GCSE Biology 9-1 AQA Higher
This flashcard deck covers key topics in GCSE AQA Higher Biology including slide preparation for microscopy, the cell cycle and DNA replication, binary fission in prokaryotic cells, and eye accommodation mechanisms for near and distant objects. It also includes disadvantages of medical treatments such as dialysis and kidney transplants, issues with fertility drugs, plant responses to stimuli like light and gravity (phototropism and gravitropism), and related practical investigations. Additional topics include meiosis and the production of genetically diverse gametes, pros and cons of embryonic screening, selective breeding, cloning, and fossil formation. The deck also covers abiotic and biotic factors affecting organisms, factors influencing decay, and classification using the three-domain system.
El mazo de tarjetas cubre diversos temas fundamentales de la biología para GCSE AQA Higher incluyendo la preparación de láminas para observación microscópica, el ciclo celular y la replicación del ADN, bipartición en células procariontes, y mecanismos de acomodación del ojo para objetos cercanos y lejanos. También aborda desventajas de tratamientos médicos como diálisis y trasplantes renales, problemas con drogas para la fertilidad, respuestas de las plantas a estímulos de luz y gravedad (fototropismo y gravitropismo), así como prácticas experimentales relacionadas. Otros temas incluyen la meiosis y su resultado en gametos genéticamente diversos, ventajas y desventajas del cribado embrionario, reproducción selectiva, clonación y formación de fósiles. El mazo concluye con factores abióticos y bióticos que afectan a los organismos, factores que influyen en la descomposición, y la clasificación en el sistema de tres dominios.
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- Circular dna cell plasmids replicate bigger strands move
- Long waiting list chance rejection immunosuppresion drugs complications
- Lower root growing sideways auxin side growth inhibited
- Petri light dishes put cress seeds lined moist
- Stop helps suffering treating disorders costs nhs money
- Predators arriving competition pathogens food availability biotic factors
- Cell chromosomes pairs copy line centre pulled duplicates
- Lead implies people genetic problems undesirable creating prejudice
- Select breed stronger existing stock characteristics offspring continue
- Reduced gene pool humans allowed cloned lot die
- Organism leaving fossils cast formed buried soft material
- Archaea bacteria eukaryota three-domain system subdivided smaller groups
- Level intensity moisture light temperature carbon dioxide plants
- Temperature oxygen availbility water availibility decay number organisms
- Drop add water layers epidermal tissue place slide
- Dna cell dividing chromosomes visible long strings b4
- Ciliary muscles contract slackening suspensory ligaments lens fat
- Cililary muscles relax allowing suspensory ligaments pull tight
- Blood clots infections expensive nhs uncomfortable experience limit
- Work expensive times eggs stimulated resulting unexpected multiple
- Side light shoot tip exposed auxin accumulates shade
- Shoots auxin gravity grows sideways produces unequal distribution
- Petri roots place seedlings damp cotton wool dish
- Food filter piece break pestle mortar transfer ground
- Sample solution tube make food transfer 5cm test
- Test sudan iii sample stain solution tube prepare
- Hcg stick antibodies test zone urine attached present
- Glucose making storing respiration celluose amino acids combining
- Glucose broken molecules make respiration transfer energy joined
- Discs plate agar zone antibiotics place plastic soaked
- Sugar solutions cylinder measure range mass cut potato
- Solution tube starch boiling ph place drop iodine
- Sample 2cm food solution tube purple prepare transfer
- Blood atria flows pulmonary contract ventricles vena cava
- Tested drug human cells tissues test live preclinical
- Drug tested healthy dose group results volunteers making
- Cell lymphocytes make hybridoma antibody stimulate mouse combined
- Genome is the entire set genetic material
- White blood cells defend against infection
- Platelets are small fragments cells of
- Eukrayotic include all plant animal cells
- Prokaryote is a prokaryotic cell unicelluar
- Mitochondria where most reactions aerobic respiration place
- Respiration transfers energy that cells work
- Cell wall's made of celluose are
- Cell wall's job to support strengthen
- Plasmids are a small ring dna
- Light microscopes use light lenses form images specimen magnify
- Light microscopes see large subcelluar structures
- Microscopes electron higher magnification resolution::2 points compared light
- Resolution is the ability distinguish points
- Magnification = (image size)/(real size
- Differentiation is process cell specilalised job
- Cells differentiate they develop subcelluar structures turn types allowing
- Differentiation occurs as organisms develop most
- Cells undifferentiated called stem are
- Dna function sperm to get male female
