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Biology 560/570/580

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Alanine ala nonpolar neutral a
Arginine arg r polar positive
Asparagine asn n polar neutral
Aspartic acid asp d polar negative
Cysteine cys c nonpolar neutral
Glutamic acid glu e polar negative
Glutamine gln q polar neutral
Glycine gly g nonpolar neutral
Histidine h polar positive his
Isoleucine ile i nonpolar neutral
Leucine leu l nonpolar neutral
Lysine lys k polar positive
Methionine met m nonpolar neutral
Phenylalanine phe f nonpolar neutral
Proline pro p nonpolar neutral
Serine ser s polar neutral
Threonine thr t polar neutral
Tryptophan trp w nonpolar neutral
Tyrosine tyr y polar neutral
Valine val v nonpolar neutral
Vesicle sac made membrane cytoplasm
Leaf main photosynthetic organ vascular plants
Adaptive radiation period evolutionary change groups organisms form
Energy atp adenosine triphosphate adenine-containing nucleoside releases free
Archaea prokaryotic domains bacteria one
Archaean member prokaryotic domain archaea
Bioinformatics computers software mathematical models process integrate biological
Biology scientific study life the
Experiment group controlled experimental compared control varies factor
Data recorded observations
Deductive reasoning type logic specific results predicted general
Acid deoxyribonucleic dna double-stranded helical nucleic molecule consisting
Discovery science process scientific inquiry focuses describing nature
Properties emergent arise step upward hierarchy life owing
Eukarya domain includes eukaryotic organisms
Cell membrane-enclosed eukaryotic type nucleus organelles organisms protists
Species evolution descent modification idea living descendants ancestral
Genome genetic material organism virus complete complement organism’s
Hypothesis tentative answer well-framed question narrower scope theory
Inductive reasoning type logic generalizations based large number
Inquiry search information explanation focused specific questions
Model representation theory process a
Negative feedback primary mechanism homeostasis change physiological variable
Order classification taxonomic category level family
Positive feedback physiological control mechanism change variable triggers
Cell membrane-enclosed prokaryotic type lacking nucleus organelles organisms
Biology systems approach studying aims model dynamic behavior
Technology application scientific knowledge specific purpose involving industry
Ammonia small toxic molecule nh3 produced nitrogen fixation
Anion negatively charged ion a
Atom smallest unit matter retains properties element
Mass atomic total atom grams mole
Atomic nucleus atom’s dense central core protons neutrons
Number atomic protons nucleus atom unique element designated
Cation positively charged ion a
Chemical bond attraction atoms resulting sharing outer-shell electrons
Chemical reaction rate equilibrium state forward equals reverse
Chemical reaction making breaking bonds leading composition matter
Compound substance consisting elements combined fixed ratio
Bond covalent type strong chemical atoms share pairs
Mass dalton measure atoms subatomic particles atomic unit
Double bond sharing pairs valence electrons atoms
Electron subatomic particle single negative electrical charge mass
Electron shell energy level characteristic average distance nucleus
Electronegativity attraction atom electrons covalent bond
Substance element broken chemical reactions
Energy capacity change work move matter opposing force
Bond hydrogen slightly atom polar covalent type weak
Ion atom group gained lost electrons acquiring charge
Bond ionic chemical resulting attraction oppositely charged ions
Ionic compound resulting formation bond called salt
Atomic number isotope forms element protons neutrons differing
Number mass sum protons neutrons atom’s nucleus
Matter takes space mass anything
Molecular formula type notation representing quantity constituent atoms
Molecule atoms held covalent bonds
Neutron subatomic particle electrical charge electrically neutral mass
Covalent bond nonpolar type electrons shared equally atoms
Nucleus atom’s central core protons neutrons chromosome-containing organelle
Orbital three-dimensional space electron found time
Covalent bond slightly polar atoms differ electronegativity shared
Energy potential matter possesses result location spatial arrangement
Product material resulting chemical reaction
Proton subatomic particle single positive electrical charge mass
Isotope radioactive atomic form chemical element unstable nucleus
