AP Biology + Alberta Biology 30 Diploma
This flashcard deck covers key biology concepts related to the endocrine, circulatory, and immune systems, among others. It explains hormones such as GnRH and their role in releasing FSH and LH, normal blood pressure ranges, and the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries. The deck includes innate and adaptive immunity processes, including the inflammatory response and roles of specific cells like leukocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes. It also covers topics such as anemia, blood clotting, and hemolytic diseases associated with the Rh blood group system. This deck is useful for advanced biology students seeking a concise and detailed review of human physiology and immunology.
Esta baraja de tarjetas de estudio cubre conceptos fundamentales de biología relacionados con el sistema endocrino, sistema circulatorio, sistema inmunológico y hemorragias, entre otros. Se explican hormonas como GnRH y su papel en la liberación de FSH y LH, los rangos normales de presión arterial, la estructura y función de arterias, venas y capilares, y procesos de inmunidad innata y adaptativa, incluyendo la respuesta inflamatoria y el papel de células específicas como leucocitos, macrófagos y linfocitos. También aborda temas como la anemia, la coagulación sanguínea y las enfermedades hemolíticas relacionadas con el sistema Rh. La baraja es útil para estudiantes de biología avanzada que buscan un repaso conciso y detallado de la fisiología humana y la inmunología.
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- N k population growth stops
- Lactose glucose::monosaccharide galactose::monosaccharide bonded is
- Is codominance alleles trait expressed phenotype
- 1/3::fraction ideal meal consists carb fat protein
- Bacteria infect cells release chemicals illness
- Respiratory system
- Myofibrils long thin contractile proteins bundled together parallel
- Chyme mixture food particles gastric juices
- Cell activates helper t monocyte
- Activation clonal selection cells branches acquired immunity humoral
- Cells natural killer cytotoxic lymphocytes recognize stressed without
- Class ii mhcs found cells immune system
- Cells effector combat antigen memory live longer remain
- Cells cytokines secreted macrophages responsible causing fever activating
- Process activated helper t cells undergo mitosis called
- Antibodies fight pathogens sticking immobilizing attracting phagocytes
- Response involves cells humoral b antibodies cell-mediated cytotoxic
- Immunity is injection memory active weakened/dead pathogens form
- Autoimmune diseases multiple sclerosis diabetes arthritis
- Rh haemolytic disease and erythroblastosis fetalis can happen
- Anticoagulants do remove ca ions plasma prevent clotting
- Double membranes lungs of the
- Double membranes lungs of the
- Respiratory system
- Respiratory system
- Skeletal muscle
- Skeletal muscle
- Skeletal muscle fiber
- Animal mitochondria
- Animal mitochondria
- Animal mitochondria
- Animal mitochondria
- Space inside membrane of mitochondrion called matrix
- Chloroplast
- Buiret's reagent pink purple presence proteins blue
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast
- Lower respiratory system cilia found lining bronchioles
- Produced carbon dioxide aerobic respiration matrix mitochondria krebs
- Theory of chemical evolution maintains continued inputs energy resulted
- E fundamental characteristics life ultimate goal is r
- Reserve volume increase patients emphysema alveoli elastic recoil
- Restrictive lung difference and obstructive lung diseases decreased
- Classes macromolecules carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids what
- Colour iodine indicator turn presence polysaccharides blue black
- Atp synthase specially shaped force adp phosphate hydrogen
- Atp steps hydrogens pumped matrix cytochrome complex creating
- Final acceptor oxygen oxidizes protein takes electrons combines
- Cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration
- Glycolysis
- Skeletal muscle cell
- Krebs cycle
- Krebs cycle
- Krebs cycle
- Krebs cycle
- Pericardium fluid-filled double-layered membrane surrounds heart helps decrease
- Carbon dioxide humans produce cellular respiration reacts water
- Alveoli ph neutral temperature low hemoglobin binds::releases/binds oxygen
- Muscle fascicles bundles skeletal fibres wrapped/surrounded perimysium
- Muscle cells fibers myocytes are
- Sarcomere kind cells exist contractile unit myofibril striated
- Skeletal myocyte
- Main purposes connective tissue muscles strengthen organize
- Skeletal muscle cell
- Lungs hemoglobin lets of co in favour of o due
- Skeletal muscles antagonistic work pairs contracts extensor relaxes
- Arrangement myofilaments skeletal muscle fibre
- Arrangement myofilaments skeletal muscle fibre
- Thick myofilament
- Muscle stretched z lines move farther widths i
- Muscle contraction relaxation and
- Type fibers dominant muscles i maintaining posture ii
- Type muscle fibers respiration i usually use aerobic::aerobic/anaerobic cellular
- Muscle high concentrations myoglobin in cells organisms hold
- Skeletal muscle
- Skeletal muscle
- Hydrogen ions bonded hemoglobin called hydroxyhemoglobin
- Occurs mitochondrial matrix glycolysis cytoplasm pre-krebs krebs chemiosmosis
- Atp synthase shape when h passes result potential energy
- Energy muscle cells turn chemical potential stored atp
- Skeletal muscle cells nucleus striations::striations/no striations tubular shape
- Cardiac muscle cells nucleus striations::striations/no striations branched network
- Movement skeletal muscle tissue voluntary::voluntary/involuntary
- Organisms photosynthesize chemosynthesize called autotrophs
- Skeletal muscle cell
- Skeletal muscle cell
- Secondary pacemaker atrioventricular node (near av valves
- Creates lub sound heard stethoscopes ventricles contracting av