- Sperm cells lots mitrochondria provide energy swim
- Sperm cells have enzymes head digest egg membrane
- Muscle cell function to contract quickly movement
- Root hair cells role absorb water minerals
- Root hair cells found surface
- Phloem xylem tubes role to transport substances plant
- Chromosomes are coiled dna molecules up
- Chromosome carries large number genes each
- Genes control characteristics
- Body cells have two copies chromosome mother father
- Bacteria cultured a culture medium are
- Culture medium be nutrient broth solution agar jelly
- Agar make plate, hot jelly poured petri dishes
- Inoculating loops to transfer microorganisms culture medium
- Sterile dropping pipette spreader to get covering bacteria
- School labs microorganism cultures aren't kept o c harmful
- Petri dish culture medium be sterilised kill unwanted microorganisms
- Petri dish be stored upside stop condensation falling agar
- Automatic control systems made components receptor coordination centre effector
- Automatic control systems regulate internal enviroment
- Receptors detect a stimulus
- Coordination centres recieves processes information about stimulus receptors
- Effectors produce response from coordination centre
- Effectors are all muscles glands respond nervous impulses
- Synapse is a connection neurones the
- Reflexes automatic responses stimuli involve conscious brain
- Reflex arc is the passage information
- Neurones relay connect sensory motor to
- Brain controls complex behaviour
- Brain made of billions connected neurons
- Medulla controls unconcious activities e.g breathing heartbeat
- Cerebellum responsible muscle coordination is
- Part brain damaged effect damage tells you what
- Sclera is the tough supporting wall eye
- Cornea is the transparent outer layer front eye refracts
- Iris contains muscles to control diameter pupil
- Lens focuses light retina the onto
- Shape lens controlled by the ciliary muscles suspensory ligaments
- Making muscles light receptors detect dim light, a reflex
- Eating foods carbohydrates causes a rise blood glucose
- Blood glucose controlled by the pancreas::organ
- Pancreas produces hormones insulin glucagon
- Vigorous exercise removes glucose blood from
- Hyperopia is the medical term long-sightedness
- Hyperopia occurs when lens wrong shape refract light eyeball
- Hyperopia images objects brought focus behind retina
- Myopia is the medical term short-sightedness
- Myopia occurs when the lens wrong shape refracts light
- Myopia distant objects brought focus in front retina
- Hyperopia treated using a convex lens which refracts light rays
- Myopia treated using a concave lens light rays focus
- Slimming cornea makes it powerful improve myopia
- Lens eye replacement surgery involves removing natural replacing
- Hot bloods vessel dilate blood flows close skins surface
- Hormones are chemical messengers secreted blood glands affecting target
- Hormones effects tend be long lasting::duration
- Ovaries produce oestrogen the
- Tetes produces testosterone the
- Thyroid produces thyroxine the
- Adrenal gland produces adrenaline
- Type diabetes is where pancreas produces little/no insulin
- Type diabetes where a person resistant insulin
- Type diabetes controlled by eating carbohydrate-controlled diet regular exercise
- Selective reabsorption where useful substances glucose ions water amount
- Ammonia converted into urea liver because it's toxic
- Ammonia produced waste product of deamination
- Water cells can damage having too
- Ion amount regulated by kidneys is
- Water balanced by amount consume amount removed kidneys urine
- Kidney's work properly, waste products build blood lose ability
- Dialysis regularly to keep concentrations dissolved substances blood normal
- Kidney cure failure is a transplant
- Donor donate organs person died to be register carry
- Testosterone stimulates sperm production
- Oestrogen involved in menstrual cycle is
- Lh stimulates release egg day of
- Gene is a small section dna found chromosomes
- Progesterone maintains lining uterus half cycle inhibits lh fsh
- Oestrogen contraceptives to inhibit fsh preventing release egg
- Combined pill oral contraceptive containing oestrogen progesterone
- Pill is 99 effective doesn't protect stds
- Pills progesterone-only as effective combined with fewer side effects
- Contraceptive implant inserted under skin the
- Contraceptive implants for 3 years can
- Contraceptive injection contains progesterone doses lasting for 2 months
- Plastic iuds release progesterone
- Copper iuds prevent sperm surviving
- Barrier contraceptives are non-hormonal designed stop sperm egg
- Sterilisation involves cutting/tying fallopian tubes sperm duct
- Abstinence is not sexual intercourse having
- Hormones fsh lh drug to increase fertility stimulate ovulation
- Specialised micro-tools increasing fertility developed to use eggs sperm
- Time-lapse imaging means embryos continuously monitored identify embryos result
- Process ivf results in unused embryos destroyed people unethical
- Adrenaline released by adrenal glands is
