes regulate touch taste sensations
- Cerebellum brain responsible coordination balance
- Auditory cortex located temporal lobes processes hearing balance
- Cytokinesis cytoplasm::organelle division mitosis meiosis nuclei::organelle
- Sister chromatids bound centromere are
- Sister chromatids identical dna double helixes
- Dna making copies called replication
- Creation mrna dna template strand transcription
- Synthesis proteins mrna translation the
- Stage mitosis is prophase chromosomes condense spindle apparatus
- Metaphase chromosomes line plate during
- During telophase::mitosis phase nuclear envelope reforms spindle apparatus disintegrates
- Mpf::abbreviation aka mitosis-promoting factor::full induces mitosis interphase cells
- Non-sex chromosomes called autosomes are
- Locus gene physical location chromosome
- Genetic recombination occur result crossing
- Autosomal recessive::dominant/recessive traits skip generations
- X-linked recessive::dominant/recessive traits affect males females
- Man x-linked dominant::dominant/recessive trait pass daughters sons
- Genes frequently apart/close genetic linkage occurs are close together::far
- Primase enzyme synthesizes primer dna polymerase
- Telomeres shorten genes code it's
- Telomerase enzyme active reproductive organs prevents shortening telomeres::function
- Sequence specifies central dogma simply states dna rna
- Codon 3-base sequence codes amino acid
- Start codon aug::triplet code signals protein synthesis begin
- Point mutation change single nucleotide base pair
- Mutation missense point amino acid produced
- Splicing process removing introns joining exons growing rna
- Caps tails mrnas protect degradation::function
- Rna primary transcript converted mature processing
- Transcriptional control regulatory proteins interfere rna polymerase's ability
- Post-translational control inactivation proteins synthesized
- Benefit transcriptional control energy efficient
- Inducer is molecule triggers expression gene
- Founder effect change allele frequencies occurs population established
- Restriction endonuclease enzyme cuts dna at/near sites
- Dna cohesive sticky ends molecules joined ligase recombinant
- Epigenetics study gene expression is
- Bacteria sex pili cytoplasmic extensions transfer genetic material
- Regulatory enhancers sequences found introns begin::begin/stop transcription proteins
- Rna primary transcript yield kinds mature due alternative
- Alternative splicing gene code kinds proteins
- Cloning vector plasmid produce copies foreign dna piece
- Natural selection acts individuals evolutionary change occurs populations
- Gene flow change allele frequencies population individuals migrate
- Hardy-weinberg principle null hypothesis compare observed data
- Balancing selection occurs alleles advantage
- Smaller::larger/smaller gene pool pronounced effect sampling errors
- Sexual selection caused female choice and/or male-male competition
- Fecundity survivorship inversely proportional::relationship and
- Rate r max aka intrinsic increase maximum biotic
- Species characteristic r max value change
- Exponential population growth density-independent::dependent/independent is
- N approaches k population growth slows
- Competition individuals result in –/–::interaction between
- Commensalism individuals result in +/0::interaction between
- Mutualism individuals result in +/+::interaction between
- Consumption individual results in +/–::interaction of
- Interspecific competition occurs members species
- Niche species' fundamental absence competitors a
- Niche species' realized presence competitors a
- Primary::primary/secondary succession occurs areas essentially life
- Community climax stable dominant species
- The light-dependent reaction takes place grana chloroplast
- The light-independent reaction takes place stroma chloroplast
- Pgal 3::#-carbon sugar is a
- Light-independent reaction run atp and nadph input light-dependent
- Gram negative::positive/negative bacteria disease due possessing toxic membrane
- Decreased::increased/decreased turgor pressure guard cells stomata collapse
- Yolk granules nourish ovum::function early development
- Zona pellucida is thick membrane binds sperm initiating acrosome
- Carbon fixation phase calvin cycle, 3 rubp and 3 co2
- Reduction phase calvin cycle, atp and nadph required reduce pga into g3p
- Sperm formed testes matures/stored epididymis
- Cells sertoli aka nurse produced seminiferous tubule direct
- Ovaries progesterone secreted corpus luteum
- Ripe follicle graafian a is
- Fsh stimulates gamete production males females
- Inhibin hormone suppresses fsh lh secretion men women
