LING102: A HIstory of English

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• Language stammbaumtheorie theory etymology similar evolutionary biological trees
• Germanic sub-family indo-european family includes german english dutch
• Romance sub-family indo-european family includes french italian spanish
• Ursprache fictitious reconstructed language created parent group
• Grundsprache common language group sprang e.g latin french
• Proto-germanic grundsprache germanic subgroup the
• Superstratum phenomenon eventual dominance language
• Substratum influence instances traits subordinate language superordinate
• Contact language people between with
• Kurgan invasions central long-standing theory relating establishment ursprache
• Actuation problem refers linguists quest discover motive kurgan
• Colin renfrew paleolinguist proposed anatolian hypothesis basis belief
• Anatolian hypothesis theory put forward colin renfrew indo-europeans
• Language english french disputed middle creole created contact
• Languages disputed english's contact scandinavian resulted creolisation similar
• Spread areas history h dropping english language common
• Standard englishes period basis modern chancery emerged time
• Events sparked development standard english forced withdrawal french
• E.g features marked northern west midland vowel sounds
• Words sort borrowed french english retained livestock meat
• French english scandinavian loan words previously lexicon operated
• Scandinavian features oe word offer clue english origin
• Latin wave influence english occur began 6th century
• Word conjunctions fundamental creation alongside parts speech create
• Point inventory consonants pde finalised
• Words found spelling anomalies english today created eme
• Regular sound correspondences similarities occur phonology languages common
• Represents lexis grammar effects language contact accommodation phonological
• Evidence disputed kurgan hypothesis actuation problem motivated group
• Show criticisms family tree dia gram languages interaction
• Big argument dominated beginning eme period english academy
• Dr johnson's views changed initially chief intent preserve
• Jacobean era period reign stuart king james i
• Significant societal baugh cable single influential direction linguistic
• English language printing press change status allowed creation
• Thou eme typically lower classes upper respective peers
• Major morphological occured eme pde decline move er
• Revolution major shaped state english today industrial french
• People revolution move en masse urban centres late
• Largely area language affected transition eme pde lexis
• E.g syntactic occurred eme pde progressive passive car
• Sort words lexicon borrowing language contact pde culture-specific
• Popular e.g word sit method formation english oe
• Year education made compulsory in
• Caused widespread choice american rise rp education act
• English institutions immigration shift gaelic scotland mid-eleventh century
• Scots brand english spoken southern scotland concurrently stuart
• Scots bible fail standardised education language scotland  books
• Education welsh led eradication key moments demise setting
• English gain waves ireland arrival henry ii's troops
• English statutes kilkenny legislation attempted re-anglicise settlers forcing
• Hiberno-english english ireland the name
• Hiberno-english influenced main varieties rural gaelicised spoken countryside
• Famine lead speakers ireland spread english gaelic rural
• Irish key factors led rapid decline language nineteenth
• Group subjected persecution turn twentieth century britain russian
• Aliens acts led control immigration britain passed allowed
• Demographic immigrated en masse uk wwii polish ex-servicemen
• Bbe speakers struggle reading comprehension spoken form differs
• Angles saxons jutes invade britain
• Hadrian's wall built 125
• Julius caesar attempts invade britain b.c
• Emperor claudius invades britain 43-50
• Romans withdraw britain from 410
• St augustine introduces christianity english
• Scandinavian invasions begin 787
• Sacking lindisfarne of 793
• King alfred defeats danes eddington
• Treaty wedmore of 878
• King alfred dies 899
• Rule king cnut of 1016-35
• Edward confessor rules the 1042-1066
• Stage scandinavian attacks britain raiding settlement political assimilation
• Spoken humber major dialects period oe kentish derived
• Borrowing prestige non-essential words superstratum occurs casual anguage
• Crusade the first 1095
• Assassination thomas beckett of a
• King john loses lands normandy
• Barons war the 1258-65
• Hundred years war the 1337-1453
• Battle crecy of 1346
• Battle poitiers of 1346
• Black death the 1348-51
• Opening parliament english statute pleading
• Geoffrey chaucer 1340-1400
• Peasants revolt the 1381
• Battle agincourt of 1415
• Caxton's printing press 1476
• French longer language parliament no
• Reign henry viii of 1509-1547
• Act supremacy of 1534
• English translation bible church of
• Statute incorporates wales england all
• Edward vi 1547-53
• Mary i 1553-8
• Elizabeth i 1558-1603