Reactant starting material chemical reaction
Ionic salt compound resulting formation bond called
Single bond sharing pair valence electrons atoms
Structural formula type molecular notation constituent atoms joined
Theory explanation broad scope generates hypotheses supported large
Element trace indispensable life required extremely minute amounts
Valence bonding capacity atom equals number unpaired electrons
Electron valence outermost shell an
Valence shell outermost energy atom electrons involved chemical
Molecules van der waals interactions weak attractions parts
Acid substance increases hydrogen ion concentration solution
Acid precipitation rain snow fog acidic ph
Adhesion attraction kinds molecules the
Solution aqueous water solvent a
Base substance reduces hydrogen ion concentration solution
Buffer substance consists acid base forms solution minimizes
Energy amount heat g water calorie cal required
Scale point water celsius temperature °c equal 5/9(°f
Cohesion binding molecules hydrogen bonds
Colloid mixture made liquid particles large size remain
Evaporation process liquid gas a
Evaporative cooling process surface object cooler evaporation owing
Energy random heat total amount kinetic due motion
Heat liquid vaporization quantity absorb g converted gaseous
Hydration shell sphere water molecules dissolved ion
Ion hydrogen single proton charge dissociation water molecule
Hydronium ion water molecule extra proton bound h3o+
Hydrophilic affinity water having an
Hydrophobic aversion water tending coalesce form droplets
Hydroxide ion water molecule lost proton
Joule j unit energy cal
Kilocalorie kcal thousand calories amount heat energy required
Energy motion kinetic relative objects moving matter perform
Solute molarity common measure concentration referring number moles
Number mole mol grams substance equals molecular weight
Molecular mass sum atoms molecule called weight
Ph measure hydrogen ion concentration equal log h+
Molecule polar water opposite charges ends
Solute substance dissolved solution a
Solution liquid homogeneous mixture substances
Solvent dissolving agent solution water versatile
Heat specific amount absorbed lost g substance change
Structural isomer compounds molecular formula differ covalent arrangements
Surface tension measure difficult stretch break liquid water
Temperature measure intensity heat degrees reflecting average kinetic
Group hydrogen amino chemical consisting nitrogen atom bonded
Amplification strengthening stimulus energy transduction
Group carbonyl chemical present aldehydes ketones consisting carbon
Group atom carboxyl chemical present organic acids consisting
Enantiomer compounds mirror images of
Functional group specific configuration atoms commonly attached carbon
Arrangements geometric isomer compounds molecular formula covalent differ
Hydrocarbon organic molecule consisting carbon hydrogen
Group hydroxyl chemical consisting oxygen atom joined hydrogen
Isomer compounds molecular formula structures properties types structural
Group carbon methyl chemical consisting bonded hydrogen atoms
Organic chemistry study carbon compounds
Group phosphate chemical consisting phosphorus atom bonded oxygen
Group sulfhydryl chemical consisting sulfur atom bonded hydrogen
Urea soluble nitrogenous waste produced liver metabolic cycle
Alpha α helix spiral shape constituting form secondary
Amino acid organic molecule possessing carboxyl groups serve
Antiparallel opposite arrangement sugar-phosphate backbones dna double helix
Atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease fatty deposits called plaques develop
Chain beta β pleated sheet form secondary structure
Carbohydrate sugar monosaccharide dimers disaccharides polymers polysaccharides
Catalyst chemical agent increases rate reaction consumed
Cellulose structural polysaccharide plant cell walls consisting glucose
Chaperonin protein molecule assists proper folding
Chitin structural polysaccharide consisting amino sugar monomers found
Cholesterol steroid forms essential component animal cell membranes
Animal collagen glycoprotein extracellular matrix cells forms strong
Reaction condensation molecules covalently bonded loss small water
Reaction dehydration chemical molecules covalently bond removal water
Sugar component deoxyribose dna nucleotides fewer hydroxyl group
Disaccharide double sugar consisting monosaccharides joined glycosidic linkage
Sulfur cysteine disulfide bridge strong covalent bond formed
Double helix form native dna referring adjacent antiparallel