- High levels inhibin provide negative feedback shuts fsh
- Progesterone inhibits::stimulates/inhibits ovulation stimulates::stimulates/inhibits endometrium growth females
- Midpiece sperm cell mitochondria the
- Interstitial cells called leydig are
- High levels fsh stimulate primary follicle growth ovum
- Cells inhibin secreted sertoli males follicular females
- Onset puberty attributed release high levels gnrh::hormone
- Gonads testes males ovaries females
- Foreskin's role protect glans penis
- Fimbriae thread-like projections sweep ovum ovary oviduct
- Oviducts lined cilia move ovum uterus
- Parasympathetic nervous system stimulated by acetylcholine::neurotransmitter
- Ectoderm::germ layer rise epidermis hair nervous system
- Mesoderm::germ layer rise muscles bones blood lymph vessels
- Relaxin hormone produced placenta dilates cervix::function
- Prolactin released anterior pituitary birth stimulates mammary glands
- Division begins zygote embryo once
- Female secondary sex characteristics caused estrogen::hormone
- Vertebral column arises mesoderm::germ layer
- Lactose glucose::monosaccharide galactose::monosaccharide bonded is
- 1/3::fraction ideal meal consists carb fat protein
- Bacteria infect cells release chemicals illness
- Chyme mixture food particles gastric juices
- Cells effector combat antigen memory live longer remain
- Cells cytokines secreted macrophages responsible causing fever activating
- Process activated helper t cells undergo mitosis called
- Antibodies fight pathogens sticking immobilizing attracting phagocytes
- Response involves cells humoral b antibodies cell-mediated cytotoxic
- Immunity is injection memory active weakened/dead pathogens form
- Rh haemolytic disease and erythroblastosis fetalis can happen
- Space inside membrane of mitochondrion called matrix
- Buiret's reagent pink purple presence proteins blue
- Lower respiratory system cilia found lining bronchioles
- Produced carbon dioxide aerobic respiration matrix mitochondria krebs
- Theory of chemical evolution maintains continued inputs energy resulted
- Atp synthase specially shaped force adp phosphate hydrogen
- Atp steps hydrogens pumped matrix cytochrome complex creating
- Final acceptor oxygen oxidizes protein takes electrons combines
- Pericardium fluid-filled double-layered membrane surrounds heart helps decrease
- Carbon dioxide humans produce cellular respiration reacts water
- Alveoli ph neutral temperature low hemoglobin binds::releases/binds oxygen
- Muscle fascicles bundles skeletal fibres wrapped/surrounded perimysium
- Muscle cells fibers myocytes are
- Lungs hemoglobin lets of co in favour of o due
- Muscle stretched z lines move farther widths i
- Type fibers dominant muscles i maintaining posture ii
- Type muscle fibers respiration i usually use aerobic::aerobic/anaerobic cellular
- Muscle high concentrations myoglobin in cells organisms hold
- Hydrogen ions bonded hemoglobin called hydroxyhemoglobin
- Occurs mitochondrial matrix glycolysis cytoplasm pre-krebs krebs chemiosmosis
- Atp synthase shape when h passes result potential energy
- Energy muscle cells turn chemical potential stored atp
- Skeletal muscle cells nucleus striations::striations/no striations tubular shape
- Cardiac muscle cells nucleus striations::striations/no striations branched network
- Movement skeletal muscle tissue voluntary::voluntary/involuntary
- Organisms photosynthesize chemosynthesize called autotrophs
- Blood pressure cuff mmhg push closed artery systole
- Middle layer artery called tunica media responsible vasoconstriction
- External respiration exchange o and blood air
- Epiglottis is flap cartilage that closes glottis when swallow
- Laryngitis inflammation larynx caused postnasal drip
- Bronchioles smooth muscle::type muscle cartilage
- Alveoli have elastic recoil push air
- Pneumonia is caused viruses bacteria results inflammatory response
- Fluid-filled area pleurae called pleural cavity
- Pleural membranes completely surround lungs provide lubrication
- Carbohydrates main source fuel body structure storage functions
- Glycogen aka animal starch storage::function molecule found liver muscles
- The secondary structure protein refers helixes pleated sheets formed
- Tertiary structure protein refers unique 3d-shape formed irregular
- Lipids carbon-containing molecules nonpolar::polar/nonpolar and hydrophobic::hydrophilic/hydrophobic
- Reducing sugar free aldehyde ketone group enabling act
- Free radicals have unpaired valence electrons extremely reactive::reactive/unreactive
- Chemical evolution initial reactions involved endergonic meaning products::products/reactants
- Amino bond group peptide c carboxyl acid and the