- Adrenaline releaded response to stressful scary situations
- Thyroxine regulates basal metabolism rate protein synthesis
- Thyroxine released by thyroid is
- Thyroxine released response to tsh thyroid stimulating hormone
- Auxin is a plant hormone controls growth tips shoots
- Plant responding light is phototropism to
- Auxin produced in the tips plants
- Extra auxin promotes growth shoots inhibits growth roots
- Seeds treated gibberelin alter dormacy meaning they germinate times
- Gibberellin grow bigger flowers plants can
- Amino acids synthesise proteins make up thousands
- Dna determines what proteins cells produce keratin haemoglobin
- Weeds growing fields crops lawns are broad-leved
- Selective weedkillers developed with auxins kill broad-leafed plants by disrupting growth
- Cutting is part plant cut a
- Stick cutting soil add rooting powder, they'll produce roots
- Rooting powder contains auxins
- Rooting powder enables growers to rapidly produce clones desired
- Growth gibberellin plant hormone stimulates seed germination stem flowering
- Pairs complementary base pairing, a t c g
- Amino acids coded by a sequence bases gene
- Proteins made in the cytoplasm ribosome
- Ribosomes synthesise proteins it uses code dna
- Ethene stimulates enzymes fruit ripen
- Comercially ethene to speed ripening fruits
- Dna is the chemical genetic material cell made
- Dna's structure a polymer made strands coiled shape double
- Dna made repeating units called nucleotides
- Amino acids carried ribosomes by carrier molecules
- Mutation is a random change organism's dna
- Mutations produce a genetic varient
- Mutation non-coding dna could alter expressed
- Base deletions when a random deleted dna sequence
- Base substitution mutations are when random dna sequence changed
- Humans gamete contains 23 chromosomes in
- Gametes parents form make a cell chromosomes
- Flower sperm is pollen
- Asexual reproduction occurs by mitosis
- Offsprings asexual reproduction as a clone
- Meiosis occurs in ovaries testes and
- Gametes fused fertilisation cell begins divide mitosis produce
- Variation increases chance species surviving a change enviroment
- Selective breeding speeds up natural selection
- Asexual reproduction uses less energy than sexual organisms find mate
- Malaria reproduces sexually mosquitos asexually human host
- Spores reproduce sexually asexually can and
- Are 23 pairs chromosomes human body cell
- 23rd pair chromosomes labelled either xy xx
- Meiosis chance sperm drawing x y chromosome is 50
- Genes exist versions called alleles all
- Organism alleles chromosome heterozygous if
- Cystic fibrosis caused by a recessive allele
- Allele cystic fibrosis carried by 1/25 people
- Polydactyl caused by a dominant allele
- Polydactyl is a genetic disorder baby's born extra fingers
- Testing embryonic is when cell removed embryo implantation genetic
- Gregor mendel noted how characteristics plants passed generation
- Mendel's results foundation of modern genetics
- Biomass the mass living material is
- Research mendel concluded characteristics plants determined hereditary units passed
- Mendel's work criticised as there knowledge genes dna chromosomes
- Variation is a form different of
- Variation types are genetic enviromental the
- Extinction is when individuals species remain
- Lamarack argued that changes organism acquires lifetime passed offspring
- Hypothesis lamarack's rejected as experiments support
- Agriculture selective breeding improves yield in
- Selective breeding for thousands years has
- Selective breeding reduces gene pool
- Interbreeding when animals/plants closely related bred
- Interbreeding health problems higher chance inheriting harmful genetic
- Characteristic idea genetic engineering is transferring gene responsible organism's
- Tissue culture plant cells put growth medium hormones
- Tissue culture benefits are they grow fast space::2 points
- Tissue culture scientists to preserve rare plants nurseries produce
- Amber tar pits there's no oxygen moisture microbes survive
- Glaciers cold for decay microbes work
- Peat bogs acidic for decay microbes
- Life hypotheses origin supported disproved because many early forms
- Species is a group similar organisms reproduce give fertile
- Speciation is the development species of
- Alfred russel wallace idea of natural selection
- Alfred russle wallace's famous observation realized warning colours
- Bacteria randomly mutate to become resistant antibiotics
- Superbugs are bacteria resistant common antibiotics
- Antibiotic resistance common as they're overused inappropriately
- Agriculture overuse antibiotics cause animals develop antibiotic-resistant bacterium spread
- Archaea are primitive bacteria
- Binominal system organism given a part latin genus species
- Part binonimal system refers to the genus organism belongs
- Evolutionary trees show how scientists species related
- Habitat is a place organism lives
- Population is all organisms species living habitat
- Factors abiotic are non-living enviroment of
- Factors biotic are living enviroment of
