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AP Biology + Alberta Biology 30 Diploma

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Gnrh releases fsh lh::hormones and
Normal systolic pressure for adult mmhg
Signal medulla oblongata travels vagus nerve sa node
Pressure initial blood cuff mmhg
Blood pressure cuff mmhg push closed artery systole
Maximum length time leave inflated blood pressure cuff
Normal diastolic pressure adult mmhg
Pulse veins pulse::a no have
Arteries pulse::a pulse/no pulse have
Arteries slick smooth epithelium have
Capillary walls composed single layer endothelial cells
Arteries veins have layers and
Middle layer artery called tunica media responsible vasoconstriction
Tunica media in veins thinner::thinner/thicker arteries
Oxygen detaches rbcs hydrostatic pressure forces plasma capillary
Rbcs carry oxygen plasma just
Lymph vessels valves::valves/no valves have
Lymph nodes act checkstop cells body
Bacteria infect cells release chemicals illness
Bacteria prokaryotic::prokaryotic/eukaryotic cells are
Cells histamines gaps capillary pathogen inflammatory response injury—pathogens
Inflammatory response non-specific::specific/non-specific defense the
Adaptive immunity specific specific/non-specific defense
Fighting pathogen monocytes will release chemicals increase body
Blood composed plasma of 55
Blood composed cells fragments of
Neutrophils basophils eosinophils granulocytes and
Oxygenated hemoglobin responsible colour red blood cells
Oxygen-loaded form hemoglobin called oxyhemoglobin
Anemia is caused insufficient iron blood
Pleural membranes completely surround lungs provide lubrication
Sickle cell anemia erythrocytes deform rupture form blood
Liver spleen responsible destroying rbcs
Damaged platelets release chemical called thromboplastin
Prothrombin fibrinogen inactive proteins made liver
Thromboplastin activates shape prothrombin make thrombin
Strands fibrin sticky that pull wound edges together
Thromboplastin calcium ions convert prothrombin thrombin fibrinogen fibrin
Action blood cells migrating capillary walls called diapedesis
Cells effector combat antigen memory live longer remain
Cells cytokines secreted macrophages responsible causing fever activating
Cells t helper activate cytotoxic b
Process activated helper t cells undergo mitosis called
Chemicals released cytotoxic cells apoptosis
Antibodies fight pathogens sticking immobilizing attracting phagocytes
Response involves cells humoral b antibodies cell-mediated cytotoxic
Leucocytes neutrophils::type wbc of 70
Immunity is injection memory active weakened/dead pathogens form
Rh haemolytic disease and erythroblastosis fetalis can happen
Rh individuals antibodies exposed do
Internal respiration is exchange o between the blood body
External respiration exchange o and blood air
System pharynx passageway air respiratory food/water digestive
Epiglottis is flap cartilage that closes glottis when swallow
Glottis is opening trachea the
Larynx the vocal cords the contains
Trachea the windpipe the is also
Trachea collapsing semicircular cartilaginous arches
Sensitive trachea coughing a causes
Laryngitis inflammation larynx caused postnasal drip
Postnasal drip is mucus runs nose throat
Bronchioles smooth muscle::type muscle cartilage
Bronchioles small mm as can
Alveoli are coated thin layer fluid gases dissolve
Alveoli covered capillaries transfer oxygen carbon dioxide
Alveoli have elastic recoil push air
Pneumonia is caused viruses bacteria results inflammatory response
Tuberculosis is alveoli caused bacteria burst inelastic scar
Emphysema alveolar walls destroyed decreases surface area
Average person inhales l air day
Fluid-filled area pleurae called pleural cavity
Diaphragm contracts flattens inspiration the
Intercostal muscles contract pull ribs outwards inspiration
Hiccups caused diaphragm spasms air hits vocal cords
Atp synthase specially shaped force adp phosphate hydrogen
Membrane mitochondria cristae another name
Atp steps hydrogens pumped matrix cytochrome complex creating
Electron transport chain results atp produced glucose molecule
Nadh s electrons indirectly create 3 atp
One fadh s electrons indirectly create 2 atp
Processes glycolysis pre-krebs krebs total produced nadh fadh
Final acceptor oxygen oxidizes protein takes electrons combines
Atp produced substrate-level phosphorylation glycolysis
Atp produced substrate-level phosphorylation krebs cycle
Muscular contraction myofilaments themselves do not::do/do shorten
Pericardium fluid-filled double-layered membrane surrounds heart helps decrease
Mucosa mucous membrane another name
Carbon dioxide humans produce cellular respiration dissolves plasma
Carbon dioxide humans produce cellular respiration bonds hemoglobin
Carbon dioxide humans produce cellular respiration reacts water
Tissues ph low temperature high hemoglobin releases::releases/binds oxygen
Alveoli ph neutral temperature low hemoglobin binds::releases/binds oxygen
Hydrogen ions created bicarbonate buffer system binded hemoglobin
Bicarbonate produced buffering system transported plasma
Glycolysis requires atp happen produces
Pre-krebs eukaryotes happens only in
Hydrogen ions bonded hemoglobin called hydroxyhemoglobin
Lungs hemoglobin lets of co in favour of o due
Increase rate breathing medulla oblongata sends sympathetic signals
Chemiosmosis oxidative phosphorylation is
Occurs mitochondrial matrix glycolysis cytoplasm pre-krebs krebs chemiosmosis
Catabolic metabolic pathways break complex molecules smaller units release::require/release energy
Anabolic metabolic pathways construct molecules smaller require::require/release energy
Bond amino acids a peptide the
Acetyl-coa reactant krebs cycle oxaloacetate reacts form citrate
Mitochondria atp synthase located cristal membrane
Atp synthase shape when h passes result potential energy
Passage of h atp synthase a(n passive transport::active/passive transport
Lactic fermentation occurs eukaryotes oxygen levels low
Muscles make total body weight
Energy muscle cells turn chemical potential stored atp