- Polypeptides amino acids called oligopeptides peptides proteins
- Protein denatured unfolded longer function
- Proteins proteinaceous infectious particles abbreviated prions improperly folded
- Group polymerization nucleotides involves forming bond phosphate hydroxyl
- Oxygen detaches rbcs hydrostatic pressure forces plasma capillary
- Rbcs carry oxygen plasma just
- Cells histamines gaps capillary pathogen inflammatory response injury—pathogens
- Blood composed cells fragments of
- Anemia is caused insufficient iron blood
- Liver spleen responsible destroying rbcs
- Damaged platelets release chemical called thromboplastin
- Thromboplastin activates shape prothrombin make thrombin
- Strands fibrin sticky that pull wound edges together
- Type cones red blue green
- Rods two-molecule complex called rhodopsin retinal opsin
- Stimulated light rods cones stop releasing glutamate inhibitory
- Pepsinogen produced gastric glands activated pepsin hydrochloric acid
- The pinna auditory canal focusses soundwaves ear
- Order vibrations tympanum malleus → incus → stapes → oval window
- Semicircular canals vestibule located ear sensors balance
- Hair cells ear stimulated movement stereocilia communicates nerves
- Otoliths calcium carbonate granules put pressure hair cells
- Olfactory nose cells form action potential travel bulb
- Endoderm::germ layer rise endocrine digestive respiratory systems
- Detect specific nociceptors sense harmful stimuli thermoreceptors temperature
- Sodium sensation saltiness caused ions flow taste cells
- Sensation bitterness bitter food molecules bind receptor proteins
- Receptor entering nasal cavity odour molecules diffuse layer
- Releasing inhibiting hormones regulate anterior pituitary::tissue
- Glucagon acts liver::target tissue on
- Acth acts adrenal cortex::target tissue
- Motor strip located frontal lobe brain controls movements
- Temporal lobes located side base cerebrum associations vision
- The pons brain relay centre cerebrum cerebellum medulla oblongata
- leads production cell meiosis gametes::type mitosis somatic cells::type
- M phase cells undergo division interphase in-between time
- G1 s g2 phases part interphase
- Sugar is organic compound carbonyl group several hydroxyl
- Dna rna synthesized bases added end molecule
- Writing sequence bases rna dna molecule direction
- Phosphorylation raises::raises/lowers potential energy substrate molecules
- Secondary structure nucleic acids formed hydrogen bonding nitrogenous
- Runs dna strands antiparallel meaning the 5´ direction the 3´
- Strand dna produce daughter molecules primary structure serves
- Secondary structure rna molecule formed hydrogen bonding complementary
- Rid poisonous ethanol body enzymes convert acetaldehyde byproduct
- Alcohol dehydrogenase abbreviated adh enzyme found stomach liver
- Catalase alcohol-metabolising enzyme found peroxisomes cells active human
- Bile produced liver stored gallbladder entering duodenum common
- Duodenum bile salts emulsify lipids lipases break quicker
- Pancreatic pancreas produces enzymes lipase amylase trypsinogen
- Jejunum ileum food absorption takes place
- Capillaries villi intestine absorb monosaccharides amino acids transport
- Large intestine no::has/has villi produce::produces/does produce enzymes smooth::type
- Gastrin hormone stomach stimulates gastric glands food present
- Breaks stomach ph produces enzymes pepsin proteins smaller
- Excrete fishes dilute ammonia water birds reptiles uric
- Cells glycoproteins exist surface body present identify information
- Carbohydrates efficient energy-storage molecules c–c c–h bonds
- Phosphorylase enzyme found cells catalyzes hydrolysis glycogen
- Fats aka triglycerides composed fatty acids bonded glycerol
- Micelle lipid bilayer formation exergonic spontaneous loss potential
- Water phospholipids form either micelles or lipid bilayers
- Saturated lipids generally solid room temperature
- Unsaturated lipids liquid room temperature
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons carbon=carbon bonds kinks/bends phospholipid tails
- Germ layers develop gastrulation during
- Fatty acids unsaturated fewer hydrogen ions maximum means
- Temperature increases fluidity permeability phospholipid membrane increases::increases/decreases
- Histocompatibility molecules proteins::macromolecule found outer::inner/outer surface of plasma membrane
- Binds unlike oxygen iron-containing heme portion hemoglobin carbon
- Loop henle descends medulla environment hypertonic to sodium ions::solute
- Cells distal tubule and collecting duct sensitive hormones adh
- Collecting duct permeable water osmose blood concentration gradient