- Pressure diastolic blood arteries ventricles are relaxed (minimum
- Q wave represent depolarization intraventricular septum
- S wave represent phase ventricular depolarization (impulse spreads
- Blood pressure cuff mmhg push closed artery systole
- Coronary arteries located base aorta spreads top surface
- Coronary deoxygenated blood circuit veins bring directly atrium
- Coronary bypass vessel removed body attached aorta arteries
- Is angioplasty catheterization thread plastic tube arm leg
- Veins bluish blood is deoxygenated high levels
- Vasoconstriction keep body warm cold weather constricts arteries
- Veins undergo vasoconstriction during exercise drives blood heart
- Arterioles provide a greater resistance to blood flow
- Vasa vasorum tiny blood vessels nourish artery
- Middle layer artery called tunica media responsible vasoconstriction
- Plaque buildup lipids calcium blood hardens time
- Creates outward hydrostatic force in capillaries high pressure
- Osmotic force in capillaries higher concentration protein solutes
- External respiration exchange o and blood air
- Role of cilia in respiratory system sweep mucus
- Warms incoming air nasal passages blood
- Air clean moist warm entering throat lower respiratory
- Epiglottis is flap cartilage that closes glottis when swallow
- Colour benedict’s reagent turn presence reducing sugars red
- Laryngitis inflammation larynx caused postnasal drip
- Bronchioles smooth muscle::type muscle cartilage
- Lung lobe
- Alveoli have elastic recoil push air
- Pneumonia is caused viruses bacteria results inflammatory response
- Fluid-filled area pleurae called pleural cavity
- Pleural membranes completely surround lungs provide lubrication
- Carbohydrates main source fuel body structure storage functions
- Glycogen aka animal starch storage::function molecule found liver muscles
- The secondary structure protein refers helixes pleated sheets formed
- Tertiary structure protein refers unique 3d-shape formed irregular
- Reducing power chemical potential energy molecule reduced form
- Lipids carbon-containing molecules nonpolar::polar/nonpolar and hydrophobic::hydrophilic/hydrophobic
- Reducing sugar free aldehyde ketone group enabling act
- Free radicals have unpaired valence electrons extremely reactive::reactive/unreactive
- Chemical evolution initial reactions involved endergonic meaning products::products/reactants
- Factors determine chemical reaction spontaneous decreases potential energy
- Amino bond group peptide c carboxyl acid and the
- Polypeptides amino acids called oligopeptides peptides proteins
- Protein denatured unfolded longer function
- Proteins proteinaceous infectious particles abbreviated prions improperly folded
- Enzyme is specificity catalyze specific reaction
- Induced fit shape change enzymes substrates bind active
- Enzyme's substrates held place enter active site hydrogen
- Vitamin deficiencies bad coenzymes reactions meaning enzymes function
- Enzyme limits rate catalysis number molecules
- Group polymerization nucleotides involves forming bond phosphate hydroxyl
- Components nucleotide phosphate group five-carbon sugar nitrogenous base
- Anatomical planes human
- Anatomical planes human
- Human heart exterior view
- Ulcers damage tissue acid digestive enzymes
- Human heart exterior view
- Human heart exterior view
- Human heart exterior view
- Human heart exterior view
- Human heart exterior view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Heart blood murmur backflow result deficient valves gurgling
- Side heart holds deoxygenated blood smaller
- Maximum amount gas exchange lungs tissues occur rate
- Wave node fires ekg sequence heartbeat p sa
- components make cardiovascular system heart blood and blood vessels
- Valve the bicuspid mitrial what's
- Bicuspid tricuspid valves atrioventricular valves
- Heart murmur fixed replace faulty valve donor's pig's
- Heart cells ghost removed connective tissue left reseeded
- Oxygen detaches rbcs hydrostatic pressure forces plasma capillary
- Rbcs carry oxygen plasma just
- Starvation cause edema body starts consuming blood proteins
- Roles lymphatic system returns reluctant fluid tissues back
- Specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes lymph nodes
- Cells histamines gaps capillary pathogen inflammatory response injury—pathogens
- Wbcs nucleus store instructions specialised job and need dna
- Blood composed cells fragments of
- Mature erythrocytes enucleated greater surface area greater flexibility
- Anemia is caused insufficient iron blood
- Iron important bloodstream makes heme group forms hemoglobin
- Sickle cell anemia mutation gene makes hemoglobin
- Liver spleen responsible destroying rbcs
- Jaundice release bilirubin by ruptured erythrocytes bloodstream
- Coagulation clotting process blood vessel ruptured denatured proteins
- Damaged platelets release chemical called thromboplastin
- Thromboplastin activates shape prothrombin make thrombin
- Strands fibrin sticky that pull wound edges together
- Type cones red blue green
- Rods two-molecule complex called rhodopsin retinal opsin
- Stimulated light rods cones stop releasing glutamate inhibitory
- Pepsinogen produced gastric glands activated pepsin hydrochloric acid
- Layers retina of the
- Formation optic nerve of the
- Formation optic nerve of the
- The pinna auditory canal focusses soundwaves ear
- Order vibrations tympanum malleus → incus → stapes → oval window
- Semicircular canals vestibule located ear sensors balance
- Hair cells ear stimulated movement stereocilia communicates nerves
- Path optic neurons of
- Organs balance the of
- Organs balance the of
- Crista ampullaris
- Utricle saccule and
- Taste bud
- Otoliths calcium carbonate granules put pressure hair cells
- Olfactory nose cells form action potential travel bulb