Muscle cells shorten lengthen move
Muscles pull::push/pull only
Skeletal muscle cells nucleus striations::striations/no striations tubular shape
Smooth muscle cells nucleus striations::striations/no striations tapered shape
Cardiac muscle cells nucleus striations::striations/no striations branched network
Movement skeletal muscle tissue voluntary::voluntary/involuntary
Movement smooth muscle tissue involuntary::voluntary/involuntary
Movement cardiac muscle tissue involuntary::voluntary/involuntary
Nuclei muscle cells located sarcolemma pushed side
Cytoplasm muscle cells called sarcoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum muscle cells called sarcoplasmic
Ligaments connective::type tissue hold bone
Tendons connective::type tissue hold muscle bone
Organisms photosynthesize chemosynthesize called autotrophs
Organism manufacture food called heterotroph
Thin::thick/thin myofilaments made actin tropomyosin troponin
Muscle fascicles bundles skeletal fibres wrapped/surrounded perimysium
Filament long chain proteins a
Muscle cells fibers myocytes are
Skeletal muscles attached bones tendons
Muscle bundle is another a fascicle
Actins small ball-shaped proteins form chains coil
Myosin molecule made long proteins
Muscle stretched z lines move farther widths i
Type fibers i slow-twitch ii fast-twitch
Type fibers dominant muscles i maintaining posture ii
Type muscle fibers i more::more/less mitochondria ii less::more/less
Type muscle fibers i more::more/less oxygen make more::more/less atp ii
Type muscle fibers respiration i usually use aerobic::aerobic/anaerobic cellular
Type muscle fibers store energy i triglycerides while
Type muscle fibers are resistant/easily i fatigue resistant::fatigue
Type muscle fibers are activated motor neurons i
Muscle high concentrations myoglobin in cells organisms hold
Myoglobin is relative hemoglobin exists muscle tissue
Muscles contract rush calcium ions
Kidney filtration non-selective::selective/non-selective process is
Fluid space chloroplast called stroma
Thylakoids interconnected flattened sacs located stroma chloroplast
Grana stacks thylakoids are of
Space inside membrane of mitochondrion called matrix
Lower respiratory system cilia found lining bronchioles
Air enters intrapleural space lobe lung collapse
Area brain responsible controlling breathing medulla oblongata
Produced carbon dioxide aerobic respiration matrix mitochondria krebs
Theory of chemical evolution maintains continued inputs energy resulted
Electronegativities abundant elements organisms o n c h
Group formula amino acids carboxyl cooh) and amine nh
Central carbon::element atom links carboxyl amine groups amino
Amino variations r group acid differences
Amino acids found commonly organisms
Buiret's reagent pink purple presence proteins blue
Lactose glucose::monosaccharide galactose::monosaccharide bonded is
Disaccharides monosaccharides bonded glycosidic linkage
1/3::fraction ideal meal consists carb fat protein
Carbohydrate molecules atoms c h o
Carbohydrates main source fuel body structure storage functions
Chemical evolution theory carbohydrates originated prebiotic soup space
Glycogen aka animal starch storage::function molecule found liver muscles
Primary structure protein refers protein's unique sequence amino
The secondary structure protein refers helixes pleated sheets formed
Tertiary structure protein refers unique 3d-shape formed irregular
Lipids carbon-containing molecules nonpolar::polar/nonpolar and hydrophobic::hydrophilic/hydrophobic
Reducing sugar free aldehyde ketone group enabling act
Free radicals have unpaired valence electrons extremely reactive::reactive/unreactive
Chemical evolution initial reactions involved endergonic meaning products::products/reactants
Arrangement carbon atoms molecule shape functional groups determine
Groups act solution amino bases carboxyl acids
Polymerization reactions end::ex/endergonic nonspontaneous are
Amino bond group peptide c carboxyl acid and the
Group carboxyl amino acid converted carbonyl polypeptide condensation
Amino acids polypeptide called residues
Polypeptides amino acids called oligopeptides peptides proteins
Proteins polypeptide quaternary structures have
Levels protein structure depend primary
Protein denatured unfolded longer function
Proteins proteinaceous infectious particles abbreviated prions improperly folded
Molecular chapterones special proteins facilitate speed refolding
Location enzyme substrates bind react active site
Cofactors metal ions coenzymes part active site stabilize
Group polymerization nucleotides involves forming bond phosphate hydroxyl
Bond nucleotides called phosphodiester linkage
Deoxyribonucleic acid consists nucleotides deoxyribose
Ribonucleic acid consists nucleotides ribose
Sugar is organic compound carbonyl group several hydroxyl
Nucleotide phosphate group attached carbon
Nitrogenous base differences ribonucleotides the
Purines larger::larger/smaller pyrimidines are than
Dna rna synthesized bases added end molecule
Writing sequence bases rna dna molecule direction
Writing sequence amino acids polypeptide chain n-terminus c-terminus
Primary structure nucleic acid refers its unique sequence of nitrogenous
Phosphorylation raises::raises/lowers potential energy substrate molecules
Secondary structure nucleic acids formed hydrogen bonding nitrogenous
Bases a–t g–c dna molecule complementary meaning hydrogen
Runs dna strands antiparallel meaning the 5´ direction the 3´
Dna molecule hydrophilic nitrogenous bases tightly stacked with 0.34
Strand dna produce daughter molecules primary structure serves
Dna is less::more/less reactive rna lacks hydroxyl group
Complementary base pairs rna a–u g–c
Secondary structure rna molecule formed hydrogen bonding complementary
Aerobic::aerobic/anaerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide
Gluten protein::macromolecule wheat is a
Rid poisonous ethanol body enzymes convert acetaldehyde byproduct
C h o formula ethanol
Alcohol dehydrogenase abbreviated adh enzyme found stomach liver
Alcohol variations structure number individual’s dehydrogenase::family enzymes explain