- Adh aka antidiuretic hormone vasopressin made hypothalamus brain
- Adh insertion aquaporins cell membranes
- Aldosterone is hormone made adrenal cortex na reabsorption
- Channel proteins are selective::selective/non-selective utilize facilitated diffusion::facilitated diffusion/active
- Glut-1 a carrier protein facilitates diffusion glucose cell membranes
- Change macroevolution species microevolution variation adaptation population
- Allopatric speciation occurs populations species geographically separated physical
- Sympatric speciation occurs population isolated reproductively same::the same/a
- Interneurons process incoming sensory information relay outgoing motor
- Genes chromosome more::more/less crossovers are
- Present autosomal dominant::dominant/recessive phenotype child parents
- X-linked recessive::dominant/recessive traits skip generations
- Dna polymerase works direction deoxyribonucleotides added end
- Role single-strand dna-binding proteins aka ssbps prevent separated
- Rna primer serves start site dna polymerase replication
- Dna order enzymes introduced replication process topoisomerase helicase
- Layer retina is internal eye thin tissue photoreceptors
- Lens cornea eye focuses light rays fovea centralis
- Lens ciliary muscles suspensory ligaments attached force flatten
- Cones require intense light stimulated
- Cones concentrated fovea centralis retina
- Role sensory receptors form nerve impulse receiving external
- The cell body neuron produces proteins energy processes input
- Synapses junctions membranes axons dendrites meet
- Inside membrane resting neuron large concentrations potassium ions
- Action potentials neuron identical magnitude duration
- Repolarization neuron potassium ions flow cell
- Channels open depolarization sodium quickly close potassium delay
- Nervous system glia central oligodendrocytes peripheral schwann cells
- Neurotransmitter released presynaptic cell response action potential binds
- Neurons long shorter motor axons dendrites sensory
- Ivf aka vitro fertilization implantation embryo uterus::process
- Histones proteins dna double helix wraps
- Sister chromatids joined called chromosome
- Prometaphase nuclear envelope disintegrates kinetochore microtubules attach chromatid
- Beginning of anaphase::mitotic phase centromeres split and the now-independent chromosomes
- Cell cytokinesis vesicles travel middle begin building plate
- Cells in g0 phase exited cycle divide
- Anaphase::mitotic phase mpf deactivated enzymes
- Ultrasound chorionic vilius sampling amniocentesis techniques diagnose developmental
- Medulla oblongata controls unconscious activities
- Sympathetic nervous system stimulated by epinephrine::neurotransmitter
- Hcg::hormone produced initially embryo placenta maintains secretions progesterone::function
- Morula formed cleavage::process the is
- Placenta formed end trimester embedded uterus wall::location
- Convention codons written direction by
- Mutation silent point change resulting amino acid product
- Mutation nonsense a point that results early stop codon truncated
- Mutation frameshift caused deletion insertion nucleotide a point that causes
- Added end splicing cap poly(a tail mature mrna
- Trna amino acid attached end anticodon found single-stranded
- Translational control occurs regulatory proteins prevent mrna translated
- Benefit post-translational control produces rapid response gene expression
- An operon region prokaryotic dna codes related genes::function
- Restriction sites distinct consist palindromic sequences
- Bacterial transformation uptake incorporation genetic fragments bacterium’s external
- Polymerase chain reaction abbreviated pcr technique amplifies dna
- Regulatory sequences sections dna bind proteins
- Regulatory silencers sequences found introns stop::begin/stop transcription proteins
- Regulatory transcription factors interact proteins specific sequences basal
- Gram positive::positive/negative bacteria large::small/large amounts peptidoglycan cell walls
- Gram negative::positive/negative bacteria small::small/large amounts peptidoglycan cell walls
- Increased::increased/decreased turgor pressure guard cells stomata move
- Secondary oocyte fertilized undergoes meiosis promptly forms zygote
- Intraspecific competition occurs members species
- Interstitial cells testes produce testosterone released bloodstream
- Spermatids formed meiotic division seminiferous tubules grow flagellae
- Males fsh released anterior pituitary gland stimulates maturation
- Glands secrete endocrine blood exocrine site target
- Growth maturation ovum primary follicle results release estrogen::hormone
- Males lh stimulates production secretion testosterone