- Endoderm::germ layer rise endocrine digestive respiratory systems
- Detect specific nociceptors sense harmful stimuli thermoreceptors temperature
- Sodium sensation saltiness caused ions flow taste cells
- Sensation bitterness bitter food molecules bind receptor proteins
- Receptor entering nasal cavity odour molecules diffuse layer
- Hormones posterior pituitary secrete adh oct
- Hormones the adrenal cortex secrete glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids gonadocorticoids
- Hormones ovaries release estrogen progesterone
- Releasing inhibiting hormones regulate anterior pituitary::tissue
- Glucagon acts liver::target tissue on
- Acth acts adrenal cortex::target tissue
- Motor strip located frontal lobe brain controls movements
- Temporal lobes located side base cerebrum associations vision
- The pons brain relay centre cerebrum cerebellum medulla oblongata
- leads production cell meiosis gametes::type mitosis somatic cells::type
- Gene portion dna codes specific protein(s
- M phase cells undergo division interphase in-between time
- G1 s g2 phases part interphase
- Cell cycle
- Cell cycle
- Cell cycle
- Mitosis
- Sugar is organic compound carbonyl group several hydroxyl
- Structural difference between ribose and deoxyribose deoxyribose h
- Nucleobases ribonucleotides g, a c u
- Dna rna synthesized bases added end molecule
- Writing sequence bases rna dna molecule direction
- Phosphorylation raises::raises/lowers potential energy substrate molecules
- Secondary structure nucleic acids formed hydrogen bonding nitrogenous
- Runs dna strands antiparallel meaning the 5´ direction the 3´
- Strand dna produce daughter molecules primary structure serves
- Secondary structure rna molecule formed hydrogen bonding complementary
- Enzyme catalysis
- Enzyme catalysis
- Homeotherms organisms maintain an internal body temperature independent
- Poikilotherms organisms regulate internal body temperature
- Rid poisonous ethanol body enzymes convert acetaldehyde byproduct
- Alcohol dehydrogenase abbreviated adh enzyme found stomach liver
- Catalase alcohol-metabolising enzyme found peroxisomes cells active human
- Bile produced liver stored gallbladder entering duodenum common
- Function peptidases break peptides amino acids
- Secretin main jobs stimulates pancreas release antacid enzymes
- Types things produced gastric glands and purpose mucus
- Duodenum bile salts emulsify lipids lipases break quicker
- Pancreatic pancreas produces enzymes lipase amylase trypsinogen
- Jejunum ileum food absorption takes place
- Capillaries villi intestine absorb monosaccharides amino acids transport
- Large intestine no::has/has villi produce::produces/does produce enzymes smooth::type
- Gastrin hormone stomach stimulates gastric glands food present
- Breaks stomach ph produces enzymes pepsin proteins smaller
- Excrete fishes dilute ammonia water birds reptiles uric
- Intestinal villi microvilli and
- Cells glycoproteins exist surface body present identify information
- Cell membrane
- Cell membrane
- Cell membrane
- Carbohydrates efficient energy-storage molecules c–c c–h bonds
- Phosphorylase enzyme found cells catalyzes hydrolysis glycogen
- Fats aka triglycerides composed fatty acids bonded glycerol
- Micelle lipid bilayer formation exergonic spontaneous loss potential
- Water phospholipids form either micelles or lipid bilayers
- Saturated lipids generally solid room temperature
- Unsaturated lipids liquid room temperature
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons carbon=carbon bonds kinks/bends phospholipid tails
- Germ layers develop gastrulation during
- Fatty acids unsaturated fewer hydrogen ions maximum means
- Temperature increases fluidity permeability phospholipid membrane increases::increases/decreases
- Effects concentration gradients of
- Effects concentration gradients of
- Effects concentration gradients of
- Excretory system
- Excretory system
- Effects concentration gradients kind tonic solution
- Histocompatibility molecules proteins::macromolecule found outer::inner/outer surface of plasma membrane
- Binds unlike oxygen iron-containing heme portion hemoglobin carbon
- Nephron
- Kidney cross-section
- Loop henle descends medulla environment hypertonic to sodium ions::solute
- The ascending limb of loop henle impermeable water re-enter
- Cells distal tubule and collecting duct sensitive hormones adh
- Collecting duct permeable water osmose blood concentration gradient
- Adh aka antidiuretic hormone vasopressin made hypothalamus brain
- Adh insertion aquaporins cell membranes
- Aldosterone is hormone made adrenal cortex na reabsorption
- Nucleotide sugars
- Channel proteins are selective::selective/non-selective utilize facilitated diffusion::facilitated diffusion/active
- Glut-1 a carrier protein facilitates diffusion glucose cell membranes
- Light-dependent reactions thylakoid membrane in
- Light-dependent reactions thylakoid membrane in
- Light-dependent reactions thylakoid membrane in
- Z-scheme light-dependent reactions thylakoid membrane
- Photorespiration levels low rubisco's active site filled by
- Change macroevolution species microevolution variation adaptation population
- Allopatric speciation occurs populations species geographically separated physical
- Sympatric speciation occurs population isolated reproductively same::the same/a
- Interneurons process incoming sensory information relay outgoing motor
- Theory particulate inheritance genes maintain integrity generations
- Principle segregation chromosomes line randomly metaphase plate
- Parent testcross breeding homozygous recessive unknown
- Genes chromosome violate principle random assortment transmitted gamete
- Genes chromosome more::more/less crossovers are
- Gene-by-environment interactions environment impact individual's phenotype
- Polygenic inheritance phenotype influenced genes