Catalase alcohol-metabolising enzyme found peroxisomes cells active human
Carbonation speeds up::speeds up/slows absorption alcohol bloodstream
Hydrogen atoms released alcohol turned acetaldehyde bind nad
Bile produced liver stored gallbladder entering duodenum common
Duodenum bile salts emulsify lipids lipases break quicker
Sodium bicarbonate raises duodenum ph secreted pancreas
Pancreatic pancreas produces enzymes lipase amylase trypsinogen
Trypsinogen converted active form trypsin enterokinase
Secretin::enzyme peptidases disaccharidases secreted duodenum
Villi found jejunum ileum are
Jejunum ileum food absorption takes place
Lacteals absorb fatty acids glycerol
Capillaries villi intestine absorb monosaccharides amino acids transport
Purpose colon aka large bowel reabsorb water absorb
Large intestine no::has/has villi produce::produces/does produce enzymes smooth::type
Gastrin hormone stomach stimulates gastric glands food present
Chyme mixture food particles gastric juices
Water alcohol hormones medications absorbed stomach
Stomach digests proteins::macromolecule the mainly
Pepsinogen produced gastric glands activated pepsin hydrochloric acid
Salivary amylase ph breaks starch maltose
Breaks stomach ph produces enzymes pepsin proteins smaller
Sodium ions attract water osmosis
Potassium needed nerve function is
Calcium needed bone muscle function
Blood maintain ph has to
Excrete fishes dilute ammonia water birds reptiles uric
Cells glycoproteins exist surface body present identify information
Type cell set glycoproteins aka antigens surface identification
Covalent bonds unequal::equal/unequal sharing electrons free energy
Bonds share electrons equally more::less/more free energy
Carbohydrates efficient energy-storage molecules c–c c–h bonds
Fatty acids store energy carbohydrates c–c c–h bonds
Phosphorylase enzyme found cells catalyzes hydrolysis glycogen
Fatty acid consists hydrocarbon chain bonded carboxyl functional
Fats aka triglycerides composed fatty acids bonded glycerol
Micelle lipid bilayer formation exergonic spontaneous loss potential
Fatty acids monomers lipids individual chains linked directly
Amphipathic compounds hydrophilic hydrophobic elements
Water phospholipids form either micelles or lipid bilayers
Tend form phospholipids micelles shorter tails bilayers longer
Liposomes artificial vesicles are
Saturated lipids generally solid room temperature
Unsaturated lipids liquid room temperature
Liquid triacylglycerols called oils are
Unsaturated hydrocarbons carbon=carbon bonds kinks/bends phospholipid tails
Fatty acids unsaturated fewer hydrogen ions maximum means
Lipid bilayers less::more/less unsaturated fatty acids permeable
Lipid bilayers more::more/less unsaturated fatty acids permeable
Temperature increases fluidity permeability phospholipid membrane increases::increases/decreases
Phospholipid consists glycerol linked phosphate group fatty acid
Urea filtrate distal tubule concentrated::concentrated/dilute
Lipids not::are/are polymers fatty acids
Macromolecules cannot::can/cannot diffuse cell membranes
Histocompatibility molecules proteins::macromolecule found outer::inner/outer surface of plasma membrane
Compared aorta blood pressure capillaries low resistance flow
Binds unlike oxygen iron-containing heme portion hemoglobin carbon
Cells renal tubules mitochondria require active transport
Descending limb of loop henle impermeable h o
Loop henle descends medulla environment hypertonic to sodium ions::solute
Ascending limb of loop henle impermeable to h o
Cells distal tubule and collecting duct sensitive hormones adh
Collecting duct permeable water osmose blood concentration gradient
Adh aka antidiuretic hormone vasopressin made hypothalamus brain
Adh production triggered by thirst—the hypothalamus detects h o
Adh insertion aquaporins cell membranes
Aldosterone is hormone made adrenal cortex na reabsorption
Only amphipathic proteins inserted lipid bilayers
Channel ion type protein forms pores cell membrane
Channel proteins are selective::selective/non-selective utilize facilitated diffusion::facilitated diffusion/active
Gated channels membrane proteins open close response binding
Glut-1 a carrier protein facilitates diffusion glucose cell membranes
Reactions occur light thylakoid membrane dark stroma chloroplast
Neuron axon conducts impulses cell body::direction
Glomerular capillaries filter blood pores cell walls form
About 99 filtrate produced renal corpuscles recycled
Diuresis means increased urine production
Change macroevolution species microevolution variation adaptation population
Deals periods time microevolution short macroevolution longer
Allopatric speciation occurs populations species geographically separated physical
Sympatric speciation occurs population isolated reproductively same::the same/a
Interneurons exist central nervous system
Interneurons process incoming sensory information relay outgoing motor
Motor neurons transmit nerve impulses central nervous system
Role sensory receptors form nerve impulse receiving external
Reflex arcs simple connections neurons body react involuntarily
Dendrites terminals that relay nerve impulses to::to/from cell body
The cell body neuron produces proteins energy processes input
Dendrite::dendrite/axon receives signal axon::dendrite/axon adjacent cell
Synapses junctions membranes axons dendrites meet
A membrane potential difference charge side plasma membrane
Inside membrane resting neuron large concentrations potassium ions
Resting neurons permeable potassium ions
Action potentials neuron identical magnitude duration
Action potential begins sodium ions flow nerve cell
Repolarization neuron potassium ions flow cell
Channels open depolarization sodium quickly close potassium delay
Nervous system glia central oligodendrocytes peripheral schwann cells
Myelin sheaths increase signal transmission speed force impulse
Ends axons synaptic vesicles store neurotransmitters
Organelles increase efficiency speed chemical reactions bringing substrates