- Plants compete for light space water nutrients soil::4 points
- Animals compete for space food water mates::4 points
- Abiotic/biotic factors can affect the size populations community
- Structural adaptations are features organism's body structure
- Behavioural adaptations are the ways organisms behave e.g species
- Functional adaptations are things inside organism's body related processes
- Extremophiles are microorganisms adapted live extreme conditions
- Food chain starts with a producer
- Producer produces glucose to make molecules called biomass
- Predator-prey cycles phase as it takes respond
- Organisms responsible decomposition bacteria fungi detritus feeders::3
- Fuel biogas is a made methane burned
- Biogas made in a simple fermenter called digester generator
- Make biogas, microorganisms decay plant animal waste anaerobically producing
- Sludge waste make biogas large scale
- Biogas stored liquid so it straight requires pressure
- Batch generators make biogas in small loaded manually waste::quantity
- Continuous generators make biogas time waste continuously fed
- High biodiversity important ensures that ecosystems stable lots species
- Lots human actions reducing biodiversity of
- Smoke acidic gases released atmosphere can pollute air e.g
- Urine produced in the kidneys is
- Differentiation process which a cell specialist
- Human stem cells found in early embryos bone marrow
- Cells adult stem only turn blood
- Stem cells exciting doctors medical researchers because they potential
- Medicine stem cells treat conditions diabetes paralysis
- Labs stem cells potential risk of being contaminated virus
- Stem cells human embryos reproduced by cloning
- Identical plants stem cells clone quickly cheaply prevent
- Substances move cells across the membrane diffusion
- Faster higher temperature diffusion rate as particles energy move
- Bigger concentration gradient faster diffusion rate
- Larger surface area faster diffusion rate as more particles
- Water moves cell membranes by osmosis
- Lamellae have a thin surface layer cells minimise distance
- Cells the basic building blocks living organisms
- Active transport is the movement substances dilute solution concenetrated
- Active transport requires energy respiration from
- Plants active transport allows mineral ions absorbed root hairs
- Plants require ions for healthy growth
- Body active transport allows sugar molecules absorbed lower concentrations
- Sugar molecules for cell respiration are
- Exchange surfaces adapted maximum effectiveness by having thin membrane
- Humans gas exchange takes place the alveoli
- Stomata is tiny holes surface leaves
- Plants oxygen water diffuse out leaf stomata
- Plants carbon dioxide diffuse into leaf through stomata
- Flattened shape leaf increases the area exchange effective
- Stomata size controlled by guard cells
- Gills are the gas exchange surface fish
- Gills made filaments give a big surface area gas
- Gill filaments covered in lamealle increase surface area more::2
- Lamellae lots of blood capillaries speed diffusion
- Organs organised into organ systems work form organisms
- Enzymes are biological catalysts
- Enzymes all proteins made chains amino acids
- Enzymes denature, their active site shape substrate longer fit
- Enzyme hot will denature if an
- Starch proteins broken they're too big pass walls digestive
- Carbohydrases convert carbohydrates simple sugars into
- Lipases convert lipids into glycerol fatty acids
- Lungs haemoglobin binds oxygen oxyhaemoglobin to
- Amylases made in the salivary glands pancreas small intestine::3
- Proteases made in the stomach pancreas small intestine::3 places
- Bile made in liver stored in gall bladder
- Hydrochloric acid produced stomach to kill bacteria give ph
- Protease pepsin produced the stomach the is
- Bile makes digestion faster emulsifies fats breaking droplets
- Large intestine's job to absorb excess water food
- Small intestine produces protease amylase lipase complete digestion
- Rectum where faeces stored passing anus
- Muscular tissue stomach to churn food
- Bronchioles end at alveoli
- Blood is a tissue consiting plasma red cells white
- Red blood cells shape biconcave give it a large
- Lungs located in the thorax the
- Air inhaled through the trachea splits into two tubes called
- Circulatory system the ventricle pumps dexoygeneated blood lungs returns
- Coronary arteries are arteries branch aorta supply surrounding heart
- Walls heart made of muscle tissue
- Heart valves make sure blood flows direction backwards
- Natural resting heart rate controlled by a group cells
- Artifical pacemaker correct irregularities heart rate
- Body blood vessels arteries capillaries veins
- Arteries carry blood heart high pressure
- Hole middle blood vessel called the lumen
- Arteries branch capillaries into
- Capillaries exchange substances between cells
- Capillaries have permeable walls so substances flow
- Capillaries join form veins up to
- Veins walls thick arteries as the pressure lower
- Veins contain valves prevent blood backflow due low pressure