- Present autosomal dominant::dominant/recessive phenotype child parents
- X-linked recessive::dominant/recessive traits skip generations
- Strand semiconservative replication daughter dna molecule consists template
- Dna polymerase works direction deoxyribonucleotides added end
- Replication origin site chromosome dna begins
- Replication fork region parent dna split turned daughter
- Function helicase breaks hydrogen bonds deoxyribonucleotides
- Role single-strand dna-binding proteins aka ssbps prevent separated
- Rna primer serves start site dna polymerase replication
- Replisome
- Replisome
- Replisome
- Dna order enzymes introduced replication process topoisomerase helicase
- Dna ways damage error reduced polymerase proofreading mismatch
- Human ear
- Human ear
- Ear inner
- Ear inner
- Ear inner
- Ear inner
- Cochlea cross-section
- Cochlea cross-section
- Cochlea cross-section
- Organ corti of
- Organ corti of
- Human eye
- Human eye
- Human eye
- Human eye
- Human eye
- Human eye
- Layer retina is internal eye thin tissue photoreceptors
- Lens cornea eye focuses light rays fovea centralis
- Lens ciliary muscles suspensory ligaments attached force flatten
- Cones require intense light stimulated
- Cones concentrated fovea centralis retina
- Role sensory receptors form nerve impulse receiving external
- Motor neuron
- Motor neuron
- The cell body neuron produces proteins energy processes input
- Dendrites highly branched increase surface area receive information
- Synapses junctions membranes axons dendrites meet
- Inside membrane resting neuron large concentrations potassium ions
- Action potentials neuron identical magnitude duration
- Repolarization neuron potassium ions flow cell
- Channels open depolarization sodium quickly close potassium delay
- Nervous system glia central oligodendrocytes peripheral schwann cells
- Eukaryotes organelles prokaryotes bigger compartmentalize
- Neurotransmitter released presynaptic cell response action potential binds
- Summation neuron additive effect postsynaptic potentials action cell
- Myelin light-coloured schwann cells consist phospholipids
- Neurons long shorter motor axons dendrites sensory
- Human ear
- Ivf aka vitro fertilization implantation embryo uterus::process
- Mitosis
- Mitosis
- Histones proteins dna double helix wraps
- Sister chromatids joined called chromosome
- Prometaphase nuclear envelope disintegrates kinetochore microtubules attach chromatid
- Beginning of anaphase::mitotic phase centromeres split and the now-independent chromosomes
- Cell cytokinesis vesicles travel middle begin building plate
- Polar bodies smaller cells formed alongside egg oogenesis
- Cells in g0 phase exited cycle divide
- Anaphase::mitotic phase mpf deactivated enzymes
- Incomplete dominance allele completely expressed resulting intermediate phenotype
- Cell tumour suppressors regulatory proteins arrest cycle apoptosis
- Digestive system
- Ultrasound chorionic vilius sampling amniocentesis techniques diagnose developmental
- Digestive system
- Digestive system
- Digestive system
- Digestive system
- Digestive system
- Digestive system
- Digestive system
- Digestive system
- Medulla oblongata controls unconscious activities
- Sympathetic nervous system stimulated by epinephrine::neurotransmitter
- Hcg::hormone produced initially embryo placenta maintains secretions progesterone::function
- Morula formed cleavage::process the is
- Placenta formed end trimester embedded uterus wall::location
- Longer menopause follicles respond fsh lh estrogen progesterone
- Convention codons written direction by
- Mutation silent point change resulting amino acid product
- Mutation nonsense a point that results early stop codon truncated
- Mutation frameshift caused deletion insertion nucleotide a point that causes
- Added end splicing cap poly(a tail mature mrna
- Trna amino acid attached end anticodon found single-stranded
- Base wobble hypothesis anticodon complementary codon long amino
- Dna translation taking place ribosome in
- Translational control occurs regulatory proteins prevent mrna translated
- Benefit post-translational control produces rapid response gene expression
- An operon region prokaryotic dna codes related genes::function
- Mechanisms eukaryotic gene regulation 6
- Mechanisms eukaryotic gene regulation 6
- Mechanisms eukaryotic gene regulation 6
- Basic bacterial shapes
- Restriction sites distinct consist palindromic sequences
- Bacterial transformation uptake incorporation genetic fragments bacterium’s external
- Polymerase chain reaction abbreviated pcr technique amplifies dna
- Regulatory sequences sections dna bind proteins
- Regulatory silencers sequences found introns stop::begin/stop transcription proteins
- Regulatory transcription factors interact proteins specific sequences basal
- Gram positive::positive/negative bacteria large::small/large amounts peptidoglycan cell walls
- Gram negative::positive/negative bacteria small::small/large amounts peptidoglycan cell walls
- Increased::increased/decreased turgor pressure guard cells stomata move
- Secondary oocyte fertilized undergoes meiosis promptly forms zygote
- Human egg cell ovum
- Human egg cell ovum
- Testes produce sperm cells hormones
- Male reproductive organs
- Intraspecific competition occurs members species
- Male reproductive organs
- Cross-section testis of a
- Cross-section testis of a
- Interstitial cells testes produce testosterone released bloodstream
- Spermatids formed meiotic division seminiferous tubules grow flagellae
- Males fsh released anterior pituitary gland stimulates maturation
- Glands secrete endocrine blood exocrine site target
- Growth maturation ovum primary follicle results release estrogen::hormone
- Males lh stimulates production secretion testosterone
- Females low::high/low levels estrogen progesterone trigger release gnrh
- Acrosome sperm cell vesicle enzymes digest ovum coat