Neurotransmitter released presynaptic cell response action potential binds
Ligand molecule binds specific site receptor
Functional unit nervous system neuron
Reflex arc automatic and fast-acting::two characteristics
Period refractory time neuron takes repolarize
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates nutrients wastes cushions brain inside
Cell body neuron called cyton
Neurons long shorter motor axons dendrites sensory
M phase cells undergo division interphase in-between time
Sclera white tough fibrous protective::function layer eye supports::function
G1 s g2 phases part interphase
Cornea is transparent part sclera located front eye
Choroid layer of eye absorbs stray light rays::function
Iris adjusts size pupil varying amounts light
Layer retina is internal eye thin tissue photoreceptors
Chamber anterior of eye aqueous humour posterior contains
Eye lens of separates into anterior posterior chambers
Lens cornea eye focuses light rays fovea centralis
Ability lens change shape called accommodation
Lens ciliary muscles suspensory ligaments attached force flatten
People myopia have elongated::shortened/elongated eyeballs
People hyperopia have shortened::shortened/elongated eyeballs
People astigmatism have unevenly curved cornea
Cones require intense light stimulated
Rods concentrated edges retina the
Cones concentrated fovea centralis retina
Type cones red blue green
Rods two-molecule complex called rhodopsin retinal opsin
Cones pigment called photopsin reacts specific wavelengths light
Stimulated light rods cones stop releasing glutamate inhibitory
S phase, genetic material replicated during
Pituitary gland regulates endocrine system
Optic nerve transmits images occipital lobe brain
Blind spot eye photoreceptors the
The pinna auditory canal focusses soundwaves ear
Tympanum vibrates hit soundwaves passes vibrations ossicles
Order vibrations tympanum malleus → incus → stapes → oval window
Eustachian tube connects middle ear throat equalizes air
Semicircular canals vestibule located ear sensors balance
Stapes strikes oval window creates pressure waves cochlear
Hair cells ear stimulated movement stereocilia communicates nerves
Hair cells ear attached basilar membrane located base
Papillae tongue taste buds sensory receptors
Mechanoreceptors semicircular canals ear detect rotational equilibrium
Mechanoreceptors the vestibule ear detect gravitational equilibrium
Otoliths calcium carbonate granules put pressure hair cells
Body proprioceptors found muscles tendons joints detect position
Impulses taste buds travel gustatory centre parietal lobe
Olfactory nose cells form action potential travel bulb
Cell g1 g2 gap phases time replicates organelles
Detect specific nociceptors sense harmful stimuli thermoreceptors temperature
Transduction conversion external stimuli action potential
Rhodopsin activated retinal shape when absorbs light
Sodium sensation saltiness caused ions flow taste cells
Sensation sourness caused by hydrogen ions flowing taste cells
Sensation bitterness bitter food molecules bind receptor proteins
Sensations sweetness unami detected similar receptors taste cells
Receptor entering nasal cavity odour molecules diffuse layer
Releasing inhibiting hormones regulate anterior pituitary::tissue
Thyroxine acts cells body::target tissue
Cortisol acts body cells::target tissue
Insulin acts liver muscles::target tissue
Glucagon acts liver::target tissue on
Human growth hormone acts primarily long bones::target tissue
Acth acts adrenal cortex::target tissue
Motor strip located frontal lobe brain controls movements
Frontal lobe controls reasoning personality
Occipital lobes located back cerebrum process visual information
Temporal lobes located side base cerebrum associations vision
Parietal lobes regulate touch taste sensations
The pons brain relay centre cerebrum cerebellum medulla oblongata
Cerebellum brain responsible coordination balance
Auditory cortex located temporal lobes processes hearing balance
leads production cell meiosis gametes::type mitosis somatic cells::type
Cytokinesis cytoplasm::organelle division mitosis meiosis nuclei::organelle
Sister chromatids bound centromere are
Sister chromatids identical dna double helixes
Dna making copies called replication
Creation mrna dna template strand transcription
Synthesis proteins mrna translation the
Histones proteins dna double helix wraps
Chromatin refers loose combination dna histones
Sister chromatids joined called chromosome
Stage mitosis is prophase chromosomes condense spindle apparatus
Prometaphase nuclear envelope disintegrates kinetochore microtubules attach chromatid
Metaphase chromosomes line plate during
Beginning of anaphase::mitotic phase centromeres split and the now-independent chromosomes
During telophase::mitosis phase nuclear envelope reforms spindle apparatus disintegrates
Cell cytokinesis vesicles travel middle begin building plate
Cells in g0 phase exited cycle divide
Mpf::abbreviation aka mitosis-promoting factor::full induces mitosis interphase cells
Anaphase::mitotic phase mpf deactivated enzymes
Non-sex chromosomes called autosomes are
Genes frequently apart/close genetic linkage occurs are close together::far
Probability unlinked genes inherited the
Locus gene physical location chromosome
Genetic recombination occur result crossing
Genes chromosome more::more/less crossovers are
Autosomal recessive::dominant/recessive traits skip generations
Present autosomal dominant::dominant/recessive phenotype child parents
X-linked recessive::dominant/recessive traits affect males females
Man x-linked dominant::dominant/recessive trait pass daughters sons
X-linked recessive::dominant/recessive traits skip generations
Dna polymerase works direction deoxyribonucleotides added end
Role single-strand dna-binding proteins aka ssbps prevent separated
Leading strand dna runs direction
Primase enzyme synthesizes primer dna polymerase
Rna primer serves start site dna polymerase replication
Dna order enzymes introduced replication process topoisomerase helicase
Telomeres shorten genes code it's