- Platelets help blood clot wound preventing blood loss infection
- Lack platelets excessive bleeding of
- Coronary heart disease cause mydocardical infarction attack
- Stents are tubes inserted inside arteries keeping open making
- Stents decrease risk of myocardical infarction people coronary heart
- Statins reduce ldl cholestral blood slows rate fatty material
- Statins advantages are reduces ldl cholestral increases hdl studies
- Artifical hearts to keep patients alive whilst waiting aheart
- Blood artifical case of major loss
- Artifical blood a blood subsitute e.g saline
- Health state physical mental wellbeing
- Diseases major of ill health are
- Defects immune system increased risk of suffering infectious diseases
- Sever physical ill health lead to depression mental illnesses
- Diseases communicable are infectious
- Non-communicable diseases are those spread people animals
- Diseases caused by the interaction number factors
- Obesity risk factor for type diabetes
- Unborn babies damaged by smoking drinking::2 points
- Trachea brocnhi secrete mucus to trap pathogens
- Cancer uncontrolled growth divison cells forming tumours
- Malignant tumour cells are cancerous spreading neighbouring tissues spread
- Risk factors cancer are smoking obesity uv exposure viral
- Palisade mesophyll tissue is is part plant photosynthesis occurs
- Xylem phloem transport water mineral ions food plant
- Palisade layer plants have lots chloroplasts top light::2 points
- Air spaces spongy mesophyll tissue increase the rate of diffusion
- Lower epidermis full stomata the
- Phloem tubes transport food substances leaves rest plant storage
- Translocation is the movement food plant
- Xylem tubes carry water mineral ions roots stem leaves
- Transpiration is the loss water plant
- Transpiration rate faster light intensity higher as stomata begin
- Air water transpiration rate faster flow greater as the
- Walls guard cells open close correctly as they thin
- Guard cells sensititve to light are
- Stomata found lower surface as it's cooler water lost
- Cells bacteria are very small reproduce rapidly produce toxins
- Viruses disease by causing cells burst lysis exiting releasing
- Protists are single-celled eukrayotes disease which
- Protists transferred organisms by vectors disease
- Hyphae grow penetrate human skin surface plants causing disease
- Hyphae produce spores spread plants animals
- Mealses a viral disease::type pathogen is
- Measle symptoms are fever red skin rash
- Measles virus spread by inhalation droplets sneezes coughs
- Hiv initally causes a flu-like illness
- Late stage hiv infection aids occurs when the body's
- Salmonella is spread bacteria ingested food prepared unhygienic conditions
- Uk poultry vaccinated against salmonella contorlling spread
- Salmonella toxins secretes causes fever abdominal cramps vomiting diarrhoea::4
- Gonorrhea is a std caused bacterium
- Malaria caused by a protist is
- Spread malaria controlled by preventing mosquitos breeding nets avoid
- Hair mucus nose traps particles pathogens
- Cells phagocytosis is when white blood engulf foreign digest
- Invading pathogen has unique antigens surface
- Antitoxins to counteract toxins produced invading bacteria
- Vaccinations involve injecting small amounts dead inactive pathogens carrying
- Pros vaccinations are helped control communicable diseases common helps
- Disadvantages vaccines are they work bad reaction
- Painkillers drugs that treat symptoms diseases kill pathogens
- Bacteria mutate become resistant antibiotics to
- Heart drug digitalis orignates from foxgloves
- Asprin originates from willow
- Traditionally drugs extracted plants microorganisms
- Drugs synthesised by chemists most new
- Identification plant disease made by reference gardening manual/website testing
- Plants stunted growth caused by nitrate deficency
- Double blind tests so doctors subconsciously influenced knowledge monitoring
- Treatment placebo effect is where patient expects work feels
- Antibodies monoclonal produced from a single clone cells identical
- Hormone called hcg found in the urine pregnant women
- Cancer cells antigens called tumour markers
- Drug anti-cancer attached to monoclonal antibodies specific tumour markers
- Labs monoclonal antibodies to target specific cells test blood
- Monoclonal antibodies cause more side effects expected
- Monoclonal antibodies aren't as widely hoped
- Leaves plant diseases detected by stunted growth spots areas
- Chlorosis lack chlorophyll caused by magnesium ion deficiency
- Waxy cuticle prevents infection by providing barrier pathogens
- Plants layer dead cells stems prevent disease by providing
- Plants produce poisons deter herbivores can
- Plants thorns hairs stop animals eating touching
- Plants trick animals using mimicry can
- Aerobic respiration is respiration oxygen using
- Anaerobic respiration humans occurs when there's oxygen
- Anaerobic efficent aerobic respiration as glucose fully oxidised
- Drinks food industry fementation make bread alcholic
- Build lactic acid anaerobic respiration creates an oxygen debt