- Females low::high/low levels estrogen progesterone trigger release gnrh
- Acrosome sperm cell vesicle enzymes digest ovum coat
- Estrogen::hormone stimulates development secondary sex characteristics females
- Uterus reaching oviduct blastocyst implants lining
- High levels lh stimulate ovulation formation corpus luteum
- Estrogen produced ovaries adrenal glands corpus luteum
- Competitive exclusion principle states species niche coexist
- Produce mucus gland male reproductive system seminal vesicles
- Testis-determining factor tdf gene y chromosome triggers production
- Gnrh releases fsh lh::hormones and
- Reverse transcriptase enzyme catalyzes synthesis dna rna
- Genetic drift allele frequencies population change randomly increase
- Frequency aa genotype case gene alleles population is p
- Genetic bottleneck sudden reduction number alleles population
- Carrying capacity habitat k maximum number individuals support
- Logistic population growth density-dependent::dependent/independent is
- Defences constitutive present inducible presence predator
- Secondary::primary/secondary succession occurs areas previous community removed
- The light-independent reactions carbon dioxide fixed pgal aka g3p, which is used
- Phases calvin-benson cycle carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration
- G3p regeneration phase calvin cycle converted 3 rubp make
- Flaps semilunar valve how many
- Valves tendons muscle attached atrioventricular
- Fluid interstitial extracellular what's another
- Bad about blood backflow lowers heart efficiency
- Heart oxygenated blood enter left atrium
- Source dub sound stethoscope blood rushing closed sl
- Systolic pressure when ventricles contract
- Qrs complex represent depolarization ventricles
- R wave represent depolarization of main mass ventricles
- Chemical medulla oblongata detect levels blood
- Pressure blood measurements reported systolic diastolic
- Blood pressure hypertension high consistent mm hg
- Node order neuron impulses spread heart sa av
- Side heart systemic circuit left side delivers blood
- Are tricuspid valves located atrium ventricle
- Myogenic cells muscle cells spontaneously contract on
- Myogenic cells found cardiac tissue in heart
- Primary pacemaker of heart sinoatrial node
- Give heart attack sufferers aspirin dissolves clots in
- Vasoconstriction constricting blood vessels increases blood pressure
- Largest artery in human body aorta
- Arteries deep tissue reduces chance injury rupture
- Varicose veins faulty vein valves what
- Angiography arteries dyed x-rayed show damaged areas
- Veins larger than arteries hold blood lower pressure
- Cells endothelial thin and flat line wall of
- Outermost layer vein/artery names tunica externa adventitia
- Innermost layer of vein/artery tunica intima
- Atherosclerosis accumulation lipids inside arterial wall
- Stroke ruptured vessel brain what
- Aneurysm bulging vessel in brain
- Force fluid move arterial end of capillary hydrostatic
- Force fluid largely regained venous end of capillary
- Histamines released unknown substance enters body
- Edema swelling caused accumulation excess fluid tissues
- Main types tissue humans epithelial connective muscle nervous
- Returned fluid capillaries osmosis collected lymph vessels and
- Lymph nodes human body hundred
- Types pathogens bacteria parasite prion virus
- Circulate difference monocyte and macrophage bloodstream extracellular fluid
- Wbc pathogen dissolve steps engulfs pathogen. lysosome fuses
- Increase body temperature when fighting pathogen wbc activity
- T cells killer cytotoxic what
- Molecules mhc major histocompatibility complex are surface proteins
- Class i mhcs found cells rbcs
- Clonal selection mitosis of b t cells activated
- Apcs located antigen-presenting cells what
- Cytolysis kill/break cells what is
- Chemicals injected killer t cells perforin granzyme
- Vitamin increases body's absorption iron c
- Erythropoietin hormone that controls rbc levels
- Rbc erythropoietin control production levels o levels low
- Phagocytosis process eating cells what
- Thromb means clot
- Step clotting process platelets stick exposed collagen fibres
- Thrombin enzyme assembles fibrinogen monomers into fibrin
- Caused anaphylactic shock and dangerous drop blood pressure
- Hiv stands h uman i mmunodeficiency v irus
- Cerebral embolism clot dislodges original location ends brain
- Job the nasal passages warm moisten clean air
- Role mucus in immune system traps foreign particles
- Bones turbinate thin increase surface area nasal cavity
- What moistens the incoming air the nasal passages
- Cartilage rings surrounding trachea semicircular shape open part faces