Telomerase enzyme active reproductive organs prevents shortening telomeres::function
Sequence specifies central dogma simply states dna rna
Codon 3-base sequence codes amino acid
Start codon aug::triplet code signals protein synthesis begin
Convention codons written direction by
Point mutation change single nucleotide base pair
Mutation silent point change resulting amino acid product
Mutation missense point amino acid produced
Medulla oblongata controls unconscious activities
Mutation nonsense a point that results early stop codon truncated
Mutation frameshift caused deletion insertion nucleotide a point that causes
Splicing process removing introns joining exons growing rna
Added end splicing cap poly(a tail mature mrna
Caps tails mrnas protect degradation::function
Rna primary transcript converted mature processing
Trna amino acid attached end anticodon found single-stranded
Transcriptional control regulatory proteins interfere rna polymerase's ability
Translational control occurs regulatory proteins prevent mrna translated
Post-translational control inactivation proteins synthesized
Benefit post-translational control produces rapid response gene expression
Benefit transcriptional control energy efficient
Inducer is molecule triggers expression gene
An operon region prokaryotic dna codes related genes::function
Founder effect change allele frequencies occurs population established
Thyroxin aka t4 inactive form t3
Exonucleases enzymes cut dna ends
Restriction endonuclease enzyme cuts dna at/near sites
Restriction sites distinct consist palindromic sequences
Bacterial transformation uptake incorporation genetic fragments bacterium’s external
Dna cohesive sticky ends molecules joined ligase recombinant
Polymerase chain reaction abbreviated pcr technique amplifies dna
Epigenetics study gene expression is
Bacteria sex pili cytoplasmic extensions transfer genetic material
Regulatory sequences sections dna bind proteins
Regulatory silencers sequences found introns stop::begin/stop transcription proteins
Regulatory enhancers sequences found introns begin::begin/stop transcription proteins
Regulatory transcription factors interact proteins specific sequences basal
Rna primary transcript yield kinds mature due alternative
Alternative splicing gene code kinds proteins
Reverse transcriptase enzyme catalyzes synthesis dna rna
Cloning vector plasmid produce copies foreign dna piece
Natural selection acts individuals evolutionary change occurs populations
Genetic drift allele frequencies population change randomly increase
Gene flow change allele frequencies population individuals migrate
Frequency aa genotype case gene alleles population is p
Hardy-weinberg principle null hypothesis compare observed data
Balancing selection occurs alleles advantage
Smaller::larger/smaller gene pool pronounced effect sampling errors
Genetic bottleneck sudden reduction number alleles population
Sexual selection caused female choice and/or male-male competition
Fecundity survivorship inversely proportional::relationship and
Rate r max aka intrinsic increase maximum biotic
Species characteristic r max value change
Exponential population growth density-independent::dependent/independent is
Carrying capacity habitat k maximum number individuals support
N k population growth stops
N approaches k population growth slows
Logistic population growth density-dependent::dependent/independent is
Competition individuals result in –/–::interaction between
Commensalism individuals result in +/0::interaction between
Mutualism individuals result in +/+::interaction between
Consumption individual results in +/–::interaction of
Intraspecific competition occurs members species
Interspecific competition occurs members species
Competitive exclusion principle states species niche coexist
Niche species' fundamental absence competitors a
Niche species' realized presence competitors a
Defences constitutive present inducible presence predator
Primary::primary/secondary succession occurs areas essentially life
Secondary::primary/secondary succession occurs areas previous community removed
Community climax stable dominant species
The light-dependent reaction takes place grana chloroplast
The light-independent reaction takes place stroma chloroplast
The light-independent reactions carbon dioxide fixed pgal aka g3p, which is used
Pgal 3::#-carbon sugar is a
Light-independent reaction run atp and nadph input light-dependent
Phases calvin-benson cycle carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration
Carbon fixation phase calvin cycle, 3 rubp and 3 co2
Reduction phase calvin cycle, atp and nadph required reduce pga into g3p
G3p regeneration phase calvin cycle converted 3 rubp make
Gram positive::positive/negative bacteria large::small/large amounts peptidoglycan cell walls
Gram negative::positive/negative bacteria small::small/large amounts peptidoglycan cell walls
Gram negative::positive/negative bacteria disease due possessing toxic membrane
Increased::increased/decreased turgor pressure guard cells stomata move
Decreased::increased/decreased turgor pressure guard cells stomata collapse
Secondary oocyte fertilized undergoes meiosis promptly forms zygote
Yolk granules nourish ovum::function early development
Zona pellucida is thick membrane binds sperm initiating acrosome
Sperm formed testes matures/stored epididymis
Interstitial cells testes produce testosterone released bloodstream
Spermatids formed meiotic division seminiferous tubules grow flagellae
Cells sertoli aka nurse produced seminiferous tubule direct
Males fsh released anterior pituitary gland stimulates maturation
Ovaries progesterone secreted corpus luteum
Glands secrete endocrine blood exocrine site target
Ripe follicle graafian a is
Fsh stimulates gamete production males females
Growth maturation ovum primary follicle results release estrogen::hormone
Inhibin hormone suppresses fsh lh secretion men women
Males lh stimulates production secretion testosterone
Females low::high/low levels estrogen progesterone trigger release gnrh
High levels inhibin provide negative feedback shuts fsh