- Estrogen::hormone stimulates development secondary sex characteristics females
- Uterus reaching oviduct blastocyst implants lining
- High levels lh stimulate ovulation formation corpus luteum
- Estrogen produced ovaries adrenal glands corpus luteum
- Names stages embryonic development morula blastocyst gastrula
- Competitive exclusion principle states species niche coexist
- Hormones released pituitary gland by
- Hormones released pituitary gland by
- Hormones released pituitary gland by
- Hormones released pituitary gland by
- Male reproductive system
- Male reproductive system
- Male reproductive system
- Male reproductive system
- Male reproductive system
- Produce mucus gland male reproductive system seminal vesicles
- Female reproductive system
- Female reproductive system
- Common bacterial stis chlamydia gonorrhea syphilis
- Testis-determining factor tdf gene y chromosome triggers production
- Gnrh releases fsh lh::hormones and
- Reverse transcriptase enzyme catalyzes synthesis dna rna
- Main difference eubacteria archaea thrive extreme environments
- Genetic drift allele frequencies population change randomly increase
- Leading strand dna runs direction
- Gene assumptions made pool hardy-weinberg equation natural selection
- Frequency aa genotype case gene alleles population is p
- Genetic bottleneck sudden reduction number alleles population
- Mutations inbreeding reduce fitness humans recessive alleles loss-of-function
- Types survivorship curves three of
- Carrying capacity habitat k maximum number individuals support
- Logistic population growth density-dependent::dependent/independent is
- Types population growth curves two
- Defences constitutive present inducible presence predator
- Secondary::primary/secondary succession occurs areas previous community removed
- Organ levels organization ecology biosphere biome ecosystem community
- The light-independent reactions carbon dioxide fixed pgal aka g3p, which is used
- Phases calvin-benson cycle carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration
- G3p regeneration phase calvin cycle converted 3 rubp make
- Species phyletic speciation gradually evolves form parent extinct
- Interneurons exist central nervous system
- Motor neurons transmit nerve impulses central nervous system
- Motor neuron
- Motor neuron
- Reflex arcs simple connections neurons body react involuntarily
- Motor neuron
- Motor neuron
- Motor neuron
- Motor neuron
- Motor neuron
- Dendrites terminals that relay nerve impulses to::to/from cell body
- Dendrite::dendrite/axon receives signal axon::dendrite/axon adjacent cell
- A membrane potential difference charge side plasma membrane
- Resting neurons permeable potassium ions
- Action potential/nerve impulse rapid temporary change membrane potential
- Action potential begins sodium ions flow nerve cell
- Cornea is transparent part sclera located front eye
- Sodium channels opening neuron positive feedback open depolarization
- Myelin sheaths increase signal transmission speed force impulse
- Ends axons synaptic vesicles store neurotransmitters
- Organelles increase efficiency speed chemical reactions bringing substrates
- Ligand molecule binds specific site receptor
- Functional unit nervous system neuron
- Reflex arc automatic and fast-acting::two characteristics
- Period refractory time neuron takes repolarize
- Cerebrospinal fluid circulates nutrients wastes cushions brain inside
- Cell body neuron called cyton
- Saltatory conduction propagation action potentials node
- Human ear
- Human ear
- Ear inner
- Ear inner
- Ear inner
- Ear inner
- Ear inner
- Ear inner
- Ear inner
- Human ear
- Human ear
- Human ear
- Human ear
- Cochlea cross-section
- Sclera white tough fibrous protective::function layer eye supports::function
- Organ corti of
- Organ corti of
- Exonucleases enzymes cut dna ends
- Human eye
- Human eye
- Human eye
- Human eye
- Human eye
- Human eye
- Cones pigment called photopsin reacts specific wavelengths light
- Layers retina of the
- Layers retina of the
- Formation optic nerve of the
- Formation optic nerve of the
- S phase, genetic material replicated during
- Human eye
- Iris adjusts size pupil varying amounts light
- Chamber anterior of eye aqueous humour posterior contains
- Eye lens of separates into anterior posterior chambers
- Ability lens change shape called accommodation
- People myopia have elongated::shortened/elongated eyeballs
- People hyperopia have shortened::shortened/elongated eyeballs
- People astigmatism have unevenly curved cornea
- Rods concentrated edges retina the
- Pituitary gland regulates endocrine system
- Formation optic nerve of the
- Formation optic nerve of the
- Formation optic nerve of the
- Optic nerve transmits images occipital lobe brain
- Blind spot eye photoreceptors the
- Tympanum vibrates hit soundwaves passes vibrations ossicles
- Eustachian tube connects middle ear throat equalizes air
- Stapes strikes oval window creates pressure waves cochlear
- Hair cells ear attached basilar membrane located base
- Papillae tongue taste buds sensory receptors
- Organs balance the of
- Organs balance the of
- Organs balance the of
- Organs balance the of
- Organs balance the of
- Crista ampullaris
- Crista ampullaris
- Utricle saccule and
- Utricle saccule and
- Utricle saccule and
- Utricle saccule and
- Taste bud
- Taste bud
- Taste bud
- Probability unlinked genes inherited the
- Taste bud
- Mechanoreceptors semicircular canals ear detect rotational equilibrium
- Mechanoreceptors the vestibule ear detect gravitational equilibrium
- Body proprioceptors found muscles tendons joints detect position
- Impulses taste buds travel gustatory centre parietal lobe
- Cell g1 g2 gap phases time replicates organelles
- Transduction conversion external stimuli action potential
- Rhodopsin activated retinal shape when absorbs light