- Cells skeletal muscle long thin nuclei formed precursor
- Perimysium membrane of connective tissue groups muscle fibres
- Functional unit for muscle contraction sarcomere
- Metabolic pathways controlled sequences reactions cells life-sustaining process
- Mouth disadvantage breathing air warmed moistened
- Homeostasis maintenance constant conditions cells
- Organic molecules carbon what are
- Total lung volume increase emphysema empty space alveolar
- Part aerobic respiration responsible producing krebs cycle
- Colour iodine indicator presence polysaccharides yellow
- Colour benedict’s reagent presence reducing sugars blue
- Types disaccharides lactose maltose sucrose
- Types monosaccharides glucose fructose galactose
- Coenzymes small organic molecules aid enzyme catalysis
- Regulation main types enzyme competitive inhibition allosteric
- Nitrogenous bases pyrimidine derivatives cytosine c uracil u
- The nucleobases that purine derivatives guanine g adenine
- Four nucleobases in deoxyribonucleotides g c t
- Components nucleoside sugar nitrogenous base
- Ribozymes rna molecules catalyze reactions
- Enzymes functional difference between α and β linkages
- Glycoprotein protein covalently bonded to carbohydrate
- Thermophiles organisms thrive high temperatures
- Bile consist cholesterol bilirubin salt
- Enterokinase produced cells duodenum where
- Polypeptides function trypsin breaks smaller
- Feedback inhibition the end product chain enzyme-catalyzed reactions
- Main excretory organs lungs skin large intestine kidneys
- Kidneys close aorta high pressure force blood kidney’s
- Main functions kidney filtration reabsorption secretion
- The cellulose in dietary fiber important adds moisture and
- Cholesterol reduce membrane permeability increases density hydrophobic section
- Alcohol caffeine urination dehydration diuretics water urinated
- Structures nephron re-absorb water proximal tubule, descending limb loop
- Replenishes electrons photosystem ii hydrolysis water
- Species phyletic speciation gradually evolves form parent extinct
- Action potential/nerve impulse rapid temporary change membrane potential
- Sodium channels opening neuron positive feedback open depolarization
- Saltatory conduction propagation action potentials node
- Hormones hypothalamus secrete rh ih
- Hormones the anterior pituitary release acth fsh hgh lh
- Hormones the thyroid gland secrete thyroxine calcitonin
- Hormones the parathyroid glands secrete pth
- Hormones the adrenal medulla secrete epinephrine norepinephrine
- Hormones the pancreas secrete insulin glucagon
- Hormones testes secrete inhibin testosterone
- Chromosome dna double helix wrapped tightly proteins
- Dntps deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates what are
- Haploid cell set chromosomes what
- Role dna ligase closes gaps between okazaki fragments
- Traits complex shaped gene what
- Traits single-gene influenced gene what
- Growth factors small proteins stimulate cell division
- Principle independent assortment non-homologous chromosomes line metaphase plate
- Separate linked genes crossing what
- Polymorphic trait alleles a what
- Pleiotropic gene gene influences traits
- Multiple allelism existence alleles gene
- Gene-by-gene interactions actions allele depend expression genes
- Dna function polymerase polymerizes deoxyribonucleotides
- Dna synthesis exergonic dntps release lot energy polymerise
- Primer short piece rna complementary template dna strand
- Okazaki fragments sections synthesized dna lagging strand
- Anticodon triplet sequence complementary mrna codon
- Trna function aminoacyl synthetases catalyze charging amino acid
- Function ribosome synthesizes proteins mrna trna
- Types regulatory sequences dna enhancer silencer promoter-proximal element
- Life's domains archaea bacteria eukaryota
- Acrosome reaction release contents head sperm
- Corona radiata layers cells protect ovum travels
- Function nucleolus synthesizes rrna makes ribosomes
- Main symptom hpv genital warts
- Main effects testosterone increased sweat production voice deepening
- Corpus luteum made follicle cells left ovulation
- Average lifespan egg cell hours
- Average lifespan sperm cell hours
- Main visible symptom genital herpes blisters
- Blastocyst blastula what is another
- Common viral stis hepatitis herpes hiv hpv
- Tubal ligation cutting oviducts females
- Vasectomy cutting ductus deferens males
- Is codominance alleles trait expressed phenotype
- Myofibrils long thin contractile proteins bundled together parallel
- Cell activates helper t monocyte
- Activation clonal selection cells branches acquired immunity humoral