Progesterone inhibits::stimulates/inhibits ovulation stimulates::stimulates/inhibits endometrium growth females
Midpiece sperm cell mitochondria the
Acrosome sperm cell vesicle enzymes digest ovum coat
Interstitial cells called leydig are
Estrogen::hormone stimulates development secondary sex characteristics females
High levels fsh stimulate primary follicle growth ovum
Cells inhibin secreted sertoli males follicular females
Uterus reaching oviduct blastocyst implants lining
Onset puberty attributed release high levels gnrh::hormone
High levels lh stimulate ovulation formation corpus luteum
Estrogen produced ovaries adrenal glands corpus luteum
Testis-determining factor tdf gene y chromosome triggers production
Gonads testes males ovaries females
Foreskin's role protect glans penis
Produce mucus gland male reproductive system seminal vesicles
Fimbriae thread-like projections sweep ovum ovary oviduct
Oviducts lined cilia move ovum uterus
Sympathetic nervous system stimulated by epinephrine::neurotransmitter
Parasympathetic nervous system stimulated by acetylcholine::neurotransmitter
Hcg::hormone produced initially embryo placenta maintains secretions progesterone::function
Ectoderm::germ layer rise epidermis hair nervous system
Endoderm::germ layer rise endocrine digestive respiratory systems
Mesoderm::germ layer rise muscles bones blood lymph vessels
Germ layers develop gastrulation during
Ivf aka vitro fertilization implantation embryo uterus::process
Relaxin hormone produced placenta dilates cervix::function
Ultrasound chorionic vilius sampling amniocentesis techniques diagnose developmental
Prolactin released anterior pituitary birth stimulates mammary glands
Division begins zygote embryo once
Morula formed cleavage::process the is
Placenta formed end trimester embedded uterus wall::location
Female secondary sex characteristics caused estrogen::hormone
Vertebral column arises mesoderm::germ layer
Fluid interstitial extracellular what's another
Heart blood murmur backflow result deficient valves gurgling
Bad about blood backflow lowers heart efficiency
Heart oxygenated blood enter left atrium
Side heart holds deoxygenated blood smaller
Maximum amount gas exchange lungs tissues occur rate
Pressure blood measurements reported systolic diastolic
Blood pressure hypertension high consistent mm hg
Wave node fires ekg sequence heartbeat p sa
Node order neuron impulses spread heart sa av
components make cardiovascular system heart blood and blood vessels
Side heart systemic circuit left side delivers blood
Are tricuspid valves located atrium ventricle
Valve the bicuspid mitrial what's
Bicuspid tricuspid valves atrioventricular valves
Flaps semilunar valve how many
Valves tendons muscle attached atrioventricular
Heart murmur fixed replace faulty valve donor's pig's
Heart cells ghost removed connective tissue left reseeded
Myogenic cells muscle cells spontaneously contract on
Myogenic cells found cardiac tissue in heart
Primary pacemaker of heart sinoatrial node
Secondary pacemaker atrioventricular node (near av valves
Creates lub sound heard stethoscopes ventricles contracting av
Source dub sound stethoscope blood rushing closed sl
Systolic pressure when ventricles contract
Pressure diastolic blood arteries ventricles are relaxed (minimum
Qrs complex represent depolarization ventricles
Q wave represent depolarization intraventricular septum
R wave represent depolarization of main mass ventricles
S wave represent phase ventricular depolarization (impulse spreads
Chemical medulla oblongata detect levels blood
Coronary arteries located base aorta spreads top surface
Coronary deoxygenated blood circuit veins bring directly atrium
Give heart attack sufferers aspirin dissolves clots in
Coronary bypass vessel removed body attached aorta arteries
Is angioplasty catheterization thread plastic tube arm leg
Vasoconstriction constricting blood vessels increases blood pressure
Largest artery in human body aorta
Arteries deep tissue reduces chance injury rupture
Varicose veins faulty vein valves what
Veins bluish blood is deoxygenated high levels
Angiography arteries dyed x-rayed show damaged areas
Vasoconstriction keep body warm cold weather constricts arteries
Veins larger than arteries hold blood lower pressure
Veins undergo vasoconstriction during exercise drives blood heart
Arterioles provide a greater resistance to blood flow
Cells endothelial thin and flat line wall of
Outermost layer vein/artery names tunica externa adventitia
Vasa vasorum tiny blood vessels nourish artery
Innermost layer of vein/artery tunica intima
Atherosclerosis accumulation lipids inside arterial wall
Plaque buildup lipids calcium blood hardens time
Stroke ruptured vessel brain what
Aneurysm bulging vessel in brain
Creates outward hydrostatic force in capillaries high pressure
Osmotic force in capillaries higher concentration protein solutes
Force fluid move arterial end of capillary hydrostatic
Force fluid largely regained venous end of capillary
Histamines released unknown substance enters body
Edema swelling caused accumulation excess fluid tissues
Starvation cause edema body starts consuming blood proteins
Main types tissue humans epithelial connective muscle nervous
Roles lymphatic system returns reluctant fluid tissues back
Returned fluid capillaries osmosis collected lymph vessels and
Lymph nodes human body hundred
Specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes lymph nodes
Types pathogens bacteria parasite prion virus
Circulate difference monocyte and macrophage bloodstream extracellular fluid
Wbc pathogen dissolve steps engulfs pathogen. lysosome fuses
Wbcs nucleus store instructions specialised job and need dna
Increase body temperature when fighting pathogen wbc activity
Mature erythrocytes enucleated greater surface area greater flexibility
Iron important bloodstream makes heme group forms hemoglobin
Vitamin increases body's absorption iron c
Sickle cell anemia mutation gene makes hemoglobin
Jaundice release bilirubin by ruptured erythrocytes bloodstream