- Sensation sourness caused by hydrogen ions flowing taste cells
- Sensations sweetness unami detected similar receptors taste cells
- Hormones hypothalamus secrete rh ih
- Hormones the anterior pituitary release acth fsh hgh lh
- Hormones the thyroid gland secrete thyroxine calcitonin
- Hormones the parathyroid glands secrete pth
- Hormones the adrenal medulla secrete epinephrine norepinephrine
- Hormones the pancreas secrete insulin glucagon
- Hormones testes secrete inhibin testosterone
- Thyroxine acts cells body::target tissue
- Cortisol acts body cells::target tissue
- Insulin acts liver muscles::target tissue
- Human growth hormone acts primarily long bones::target tissue
- Frontal lobe controls reasoning personality
- Occipital lobes located back cerebrum process visual information
- Parietal lobes regulate touch taste sensations
- Cerebellum brain responsible coordination balance
- Auditory cortex located temporal lobes processes hearing balance
- Cytokinesis cytoplasm::organelle division mitosis meiosis nuclei::organelle
- Chromosome dna double helix wrapped tightly proteins
- Cell cycle
- Cell cycle
- Cell cycle
- Dntps deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates what are
- Mitosis
- Mitosis
- Mitosis
- Sister chromatids bound centromere are
- Sister chromatids identical dna double helixes
- Dna making copies called replication
- Creation mrna dna template strand transcription
- Synthesis proteins mrna translation the
- Stage mitosis is prophase chromosomes condense spindle apparatus
- Metaphase chromosomes line plate during
- During telophase::mitosis phase nuclear envelope reforms spindle apparatus disintegrates
- Haploid cell set chromosomes what
- Role dna ligase closes gaps between okazaki fragments
- Mpf::abbreviation aka mitosis-promoting factor::full induces mitosis interphase cells
- Non-sex chromosomes called autosomes are
- Traits complex shaped gene what
- Traits single-gene influenced gene what
- Growth factors small proteins stimulate cell division
- Digestive system
- Digestive system
- Digestive system
- Digestive system
- Digestive system
- Digestive system
- Principle independent assortment non-homologous chromosomes line metaphase plate
- Locus gene physical location chromosome
- Separate linked genes crossing what
- Genetic recombination occur result crossing
- Polymorphic trait alleles a what
- Pleiotropic gene gene influences traits
- Multiple allelism existence alleles gene
- Gene-by-gene interactions actions allele depend expression genes
- Autosomal recessive::dominant/recessive traits skip generations
- X-linked recessive::dominant/recessive traits affect males females
- Man x-linked dominant::dominant/recessive trait pass daughters sons
- Dna function polymerase polymerizes deoxyribonucleotides
- Dna synthesis exergonic dntps release lot energy polymerise
- Digestive system
- Digestive system
- Genes frequently apart/close genetic linkage occurs are close together::far
- Primase enzyme synthesizes primer dna polymerase
- Primer short piece rna complementary template dna strand
- Replisome
- Replisome
- Replisome
- Replisome
- Replisome
- Replisome
- Okazaki fragments sections synthesized dna lagging strand
- Telomeres shorten genes code it's
- Telomerase enzyme active reproductive organs prevents shortening telomeres::function
- Sequence specifies central dogma simply states dna rna
- Codon 3-base sequence codes amino acid
- Start codon aug::triplet code signals protein synthesis begin
- Point mutation change single nucleotide base pair
- Mutation missense point amino acid produced
- Splicing process removing introns joining exons growing rna
- Caps tails mrnas protect degradation::function
- Rna primary transcript converted mature processing
- Anticodon triplet sequence complementary mrna codon
- Trna function aminoacyl synthetases catalyze charging amino acid
- Function ribosome synthesizes proteins mrna trna
- Dna translation taking place ribosome in
- Dna translation taking place ribosome
- Transcriptional control regulatory proteins interfere rna polymerase's ability
- Post-translational control inactivation proteins synthesized
- Benefit transcriptional control energy efficient
- Inducer is molecule triggers expression gene
- Mechanisms eukaryotic gene regulation 6
- Mechanisms eukaryotic gene regulation 6
- Mechanisms eukaryotic gene regulation 6
- Founder effect change allele frequencies occurs population established
- Basic bacterial shapes
- Basic bacterial shapes
- Restriction endonuclease enzyme cuts dna at/near sites
- Dna cohesive sticky ends molecules joined ligase recombinant
- Epigenetics study gene expression is
- Bacteria sex pili cytoplasmic extensions transfer genetic material
- Regulatory enhancers sequences found introns begin::begin/stop transcription proteins
- Types regulatory sequences dna enhancer silencer promoter-proximal element
- Rna primary transcript yield kinds mature due alternative
- Alternative splicing gene code kinds proteins
- Cloning vector plasmid produce copies foreign dna piece
- Natural selection acts individuals evolutionary change occurs populations
- Gene flow change allele frequencies population individuals migrate
- Hardy-weinberg principle null hypothesis compare observed data
- Balancing selection occurs alleles advantage
- Smaller::larger/smaller gene pool pronounced effect sampling errors
- Sexual selection caused female choice and/or male-male competition
- Fecundity survivorship inversely proportional::relationship and
- Rate r max aka intrinsic increase maximum biotic
- Species characteristic r max value change
- Exponential population growth density-independent::dependent/independent is
- N approaches k population growth slows
- Competition individuals result in –/–::interaction between
- Commensalism individuals result in +/0::interaction between