Endorphin hormones produced brain anterior pituitary inhibits pain
Enzyme macromolecule serving catalyst chemical agent rate reaction
Fat lipid consisting fatty acids linked glycerol molecule
Fatty acid long carbon chain carboxylic vary length
Gene discrete unit hereditary information consisting specific nucleotide
Glycosidic linkage covalent bond formed monosaccharides dehydration reaction
Hydrolysis chemical process lyses splits molecules addition water
Hydrophobic interaction type weak chemical bond formed molecules
Cells glucose insulin hormone secreted pancreatic beta lowers
Lipid group compounds including fats phospholipids steroids mix
Messenger rna mrna type synthesized dna template attaches
Monomer subunit serves building block polymer
Monosaccharide simplest carbohydrate active serving monomer disaccharides polysaccharides
Nucleic acid polymer polynucleotide consisting nucleotide monomers serves
Nucleotide building block nucleic acid consisting five-carbon sugar
Bond group amino peptide covalent carboxyl acid formed
Fatty acids phospholipid lipid made glycerol joined phosphate
Polymer long molecule consisting similar identical monomers linked
Polypeptide polymer chain amino acids linked peptide bonds
Polysaccharide polymer monosaccharides formed dehydration reactions
Structure primary level protein referring specific sequence amino
Protein functional biological molecule consisting polypeptides folded coiled
Protein kinase enzyme transfers phosphate groups atp phosphorylating
Purine types nitrogenous bases found nucleotides characterized six-membered
Complex enzyme-substrate temporary formed enzyme binds substrate molecule(s
Pyrimidine types nitrogenous bases found nucleotides characterized six-membered
Quaternary structure shape complex aggregate protein defined characteristic
Acid ribonucleic rna type nucleic consisting nucleotide monomers
Ribose sugar component rna nucleotides
Fatty acid saturated carbons hydrocarbon tail connected single
Secondary structure localized repetitive coiling folding polypeptide backbone
Starch storage polysaccharide plants consisting glucose monomers joined
Steroid type lipid characterized carbon skeleton consisting rings
Bonds tertiary structure irregular contortions protein molecule due
Trans fat unsaturated double bonds
Triacylglycerol fatty acids linked glycerol molecule called fat
Fatty acid unsaturated possessing double bonds carbons hydrocarbon
X-ray crystallography technique depends diffraction beam individual atoms
Polynucleotide polymer consisting nucleotide monomers chain dna rna
Energy activation amount reactants absorb chemical reaction start
Active site specific portion enzyme binds substrate means
Protein allosteric regulation binding regulatory molecule site affects
Pathway anabolic metabolic consumes energy synthesize complex molecule
Energy bioenergetics flow transformation organism study
Pathway catabolic metabolic releases energy breaking complex molecules
Chemical energy molecules release reaction form potential
Coenzyme organic molecule serving cofactor vitamins function metabolic
Cofactor nonprotein molecule ion required proper functioning enzyme
Competitive inhibitor substance reduces activity enzyme entering active
Substrate binding cooperativity kind allosteric regulation shape change
Endergonic reaction nonspontaneous chemical free energy absorbed surroundings
Energy coupling cellular metabolism released exergonic reaction drive
Entropy measure disorder randomness a
Exergonic reaction spontaneous chemical net release free energy
Metabolic feedback inhibition method control end product pathway
Law thermodynamics principle conservation energy transferred transformed created
Energy biological free portion system’s perform work temperature
Hemoglobin iron-containing protein red blood cells reversibly binds
Induced fit entry substrate change shape active site
Complex molecule metabolic pathway series chemical reactions builds
Metabolism totality organism’s chemical reactions consisting catabolic anabolic
Active noncompetitive inhibitor substance reduces activity enzyme binding
Phosphorylated referring molecule covalently bonded phosphate group
Energy law thermodynamics principle stating transfer transformation increases
Substrate reactant enzyme works the
Energy random thermal total amount kinetic due motion
Law thermodynamics study energy transformations occur collection matter
Actin globular protein links chains twist helically forming
Microtubule basal body eukaryotic cell structure consisting arrangement