Erythropoietin hormone that controls rbc levels
Rbc erythropoietin control production levels o levels low
Phagocytosis process eating cells what
Coagulation clotting process blood vessel ruptured denatured proteins
Thromb means clot
Step clotting process platelets stick exposed collagen fibres
Thrombin enzyme assembles fibrinogen monomers into fibrin
Cell activates helper t monocyte
Activation clonal selection cells branches acquired immunity humoral
T cells killer cytotoxic what
Cells natural killer cytotoxic lymphocytes recognize stressed without
Molecules mhc major histocompatibility complex are surface proteins
Class i mhcs found cells rbcs
Class ii mhcs found cells immune system
Clonal selection mitosis of b t cells activated
Apcs located antigen-presenting cells what
Cytolysis kill/break cells what is
Chemicals injected killer t cells perforin granzyme
Caused anaphylactic shock and dangerous drop blood pressure
Autoimmune diseases multiple sclerosis diabetes arthritis
Hiv stands h uman i mmunodeficiency v irus
Cerebral embolism clot dislodges original location ends brain
Anticoagulants do remove ca ions plasma prevent clotting
Job the nasal passages warm moisten clean air
Role mucus in immune system traps foreign particles
Role of cilia in respiratory system sweep mucus
Bones turbinate thin increase surface area nasal cavity
Warms incoming air nasal passages blood
What moistens the incoming air the nasal passages
Air clean moist warm entering throat lower respiratory
Cartilage rings surrounding trachea semicircular shape open part faces
Cells skeletal muscle long thin nuclei formed precursor
Myofibrils long thin contractile proteins bundled together parallel
Sarcomere kind cells exist contractile unit myofibril striated
Perimysium membrane of connective tissue groups muscle fibres
Main purposes connective tissue muscles strengthen organize
Skeletal muscles antagonistic work pairs contracts extensor relaxes
Functional unit for muscle contraction sarcomere
Reducing power chemical potential energy molecule reduced form
Metabolic pathways controlled sequences reactions cells life-sustaining process
Mouth disadvantage breathing air warmed moistened
E fundamental characteristics life ultimate goal is r
Homeostasis maintenance constant conditions cells
Organic molecules carbon what are
Total lung volume increase emphysema empty space alveolar
Reserve volume increase patients emphysema alveoli elastic recoil
Restrictive lung difference and obstructive lung diseases decreased
Classes macromolecules carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids what
Part aerobic respiration responsible producing krebs cycle
Colour iodine indicator turn presence polysaccharides blue black
Colour iodine indicator presence polysaccharides yellow
Colour benedict’s reagent turn presence reducing sugars red
Colour benedict’s reagent presence reducing sugars blue
Types disaccharides lactose maltose sucrose
Types monosaccharides glucose fructose galactose
Factors determine chemical reaction spontaneous decreases potential energy
Enzyme is specificity catalyze specific reaction
Induced fit shape change enzymes substrates bind active
Enzyme's substrates held place enter active site hydrogen
Coenzymes small organic molecules aid enzyme catalysis
Vitamin deficiencies bad coenzymes reactions meaning enzymes function
Regulation main types enzyme competitive inhibition allosteric
Enzyme limits rate catalysis number molecules
Components nucleotide phosphate group five-carbon sugar nitrogenous base
Structural difference between ribose and deoxyribose deoxyribose h
Nitrogenous bases pyrimidine derivatives cytosine c uracil u
The nucleobases that purine derivatives guanine g adenine
Nucleobases ribonucleotides g, a c u
Four nucleobases in deoxyribonucleotides g c t
Components nucleoside sugar nitrogenous base
Ribozymes rna molecules catalyze reactions
Enzymes functional difference between α and β linkages
Glycoprotein protein covalently bonded to carbohydrate
Thermophiles organisms thrive high temperatures
Homeotherms organisms maintain an internal body temperature independent
Poikilotherms organisms regulate internal body temperature
Bile consist cholesterol bilirubin salt
Enterokinase produced cells duodenum where
Polypeptides function trypsin breaks smaller
Function peptidases break peptides amino acids
Secretin main jobs stimulates pancreas release antacid enzymes
Feedback inhibition the end product chain enzyme-catalyzed reactions
Types things produced gastric glands and purpose mucus
Main excretory organs lungs skin large intestine kidneys
Kidneys close aorta high pressure force blood kidney’s
Main functions kidney filtration reabsorption secretion
Ulcers damage tissue acid digestive enzymes
The cellulose in dietary fiber important adds moisture and
The ascending limb of loop henle impermeable water re-enter
Cholesterol reduce membrane permeability increases density hydrophobic section
Structures nephron re-absorb water proximal tubule, descending limb loop
Alcohol caffeine urination dehydration diuretics water urinated
Replenishes electrons photosystem ii hydrolysis water
Photorespiration levels low rubisco's active site filled by
Species phyletic speciation gradually evolves form parent extinct
Dendrites highly branched increase surface area receive information
Action potential/nerve impulse rapid temporary change membrane potential
Sodium channels opening neuron positive feedback open depolarization
Eukaryotes organelles prokaryotes bigger compartmentalize
Summation neuron additive effect postsynaptic potentials action cell
Myelin light-coloured schwann cells consist phospholipids
Saltatory conduction propagation action potentials node
Hormones hypothalamus secrete rh ih
Hormones the anterior pituitary release acth fsh hgh lh
Hormones posterior pituitary secrete adh oct
Hormones the thyroid gland secrete thyroxine calcitonin
Hormones the parathyroid glands secrete pth
Hormones the adrenal cortex secrete glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids gonadocorticoids