- Mutualism individuals result in +/+::interaction between
- Consumption individual results in +/–::interaction of
- Interspecific competition occurs members species
- Niche species' fundamental absence competitors a
- Niche species' realized presence competitors a
- Life's domains archaea bacteria eukaryota
- Primary::primary/secondary succession occurs areas essentially life
- Community climax stable dominant species
- The light-dependent reaction takes place grana chloroplast
- The light-independent reaction takes place stroma chloroplast
- Pgal 3::#-carbon sugar is a
- Light-independent reaction run atp and nadph input light-dependent
- Gram negative::positive/negative bacteria disease due possessing toxic membrane
- Decreased::increased/decreased turgor pressure guard cells stomata collapse
- Yolk granules nourish ovum::function early development
- Human egg cell ovum
- Human egg cell ovum
- Zona pellucida is thick membrane binds sperm initiating acrosome
- Acrosome reaction release contents head sperm
- Corona radiata layers cells protect ovum travels
- Function nucleolus synthesizes rrna makes ribosomes
- Male reproductive organs
- Male reproductive organs
- Cross-section testis of a
- Carbon fixation phase calvin cycle, 3 rubp and 3 co2
- Main symptom hpv genital warts
- Reduction phase calvin cycle, atp and nadph required reduce pga into g3p
- Sperm formed testes matures/stored epididymis
- Main effects testosterone increased sweat production voice deepening
- Cells sertoli aka nurse produced seminiferous tubule direct
- Ovaries progesterone secreted corpus luteum
- Corpus luteum made follicle cells left ovulation
- Ripe follicle graafian a is
- Fsh stimulates gamete production males females
- Inhibin hormone suppresses fsh lh secretion men women
- High levels inhibin provide negative feedback shuts fsh
- Progesterone inhibits::stimulates/inhibits ovulation stimulates::stimulates/inhibits endometrium growth females
- Midpiece sperm cell mitochondria the
- Interstitial cells called leydig are
- High levels fsh stimulate primary follicle growth ovum
- Cells inhibin secreted sertoli males follicular females
- Onset puberty attributed release high levels gnrh::hormone
- Average lifespan egg cell hours
- Average lifespan sperm cell hours
- Hormones released pituitary gland by
- Main visible symptom genital herpes blisters
- Male reproductive system
- Hormones released pituitary gland by
- Hormones released pituitary gland by
- Hormones released pituitary gland by
- Male reproductive system
- Male reproductive system
- Male reproductive system
- Blastocyst blastula what is another
- Male reproductive system
- Male reproductive system
- Male reproductive system
- Male reproductive system
- Male reproductive system
- Male reproductive system
- Male reproductive system
- Male reproductive system
- Male reproductive system
- Male reproductive system
- Female reproductive system
- Gonads testes males ovaries females
- Foreskin's role protect glans penis
- Fimbriae thread-like projections sweep ovum ovary oviduct
- Oviducts lined cilia move ovum uterus
- Female reproductive system
- Female reproductive system
- Female reproductive system
- Female reproductive system
- Female reproductive system
- Female reproductive system
- Common viral stis hepatitis herpes hiv hpv
- Parasympathetic nervous system stimulated by acetylcholine::neurotransmitter
- Ectoderm::germ layer rise epidermis hair nervous system
- Mesoderm::germ layer rise muscles bones blood lymph vessels
- Relaxin hormone produced placenta dilates cervix::function
- Prolactin released anterior pituitary birth stimulates mammary glands
- Division begins zygote embryo once
- Tubal ligation cutting oviducts females
- Vasectomy cutting ductus deferens males
- Female secondary sex characteristics caused estrogen::hormone
- Vertebral column arises mesoderm::germ layer
- Flaps semilunar valve how many
- Oxygen-loaded form hemoglobin called oxyhemoglobin
- Normal systolic pressure for adult mmhg
- Valves tendons muscle attached atrioventricular
- Anatomical planes human
- Anatomical planes human
- Human heart exterior view
- Human heart exterior view
- Human heart exterior view
- Human heart exterior view
- Human heart exterior view
- Fluid interstitial extracellular what's another
- Human heart exterior view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Human heart cross-sectional view
- Bad about blood backflow lowers heart efficiency
- Heart oxygenated blood enter left atrium
- Source dub sound stethoscope blood rushing closed sl
- Systolic pressure when ventricles contract
- Qrs complex represent depolarization ventricles
- R wave represent depolarization of main mass ventricles
- Chemical medulla oblongata detect levels blood
- Signal medulla oblongata travels vagus nerve sa node
- Pressure initial blood cuff mmhg
- Maximum length time leave inflated blood pressure cuff
- Normal diastolic pressure adult mmhg
- Pressure blood measurements reported systolic diastolic
- Blood pressure hypertension high consistent mm hg
- Node order neuron impulses spread heart sa av
- Side heart systemic circuit left side delivers blood
- Are tricuspid valves located atrium ventricle
- Myogenic cells muscle cells spontaneously contract on
- Myogenic cells found cardiac tissue in heart
- Primary pacemaker of heart sinoatrial node
- Give heart attack sufferers aspirin dissolves clots in
- Vasoconstriction constricting blood vessels increases blood pressure
- Pulse veins pulse::a no have
- Arteries pulse::a pulse/no pulse have
- Largest artery in human body aorta
- Arteries deep tissue reduces chance injury rupture
- Varicose veins faulty vein valves what
- Angiography arteries dyed x-rayed show damaged areas
- Arteries slick smooth epithelium have
- Veins larger than arteries hold blood lower pressure
- Capillary walls composed single layer endothelial cells