- Rid oxygen debt, blood flowing muscles transports lactic acid
- Oxygen debt is the amount extra body exercise react
- Warm bright enough, co limiting factor
- Rate photosynthesis affected by light intensity concentration temperature chlorophyll
- Enzymes photosynthesis denatures around 45ºc for
- Light intensity inversely proportional to distance inverse square law
- Common artifically create ideal enviroment plants is to grow
- Greenhouses to trap sun's heat temperature's limiting factor
- Plants sun commercial farmers supply with artifical sunlight give
- Greenhouses protect plants from pests diseases enclosed
- Respiration is the process transferring energy glucose cell
- Respiration is exothermic::exo/endo
- Diaphgrams with spermicide increase effectiveness are
- Amylase carbohydrase breaks starch maltose
- Lipases made in the pancreas small intestine::2 places
- Patch contraceptive oestrogen progesterone stuck skin lasts a week
- Hiv successfully controlled antiretroviral drugs virus will attack body's
- Contraceptive implants release continuous amounts progesterone stopping ovaries releasing
- Gene codes for particular sequence amino acids put make
- Genes cells what order put amino acids
- Complete human genome been worked scientists
- Nucleotide consists of one sugar molecule phosphate base
- Fungi reproduce sexually when faced unfavourable condition variation survival
- Human body cells chromosome pairs control characteristics and the
- Xx means female combination female characteristics develop
- Xy means male male characteristics develop
- Organism alleles chromosome homozygous if
- Phenotype is the combinations alleles determine characteristics
- Greenhouses cost lot money so it's important economically worth
- Sum reactions happen cell body are metabolism
- Ways organisms energy transferred respiration are to build larger
- Backbone dna strand formed by a sugar phosphate molecule
- Bases are a g c t
- Order bases gene decides the amino acids protein
- Non-coding parts dna can switch genes control expressed
- Dna carried ribosomes using mrna made copying code dna::2
- Mrna acts as a messenger dna ribosome
- Mutations cause sequence dna bases gene to change
- Mutations the protein cells make sometimes
- Base insertions where a inserted dna sequence
- Sexual reproduction where genetic information organisms combined produce offspring
- Asexual reproduction, there's parent genetically identical parent::parents
- Gametes multiply by meiosis
- Asexual reproduction is faster sexual reproduction
- Biodiversity is the variety species organisms earth ecosystem
- Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder cell membrane results
- Chance offspring polydactyly if one parent d allele
- Genetic disorders detected by embryonic screening
- Combining genes alleles causes genetic variation
- Characteristics affected by the enviroment can
- Theory evolution that all today's species evolved simple life
- Darwin explain why characteristics appeared passed adaptions offspring lack
- Darwins theory controversial as it common belief creator lack
- Darwins theory evolution supported by the discovery genetics
- Selective breeding when humans make plants/animals breed genes characteristics
- Plant parent cutting cloning when gardners good produce genetically
- Cloning to help preserve endangered species greater understanding embryo
- Isolation is when populations species seperated barrier
- Isolation speciation as conditions side barrier characteristics common population
- Bacteria evolve quickly due to their reproduction speed
- Mrsa is a superbug affects people hospital
- Drug companies development speed with the amount antibiotic resistant
- Carl woese proposed three-domain system found species thought
- Proteases convert proteins into amino acids
- Part binominal system refers species
- Binominal system effective worldwide scientists countires speak languages
- Work evolutionary relationships scientists analyse current classifcation data fossil
- Community is the populations species living habitat
- Ecosystem is the interaction community living organisms non-living parts
- Interpendance when an organism depends species thing's requires
- Organisms food chain, energy transferred living ecosystem eat
- Consumers that hunt kill predators and
- Population prey increases stable community predators limited by the
- Spike human population 19th century due to modern medicine
- Chemicals sewage toxic industry can pollute lakes rivers oceans
- Urea removed blood in kidneys is
- Adh causes kidney tubules permeable water absorbed blood
- Therapeutic cloning needed as stem cells rejected made genes
- Tissue plant meristem is plant differentiate type cell throught
- Disagree stem cells human embroys as every embryo potential
- Diffusion is the spreading particles resulting net movement area
- Cells substances transported diffusion are oxygen carbon dioxide gas
- Solution osmosis is the diffusion water dilute concentrated paritally
- Single cell has sufficent transport molecules cell meet as they