Cell capsule sticky layer surrounds wall prokaryotes protecting
Cell fractionation disruption separation parts centrifugation
Central vacuole membranous sac mature plant cell diverse
Centrosome centriole structure animal cell composed cylinder microtubule
Centrosome structure present cytoplasm animal cells important division
Chloroplast organelle found plants photosynthetic protists absorbs sunlight
Chromatin complex dna proteins makes eukaryotic chromosome cell
Found consists dna molecule proteins chromosome cellular structure
Microtubule hollow rod composed tubulin proteins make part
Character observable heritable feature an
Microtubules cilium short cellular appendage motile specialized locomotion
Contractile vacuole membranous sac helps move excess water
Crista infolding membrane mitochondrion houses electron transport chains
Cytoplasm contents cell exclusive nucleus bounded plasma membrane
Cytoplasmic streaming circular flow cytoplasm involving myosin actin
Cytoskeleton network microtubules microfilaments intermediate filaments branch cytoplasm
Cytosol semifluid portion cytoplasm the
Desmosome type intercellular junction animal cells functions rivet
Cilia dynein flagella large contractile protein extending microtubule
Electron microscope study em magnets focus beam specimen
Endomembrane system collection membranes inside eukaryotic cell related
Endoplasmic reticulum er extensive membranous network eukaryotic cells
Extracellular matrix ecm substance animal cells embedded consisting
Fibronectin glycoprotein helps animal cells attach extracellular matrix
Microtubules flagellum long cellular appendage specialized locomotion motile
Food vacuole membranous sac formed phagocytosis microorganisms particles
Junction gap type intercellular animals passage materials cells
Glycoprotein protein carbohydrates covalently attached
Golgi apparatus organelle eukaryotic cells consisting stacks flat
Granum stack membrane-bounded thylakoids chloroplast function light reactions
Integrin animal cells transmembrane receptor protein interconnects extracellular
Intermediate filament component cytoskeleton includes size microtubules microfilaments
Light microscope lm optical instrument lenses refract bend
Lysosome membrane-enclosed sac hydrolytic enzymes found cytoplasm animal
Actin microfilament cable composed proteins cytoplasm eukaryotic cell
Vacuole membrane-bounded vesicle function varies kinds cells
Middle lamella plants thin layer adhesive extracellular material
Mitochondrial matrix compartment mitochondrion enclosed membrane enzymes substrates
Mitochondrion organelle eukaryotic cells serves site cellular respiration
Protein cell motor interacts cytoskeletal elements components producing
Nuclear envelope double membrane eukaryotic cell encloses nucleus
Nuclear lamina netlike array protein filaments lining surface
Nucleoid dense region dna prokaryotic cell
Ribosomal nucleolus specialized structure nucleus consisting chromatin regions
Organelle membrane-enclosed structures specialized functions suspended cytosol eukaryotic
Hydrogen peroxisome organelle enzymes transfer h2 substrates oxygen
Phagocytosis type endocytosis large particulate substances cell carried
Membrane plasma boundary cell acts selective barrier regulating
Plasmodesma open channel cell wall plant strands cytosol
Plastid family closely related organelles includes chloroplasts chromoplasts
Primary cell wall plants thin flexible layer secreted
Proteoglycan glycoprotein consisting small core protein carbohydrate chains
Pseudopodium cellular extension amoeboid cells moving feeding
Ribosomal rna rrna abundant type proteins makes ribosomes
Protein ribosome complex rrna molecules functions site synthesis
Rough er portion endoplasmic reticulum studded ribosomes
Electron microscope scanning sem beam scan surface sample
Cell secondary wall plants strong durable matrix deposited
Smooth er portion endoplasmic reticulum free ribosomes
Stroma chloroplast dense fluid surrounding thylakoid membrane involved
Thylakoid flattened membranous sac inside chloroplast exist interconnected
Junction tight type intercellular animal cells prevents leakage
Electron microscope transmission tem passes beam thin sections
Transport vesicle tiny membranous sac cell’s cytoplasm carrying
Transport active movement substance cell membrane expenditure energy
Amphipathic hydrophilic region hydrophobic a
Aquaporin channel protein plasma membrane plant animal microorganism
Concentration gradient region density chemical substance increases decreases