• Act supremacy restored of 1559
• Eic formed 1600
• James i 1603-1625
• King james bible 1611
• William shakespeare 1564-1616
• Charles i 1625-49
• English established madras at 1639
• English civil war 1642-6
• English civil war second 1648
• Commonwealth established 1649
• Charles ii 1660-85
• Cromwell lord protector becomes 1653
• William iii 1689-1702
• Union england scotland of and
• American war independence of 1775-83
• George washington inaugrated 1789
• Bell invents telephone the 1876
• Edison invents phonograph the 1877
• David hughes invents microphone the
• Lumiere brothers invent motion-picture camera
• Boer war 1899-1902
• R.a fessenden transmits human voice radio waves
• Wright brothers successful flight first
• Ford founded 1903
• Bbc founded 1921
• British imperial airways 1924
• Baird transmits picture face television
• Baird demonstrates colour tv first
• Baird demonstrates colour tv first
• Scheduled tv broadcasts york first
• Talking pictures made first 1929
• Bbc london tv 1936
• Computer developed first in the
• Peter goldmark invents lp the
• Colour tv in the us
• Battle flodden the of 1513
• English generalised factors summarise development america source original
• Pushing broad stages led settlement america establishment thirteen
• Areas settled palatinate germans large influx pg york
• Areas settled palatinate germans large influx pg york
• English seize amsterdam the new
• Dialect base pennsylvanian england quakers based northern wales
• Settled england non-rhotic virginia due maintained areas mid-atlantic
• Settled england non-rhotic virginia due maintained areas mid-atlantic
• Emigrated michigan wisconsin creation erie canal largely people
• Operating uniformitarian principle linguistic forces today ages
• Angles saxons jutes emigrate england natives wanted protection
• Areas american dialects distinctly european migration waves isolated
• American physical reasons key divergence english separation america
• English noah webster wrote grammatical institute language nationalist
• Distinct american dialects northern midland south north
• Vowel rotations american english northern cities southern shift
• King cnut invaded england ireland established scandinavian rule
• Son king edward confessor half-brother harthacnut heir-less cnut
• Harold godwinson earl wessex practically run kingdom edward
• Feudal led system believed traders major theories attempt
• Sound represent consonant occured period c retained k
• Inflectional endings dropped unstressed pronounced schwas reason french
• Loss adjectives grammatical occured inflectional endings inflected determiners
• Events led rise english loss normandy hundred years
• Midland key dialects northern west east southwestern southeastern
• Hypotheses origin aave anglicist creolist
• Anglicist hypothesis aave's distinctive features traced back english
• Creole created creolist hypothesis aave result slaves isolation
• Features aave feagin influenced southern states english lack
• Dialect swamping occurs large amounts migration country leads
• Dialect features focusing process endangered closely linked identity
• Spread centuries eighteenth nineteenth twentieth american partially overlapping
• Basilectal post-creole continuum lower variant language bears resemblance
• Acrolectal post-creole continuum higher variant language bears resemblance
• Mesolectal post-creole continuum intermediate variety language basilectal acrolectal
• British raj the 1765-1947
• English south britain consolidate status asia leaders create
• African countries west east current english differ predominantly
• Circle countries e.g language broad types kachru divided
• L esperanto artificial language created zamenhof act independent
• Languages international times operated were  latin long period
• Baugh cable english grown prominence international language flexible
• Glottophage killer language a
• English published history language bible translated latin john
• Affected vowels gvs long sounds pushing place articulation
• Chain shift effect occurs vowel sounds move direction
• Theories patterns gvs drag chain push
• Classes caused gvs occur change socially motivated lower
• S long u v orthographical features mark text
• Tynesdale's bible 1525
• Wycliffe's bible 1382
• Stages language standardisation selection expansion codification acceptance
• Prestigious dialect east midland which
• Dialect essex power factors led rise london standard
• East midlands prestigious dialects survivors plague area deaths
• Table alphabeticall johnson's dictionary attempted define hard words
• Robert cawdrey's table alphabeticall a
• Proposal correcting improving ascertaining english tongue
• London english enjoy period popularity chaucer parts canterbury
• Shibboleths features speech give someone's accent e.g bath
• Netspeak term coined crystal refer speech online
• Circle countries usa uk australia canada zealand
• Lingua franca language communicative purposes speakers native
• Groundbreaking technological advances computing english mac computer archie

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