- Alveoli specialised maximise effectiveness as the big surface area
- Surface villi adapted exchanging materials as it increases area
- Air spaces inside leaf increase the area surface chance
- Water diffuses enters fish mouth passes gills oxygen
- Flows fish countercurrent where blood lamellae direction water opposite
- Tissue is a group cells similar structure function
- Organs are aggregations tissues performing specific functions
- Catalyst is a substance increases speed reaction changed uped
- Enzymes active site is a unique shape made bind
- Ph high low, the interfers bonds holding enzyme denatures
- Products digestion to build carbohydrates lipids proteins glucose repsiration::2
- Small intestine bile to make conditions alkaline neutralising hydrochloric
- Pancreas produces protease amylase carbohydrases releasing into the small intestine
- Small intestine where digested food absorbed digestive system blood
- Bronchi split progressively smaller tubes called bronchioles
- Lungs surrounded by pleral membranes are
- Breaths number minute of per
- Heart is an organ pumps blood body double circulatory
- Circulatory system left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood organs body
- Cells pacemaker produce a small electric impulse spreads surrounding
- Blood pumps high pressure artery walls are muscular elastic::2
- Artery walls thick layers muscle to make strong elastic
- Capillary walls cell thick so increase diffusion rate decreasing
- Veins bigger lumen arteries to allow blood flow low
- Cells red blood carry oxygen to all body
- Red blood cells nucleus to carry oxygen
- Phagocytosis white blood cells change shape engulf unwelcome
- White blood cells produce antibodies fight micoorganisms antitoxins neutralise
- Plasma is a straw coloured liquid carrying bloods constituents
- Heart coronary reducing disease when layers fatty material build
- Risk stents risky as there complications operation infection surgery
- Blood thrombosis is the formation clot inside vessel obsturcts
- Statins disadvantages are it's long term drug regularly negative
- Heart case failure doctors may transplant body donor organs
- Factors profound effect physical mental health are diet stress
- Viruses living cells trigger cancer in
- Immune reactions initially caused pathogen trigger allergies skin rashes
- Risk factors are things linked increase likelihood person develop
- Risk factors cardiovascular disease are diet smoking exercise
- Lung disease cancer caused smoking
- Cancer directly caused by exposure substances called carcinogens including
- Benign tumours are growths abnormal cells contained area membrane
- Susceptible cancer by genetics sometimes you
- Epidermal tissue cover plant covered waxy cuticle helping
- Meristem found at the growing tips shoots roots
- Upper epidermis plant transparent so light pass palisade layer
- Phloem tubes made columns of elongated living cells small
- End xylem tubes made of dead cells joined wall
- Transpiration stream is the movement water roots xylem leaves
- Transpiration caused evaporation diffusion water plants surface occurs
- Transpiration rate faster warmer as water particles energy evaporate
- Low plant transpiration rate faster humidity as the concentration
- Guard cells are cells role open close stomata
- Plant lots water guard cells fill plump turgid causing
- Water plant cell short guard lose flaccid making
- Pathogens are microorganisms enter body disease
- Cells viruses are pathogens live inside replicate machinery produce
- Protists are parasites damage organisms living
- Fungi bodies made of hyphae single celled
- Airborne pathogens are carried air be inhaled droplets produced sneezing
- Measles illness potentially fatal young children are vaccinated
- Hiv spread by sexual contact exchange body fluids e.g. such
- Tobacco mosaic virus symptoms distinctive pattern discoluration affects
- Gonorrhoea symptoms are a thick yellow green discharge vagina
- Gonorrhoea spread by sexual contact controlled antibiotics barrier method
- Skin defends pathogens by acting barrier secreting antimicrobial substances
- Trachea bronchi lined cilia which waft mucus back throat
- Cells lymthocytes foreign antigen, they produce antibodies lock invading
- Pathogen infected white blood cells will produce antibodies rapidly
- Pathogen previously vaccinated appeared white blood cells can rapidly
- Antibiotics medicines cure bacterial disease killing infective bacteria
- Difficult develop drugs kill viruses without also damaging body
- Penicillin discovered alexander fleming from the penicillium mould
- Antibodies specific molecule dye monoclonal find cell tissue
- Cell walls made celluose prevent disease by forming barrier
- Plants produce antibacterial chemicals kill bacteria e.g mint witch
- Plants leaves droop curl touches so they prevent eaten
- Anaerobic respiration yeast cells called fermentation
- Exercise human body reacts to the increased demand energy
- Breathing exercise supply muscles oxygenated blood, the heart rate
- Long periods vigorous activity muscles fatigued stop contracting