- Cells endothelial thin and flat line wall of
- Arteries veins have layers and
- Outermost layer vein/artery names tunica externa adventitia
- Innermost layer of vein/artery tunica intima
- Tunica media in veins thinner::thinner/thicker arteries
- Atherosclerosis accumulation lipids inside arterial wall
- Stroke ruptured vessel brain what
- Aneurysm bulging vessel in brain
- Force fluid move arterial end of capillary hydrostatic
- Force fluid largely regained venous end of capillary
- Histamines released unknown substance enters body
- Edema swelling caused accumulation excess fluid tissues
- Main types tissue humans epithelial connective muscle nervous
- Returned fluid capillaries osmosis collected lymph vessels and
- Lymph nodes human body hundred
- Lymph vessels valves::valves/no valves have
- Lymph nodes act checkstop cells body
- Types pathogens bacteria parasite prion virus
- Bacteria prokaryotic::prokaryotic/eukaryotic cells are
- Inflammatory response non-specific::specific/non-specific defense the
- Adaptive immunity specific specific/non-specific defense
- Circulate difference monocyte and macrophage bloodstream extracellular fluid
- Wbc pathogen dissolve steps engulfs pathogen. lysosome fuses
- Increase body temperature when fighting pathogen wbc activity
- Fighting pathogen monocytes will release chemicals increase body
- Blood composed plasma of 55
- Neutrophils basophils eosinophils granulocytes and
- Oxygenated hemoglobin responsible colour red blood cells
- T cells killer cytotoxic what
- Molecules mhc major histocompatibility complex are surface proteins
- Class i mhcs found cells rbcs
- Clonal selection mitosis of b t cells activated
- Apcs located antigen-presenting cells what
- Cells t helper activate cytotoxic b
- Cytolysis kill/break cells what is
- Chemicals injected killer t cells perforin granzyme
- Chemicals released cytotoxic cells apoptosis
- Vitamin increases body's absorption iron c
- Sickle cell anemia erythrocytes deform rupture form blood
- Erythropoietin hormone that controls rbc levels
- Rbc erythropoietin control production levels o levels low
- Phagocytosis process eating cells what
- Thromb means clot
- Step clotting process platelets stick exposed collagen fibres
- Prothrombin fibrinogen inactive proteins made liver
- Thrombin enzyme assembles fibrinogen monomers into fibrin
- Thromboplastin calcium ions convert prothrombin thrombin fibrinogen fibrin
- Action blood cells migrating capillary walls called diapedesis
- Leucocytes neutrophils::type wbc of 70
- Caused anaphylactic shock and dangerous drop blood pressure
- Hiv stands h uman i mmunodeficiency v irus
- Rh individuals antibodies exposed do
- Cerebral embolism clot dislodges original location ends brain
- Double membranes lungs of the
- Lungs the
- Double membranes lungs of the
- Lung anatomy
- Lungs the
- Double membranes lungs of the
- Respiratory system
- Respiratory system
- Respiratory system
- Respiratory system
- Respiratory system
- Respiratory system
- Respiratory system
- Internal respiration is exchange o between the blood body
- Job the nasal passages warm moisten clean air
- Role mucus in immune system traps foreign particles
- Bones turbinate thin increase surface area nasal cavity
- What moistens the incoming air the nasal passages
- System pharynx passageway air respiratory food/water digestive
- Glottis is opening trachea the
- Larynx the vocal cords the contains
- Trachea the windpipe the is also
- Trachea collapsing semicircular cartilaginous arches
- Cartilage rings surrounding trachea semicircular shape open part faces
- Sensitive trachea coughing a causes
- Postnasal drip is mucus runs nose throat
- Bronchioles small mm as can
- Lung lobe
- Alveoli are coated thin layer fluid gases dissolve
- Alveoli covered capillaries transfer oxygen carbon dioxide
- Tuberculosis is alveoli caused bacteria burst inelastic scar
- Emphysema alveolar walls destroyed decreases surface area
- Average person inhales l air day
- Intercostal muscles contract pull ribs outwards inspiration
- Hiccups caused diaphragm spasms air hits vocal cords
- Membrane mitochondria cristae another name
- Electron transport chain results atp produced glucose molecule
- Nadh s electrons indirectly create 3 atp
- One fadh s electrons indirectly create 2 atp
- Processes glycolysis pre-krebs krebs total produced nadh fadh
- Atp produced substrate-level phosphorylation glycolysis
- Atp produced substrate-level phosphorylation krebs cycle
- Diaphragm contracts flattens inspiration the
- Cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration
- Hydrogen ions created bicarbonate buffer system binded hemoglobin
- Cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration
- Glycolysis
- Krebs cycle
- Krebs cycle
- Krebs cycle
- Krebs cycle
- Muscular contraction myofilaments themselves do not::do/do shorten
- Krebs cycle
- Mucosa mucous membrane another name
- Carbon dioxide humans produce cellular respiration dissolves plasma
- Carbon dioxide humans produce cellular respiration bonds hemoglobin
- Tissues ph low temperature high hemoglobin releases::releases/binds oxygen
- Bicarbonate produced buffering system transported plasma
- Glycolysis requires atp happen produces
- Pre-krebs eukaryotes happens only in
- Increase rate breathing medulla oblongata sends sympathetic signals
- Chemiosmosis oxidative phosphorylation is
- Catabolic metabolic pathways break complex molecules smaller units release::require/release energy
- Anabolic metabolic pathways construct molecules smaller require::require/release energy
- Bond amino acids a peptide the
- Acetyl-coa reactant krebs cycle oxaloacetate reacts form citrate
- Mitochondria atp synthase located cristal membrane
- Passage of h atp synthase a(n passive transport::active/passive transport
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