Hormones the adrenal medulla secrete epinephrine norepinephrine
Hormones the pancreas secrete insulin glucagon
Hormones ovaries release estrogen progesterone
Hormones testes secrete inhibin testosterone
Chromosome dna double helix wrapped tightly proteins
Gene portion dna codes specific protein(s
Dntps deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates what are
Haploid cell set chromosomes what
Polar bodies smaller cells formed alongside egg oogenesis
Role dna ligase closes gaps between okazaki fragments
Incomplete dominance allele completely expressed resulting intermediate phenotype
Traits complex shaped gene what
Traits single-gene influenced gene what
Cell tumour suppressors regulatory proteins arrest cycle apoptosis
Growth factors small proteins stimulate cell division
Replication origin site chromosome dna begins
Theory particulate inheritance genes maintain integrity generations
Principle segregation chromosomes line randomly metaphase plate
Principle independent assortment non-homologous chromosomes line metaphase plate
Parent testcross breeding homozygous recessive unknown
Genes chromosome violate principle random assortment transmitted gamete
Separate linked genes crossing what
Polymorphic trait alleles a what
Pleiotropic gene gene influences traits
Is codominance alleles trait expressed phenotype
Multiple allelism existence alleles gene
Gene-by-environment interactions environment impact individual's phenotype
Gene-by-gene interactions actions allele depend expression genes
Polygenic inheritance phenotype influenced genes
Strand semiconservative replication daughter dna molecule consists template
Dna function polymerase polymerizes deoxyribonucleotides
Dna synthesis exergonic dntps release lot energy polymerise
Replication fork region parent dna split turned daughter
Function helicase breaks hydrogen bonds deoxyribonucleotides
Primer short piece rna complementary template dna strand
Okazaki fragments sections synthesized dna lagging strand
Dna ways damage error reduced polymerase proofreading mismatch
Anticodon triplet sequence complementary mrna codon
Base wobble hypothesis anticodon complementary codon long amino
Trna function aminoacyl synthetases catalyze charging amino acid
Function ribosome synthesizes proteins mrna trna
Types regulatory sequences dna enhancer silencer promoter-proximal element
Main difference eubacteria archaea thrive extreme environments
Gene assumptions made pool hardy-weinberg equation natural selection
Mutations inbreeding reduce fitness humans recessive alleles loss-of-function
Life's domains archaea bacteria eukaryota
Organ levels organization ecology biosphere biome ecosystem community
Common bacterial stis chlamydia gonorrhea syphilis
Acrosome reaction release contents head sperm
Corona radiata layers cells protect ovum travels
Function nucleolus synthesizes rrna makes ribosomes
Testes produce sperm cells hormones
Main symptom hpv genital warts
Main effects testosterone increased sweat production voice deepening
Corpus luteum made follicle cells left ovulation
Average lifespan egg cell hours
Average lifespan sperm cell hours
Names stages embryonic development morula blastocyst gastrula
Main visible symptom genital herpes blisters
Common viral stis hepatitis herpes hiv hpv
Blastocyst blastula what is another
Tubal ligation cutting oviducts females
Vasectomy cutting ductus deferens males
Longer menopause follicles respond fsh lh estrogen progesterone
Anatomical planes human
Anatomical planes human
Anatomical planes human
Anatomical planes human
Human heart exterior view
Human heart exterior view
Human heart exterior view
Human heart exterior view
Human heart exterior view
Human heart exterior view
Human heart exterior view
Human heart exterior view
Human heart exterior view
Human heart exterior view
Human heart exterior view
Human heart exterior view
Human heart cross-sectional view
Human heart cross-sectional view
Human heart cross-sectional view
Human heart cross-sectional view
Human heart cross-sectional view
Human heart cross-sectional view
Human heart cross-sectional view
Human heart cross-sectional view
Human heart cross-sectional view
Human heart cross-sectional view
Human heart cross-sectional view
Human heart cross-sectional view
Human heart cross-sectional view
Double membranes lungs of the
Double membranes lungs of the
Lungs the
Double membranes lungs of the
Lung anatomy
Lungs the
Double membranes lungs of the
Double membranes lungs of the
Respiratory system
Respiratory system
Respiratory system
Respiratory system
Respiratory system
Respiratory system
Respiratory system
Respiratory system
Respiratory system
Respiratory system
Lung lobe
Lung lobe
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
Skeletal muscle cell
Skeletal muscle cell
Skeletal muscle cell
Skeletal muscle cell
Skeletal muscle cell
Skeletal myocyte
Skeletal myocyte
Skeletal myocyte
Skeletal muscle cell
Skeletal muscle cell
Skeletal muscle cell
Skeletal muscle cell
Skeletal muscle cell
Skeletal muscle cell
Skeletal muscle cell
Arrangement myofilaments skeletal muscle fibre
Arrangement myofilaments skeletal muscle fibre
Thin myofilament
Thin myofilament
Thin myofilament
Thick myofilament
Thick myofilament
Thick myofilament
Muscle contraction relaxation and
Muscle contraction relaxation and
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle fiber
Skeletal muscle fiber
Skeletal muscle fiber
Skeletal muscle fiber
Skeletal muscle fiber
Animal mitochondria
Animal mitochondria
Animal mitochondria
Animal mitochondria
Animal mitochondria
Animal mitochondria
Animal mitochondria
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Enzyme catalysis
Enzyme catalysis
Enzyme catalysis
Intestinal villi microvilli and
Intestinal villi microvilli and
Intestinal villi microvilli and
Intestinal villi microvilli and
Intestinal villi microvilli and
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Effects concentration gradients of
Effects concentration gradients of
Effects concentration gradients of

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