- Cells natural killer cytotoxic lymphocytes recognize stressed without
- Class ii mhcs found cells immune system
- Autoimmune diseases multiple sclerosis diabetes arthritis
- Anticoagulants do remove ca ions plasma prevent clotting
- E fundamental characteristics life ultimate goal is r
- Reserve volume increase patients emphysema alveoli elastic recoil
- Restrictive lung difference and obstructive lung diseases decreased
- Classes macromolecules carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids what
- Colour iodine indicator turn presence polysaccharides blue black
- Sarcomere kind cells exist contractile unit myofibril striated
- Main purposes connective tissue muscles strengthen organize
- Skeletal muscles antagonistic work pairs contracts extensor relaxes
- Secondary pacemaker atrioventricular node (near av valves
- Creates lub sound heard stethoscopes ventricles contracting av
- Pressure diastolic blood arteries ventricles are relaxed (minimum
- Q wave represent depolarization intraventricular septum
- S wave represent phase ventricular depolarization (impulse spreads
- Coronary arteries located base aorta spreads top surface
- Coronary deoxygenated blood circuit veins bring directly atrium
- Coronary bypass vessel removed body attached aorta arteries
- Is angioplasty catheterization thread plastic tube arm leg
- Veins bluish blood is deoxygenated high levels
- Vasoconstriction keep body warm cold weather constricts arteries
- Veins undergo vasoconstriction during exercise drives blood heart
- Arterioles provide a greater resistance to blood flow
- Vasa vasorum tiny blood vessels nourish artery
- Plaque buildup lipids calcium blood hardens time
- Creates outward hydrostatic force in capillaries high pressure
- Osmotic force in capillaries higher concentration protein solutes
- Role of cilia in respiratory system sweep mucus
- Warms incoming air nasal passages blood
- Air clean moist warm entering throat lower respiratory
- Colour benedict’s reagent turn presence reducing sugars red
- Reducing power chemical potential energy molecule reduced form
- Factors determine chemical reaction spontaneous decreases potential energy
- Enzyme is specificity catalyze specific reaction
- Induced fit shape change enzymes substrates bind active
- Enzyme's substrates held place enter active site hydrogen
- Vitamin deficiencies bad coenzymes reactions meaning enzymes function
- Enzyme limits rate catalysis number molecules
- Components nucleotide phosphate group five-carbon sugar nitrogenous base
- Ulcers damage tissue acid digestive enzymes
- Heart blood murmur backflow result deficient valves gurgling
- Side heart holds deoxygenated blood smaller
- Maximum amount gas exchange lungs tissues occur rate
- Wave node fires ekg sequence heartbeat p sa
- components make cardiovascular system heart blood and blood vessels
- Valve the bicuspid mitrial what's
- Bicuspid tricuspid valves atrioventricular valves
- Heart murmur fixed replace faulty valve donor's pig's
- Heart cells ghost removed connective tissue left reseeded
- Starvation cause edema body starts consuming blood proteins
- Roles lymphatic system returns reluctant fluid tissues back
- Specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes lymph nodes
- Wbcs nucleus store instructions specialised job and need dna
- Mature erythrocytes enucleated greater surface area greater flexibility
- Iron important bloodstream makes heme group forms hemoglobin
- Sickle cell anemia mutation gene makes hemoglobin
- Jaundice release bilirubin by ruptured erythrocytes bloodstream
- Coagulation clotting process blood vessel ruptured denatured proteins
- Hormones posterior pituitary secrete adh oct
- Hormones the adrenal cortex secrete glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids gonadocorticoids
- Hormones ovaries release estrogen progesterone
- Gene portion dna codes specific protein(s
- Structural difference between ribose and deoxyribose deoxyribose h
- Nucleobases ribonucleotides g, a c u
- Homeotherms organisms maintain an internal body temperature independent
- Poikilotherms organisms regulate internal body temperature
- Function peptidases break peptides amino acids
- Secretin main jobs stimulates pancreas release antacid enzymes
- Types things produced gastric glands and purpose mucus
- The ascending limb of loop henle impermeable water re-enter
- Photorespiration levels low rubisco's active site filled by
- Theory particulate inheritance genes maintain integrity generations
- Principle segregation chromosomes line randomly metaphase plate
- Parent testcross breeding homozygous recessive unknown