- Photosynthesis energy transferred from enviroment light chloroplasts endothermic
- Living things made of cells all
- Cells be prokrayotic or eukrayotic can either
- Eukaryotes organisms that are made eukrayotic cells
- Nucleus contains genetic information control activites cell
- Cytoplasm a gel-like substance where most chemical reactions occur
- Cytoplasm contains enzymes control chemical reactions to
- Cell membrane's job hold and control substance flow
- Ribosomes where proteins made are
- Permanent vacuole contains cell sap weak sugar salt solution
- Chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs contains chlorophyll to absorb sunlight light needed
- Electron microscopes use electrons form image
- Electron microscopes see small subcelluar structures chloroplasts ribosomes
- Industrial conditions microorganism cultures incubated temperatures higher o c to
- Inoculating loop sterilised by passiting hot flame
- Plant cells lose ability to differentiate
- Sperm long tail streamlined head swim egg
- Nerve cells function to carry electrical signals body
- Nerve cells are long branched connections ends connect form
- Muscle cells long room contract
- Muscle cells contain mitrochondria generate energy needed contraction
- Root hair cells grow into "long giving plants big
- End form tubes phloem xylem cells are long joined
- Xylem cells are hollow centre phloem have very subcelluar structures
- Petri dish lightly taped stop microorganisms air coming
- Conditions homeostasis the regulation inside body maintain stable enviroment
- Automatic control systems include the hormonal nervous system::2 points
- Automatic control systems internal enviroments stable mechanism called negative
- Motor neurones are neurones carry electrical impulses cns effectors
- Sensory neurones carry information electrical impulses receptor cns
- Nerve signals transferred by chemicals move synapse set electrical
- Main parts cns are the spinal chord brain
- Cerebral cortex responsible for things consciousness intelligence memory language
- Brain complexity delicacy makes investigating treating disorders difficult
- Brain observing parts stimulated electrically idea of what
- Mri scanners are machines produce detailed picture brain's structure
- Scientists mri scans find out areas brain active
- Retina contains receptive cells sensitive light intensity colour
- Optic nerve carries impulses receptors retina brain
- Making muscles light receptors eye detect bright light, a
- Lenses contact are thin sit surface eye shaped to compenstate
- Thermoregulatory centre contains receptors sensitive temperature blood
- Cold bloods vessel constrict flows close skins surface
- Glands hormones made secreted called endocrine
- Thyroxine involved regulating metabolism rate heart temperature
- Pituitary gland produces hormones regulate body conditions act hormones
- Humans excess glucose stored as glycogen liver muscles
- Insulin causes glucose move liver muscle cells reducing blood
- Glucagon causes liver convert glycogen glucose release
- People type diabetes need insulin therapy injections insulin day
- People type diabetes limit intake food rich simple sugars
- Filtration substances are filtered blood passes kidneys
- Kidneys make urine by taking waste products blood
- Stored proteins excess amino acids are converted fats carbohydrates
- Lose water uncontrollably from skin sweat lungs breath
- Concentration urine controlled by anti-diuretic hormone released pituitary gland
- Kidney people failure alive by kidney dialysis transplant
- Puberty body starts releasing sex hormones trigger secondary sexual characteristics
- Fsh causes ovaries produce oestrogen egg mature follicle
- Oestrogen causes lining uterus grow half cycle stimulates release
- Production oestrogen everyday, fsh inhibited egg development stop
- Progesterone reduces fertility by stimulating production thick mucus preventing
- Devices intrauterine t-shaped inserted uterus to kill sperm prevent
- Condoms are barrier methods contraceptiion prevent sperm entering vagina
- Diaphragm contraceptive is a shallow plastic cup fits cervix
- Spermicide's effectivenesss is 70-80 with diaphragm so
- Methods natural preventing fertilisation is avoiding intercourse woman fertile
- Genetic testing embryos implantation raises ethical issues as people
- Adrenaline prepares body fight flight by triggering mechanisms increase
- Level normal negative feedback system is when body detects
- Plants responding gravity is geotropism to
- Auxin stimulates cell elongation by moving backwards shoots
- Dormacy when seeds germinate conditions is
- Plants treated gibberelin they'll flower if
- Plants ethene is a gas produced aging parts
- Chemicals ripening delayed fruit storage by adding block ethene's
- Dna found nucleus animal plant cells structures called chromosomes
- Anaerobic respiration plant yeast cells glucose ethanol carbon
- O photosynthesis 6co 6h c h 6o
- O aerobic respiration c h 6o 6co 6h
- Anaerobic respiration muscle cells glucose lactic acid
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