- Genes chromosome violate principle random assortment transmitted gamete
- Gene-by-environment interactions environment impact individual's phenotype
- Polygenic inheritance phenotype influenced genes
- Strand semiconservative replication daughter dna molecule consists template
- Replication origin site chromosome dna begins
- Replication fork region parent dna split turned daughter
- Function helicase breaks hydrogen bonds deoxyribonucleotides
- Dna ways damage error reduced polymerase proofreading mismatch
- Dendrites highly branched increase surface area receive information
- Eukaryotes organelles prokaryotes bigger compartmentalize
- Summation neuron additive effect postsynaptic potentials action cell
- Myelin light-coloured schwann cells consist phospholipids
- Polar bodies smaller cells formed alongside egg oogenesis
- Incomplete dominance allele completely expressed resulting intermediate phenotype
- Cell tumour suppressors regulatory proteins arrest cycle apoptosis
- Longer menopause follicles respond fsh lh estrogen progesterone
- Base wobble hypothesis anticodon complementary codon long amino
- Testes produce sperm cells hormones
- Names stages embryonic development morula blastocyst gastrula
- Common bacterial stis chlamydia gonorrhea syphilis
- Main difference eubacteria archaea thrive extreme environments
- Gene assumptions made pool hardy-weinberg equation natural selection
- Mutations inbreeding reduce fitness humans recessive alleles loss-of-function
- Organ levels organization ecology biosphere biome ecosystem community
- Anatomical planes human
- Anatomical planes human
- Human heart exterior view
- Human heart exterior view
- Human heart exterior view
- Human heart exterior view
- Human heart exterior view
- Human heart exterior view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Double membranes lungs of the
- Lungs the
- Double membranes lungs of the
- Lung anatomy
- Lungs the
- Double membranes lungs of the
- Respiratory system
- Respiratory system
- Respiratory system
- Respiratory system
- Respiratory system
- Respiratory system
- Respiratory system
- Lung lobe
- Cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration
- Glycolysis
- Krebs cycle
- Krebs cycle
- Krebs cycle
- Krebs cycle
- Krebs cycle
- Skeletal myocyte
- Skeletal myocyte
- Skeletal muscle cell
- Skeletal muscle cell
- Skeletal muscle cell
- Skeletal muscle cell
- Skeletal muscle cell
- Skeletal muscle cell
- Skeletal muscle cell
- Skeletal muscle cell
- Thin myofilament
- Thin myofilament
- Thin myofilament
- Thick myofilament
- Thick myofilament
- Muscle contraction relaxation and
- Skeletal muscle fiber
- Skeletal muscle fiber
- Skeletal muscle fiber
- Skeletal muscle fiber
- Animal mitochondria
- Animal mitochondria
- Skeletal muscle
- Skeletal muscle
- Skeletal muscle
- Animal mitochondria
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast
- Enzyme catalysis
- Intestinal villi microvilli and
- Intestinal villi microvilli and
- Intestinal villi microvilli and
- Intestinal villi microvilli and
- Cell membrane
- Cell membrane
- Cell membrane
- Cell membrane
- Cell membrane
- Cell membrane
- Cell membrane
- Excretory system
- Excretory system
- Excretory system
- Excretory system
- Excretory system
- Effects concentration gradients kind tonic solution
- Effects concentration gradients kind tonic solution
- Nephron
- Nephron
- Nephron
- Kidney cross-section
- Kidney cross-section
- Nucleotide sugars
- Light-dependent reactions thylakoid membrane in
- Light-dependent reactions thylakoid membrane in
- Light-dependent reactions thylakoid membrane in
- Z-scheme light-dependent reactions thylakoid membrane
- Motor neuron
- Motor neuron
- Motor neuron
- Motor neuron
- Motor neuron
- Motor neuron
- Motor neuron
- Human ear
- Human ear
- Ear inner
- Ear inner
- Ear inner
- Ear inner
- Ear inner
- Ear inner
- Ear inner
- Human ear
- Human ear
- Human ear
- Human ear
- Cochlea cross-section
- Organ corti of
- Organ corti of
- Human eye
- Human eye
- Human eye
- Human eye
- Human eye
- Human eye
- Layers retina of the
- Layers retina of the
- Formation optic nerve of the
- Formation optic nerve of the
- Human eye
- Formation optic nerve of the
- Formation optic nerve of the
- Formation optic nerve of the
- Organs balance the of
- Organs balance the of
- Organs balance the of
- Organs balance the of
- Organs balance the of
- Crista ampullaris
- Crista ampullaris
- Utricle saccule and
- Utricle saccule and
- Utricle saccule and
- Utricle saccule and
- Taste bud
- Taste bud
- Taste bud
- Taste bud
- Cell cycle
- Cell cycle
- Cell cycle
- Mitosis
- Mitosis
- Mitosis
- Digestive system
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