Region diffusion spontaneous movement substance concentration gradient concentrated
Gradient membrane electrochemical diffusion ion affected concentration difference
Electrogenic pump ion transport protein generates voltage membrane
Endocytosis cellular uptake biological molecules particulate matter formation
Exocytosis cellular secretion biological molecules fusion vesicles plasma
Facilitated diffusion spontaneous passage molecules ions biological membrane
Flaccid limp lacking stiffness firmness plant cell surroundings
Channel gated transmembrane protein opens closes response stimulus
Glycogen extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found liver
Glycolipid lipid covalently attached carbohydrate(s
Hypertonic referring solution surrounding cell lose water
Hypotonic referring solution surrounding cell water
Protein hydrophobic regions membrane channel integral typically transmembrane
Ion channel transmembrane protein specific flow membrane concentration
Isotonic referring solution surrounding cell effect passage water
Ligand molecule binds specifically larger
Blood cholesterol low-density lipoprotein ldl particle made lipids
Membrane potential difference electrical charge voltage cell's plasma
Protein myosin type filament acts motor actin cell
Osmoregulation regulation solute concentrations water balance cell organism
Osmosis diffusion water selectively permeable membrane
Passive transport diffusion substance biological membrane expenditure energy
Protein peripheral loosely bound surface membrane part integral
Pinocytosis type endocytosis cell ingests extracellular fluid dissolved
Cell plasmolysis phenomenon walled cytoplasm shrivels plasma membrane
Transport cell membrane proton pump active protein atp
Specific molecules cell receptor-mediated endocytosis movement budding membranous
Selective permeability property biological membranes regulate passage substances
Sodium-potassium pump transport protein plasma membrane animal cells
Cell tonicity ability solution surrounding gain lose water
Protein transport transmembrane helps substance class closely related
Turgid swollen distended plant cells walled greater solute
Acetyl coa coenzyme entry compound citric acid cycle
Catabolic pathway aerobic respiration consumes oxygen o2 organic
Alcohol fermentation glycolysis conversion pyruvate carbon dioxide ethyl
Anaerobic respiration inorganic molecules oxygen accept electrons downhill
Membrane complex atp synthase proteins provide port protons
Beta oxidation metabolic sequence breaks fatty acids two-carbon
Cellular respiration catabolic pathways aerobic anaerobic break organic
Synthesis chemiosmosis energy-coupling mechanism energy stored form hydrogen
Cycle citric acid chemical involving steps completes metabolic
Cytochrome iron-containing protein component electron transport chains mitochondria
Electron transport chain sequence carrier molecules membrane proteins
Respiration oxygen facultative anaerobe organism makes atp aerobic
Fermentation catabolic process makes limited amount atp glucose
Glycolysis splitting glucose pyruvate occurs living cells serving
Lactic acid fermentation glycolysis conversion pyruvate lactate release
Electron nad+ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide coenzyme accept acts
Locus specific place length chromosome gene located
Obligate anaerobe organism carries fermentation anaerobic respiration oxygen
Oxidation loss electrons substance involved redox reaction
Oxidative phosphorylation production atp energy derived redox reactions
Oxidizing agent electron acceptor redox reaction
Proton-motive force potential energy stored form electrochemical gradient
Reducing agent electron donor redox reaction
Reduction addition electrons substance involved redox reaction
Substrate-level phosphorylation formation atp enzyme directly transferring phosphate
Absorption spectrum range pigment’s ability absorb wavelengths light
Action spectrum graph profiles relative effectiveness wavelengths radiation
Organic molecules substances inorganic autotroph organism obtains food
Cell bundle-sheath c4 plants type photosynthetic arranged tightly
Plant c3 calvin cycle initial steps incorporate co2
Plant calvin co2 c4 cycle preceded reactions incorporate
Calvin cycle major stages photosynthesis light reactions involving
Plant stomata cam crassulacean acid metabolism adaptation photosynthesis
Carbon fixation initial incorporation co2 organic compound autotrophic
Carotenoid accessory pigment yellow orange chloroplasts plants prokaryotes
Chlorophyll green pigment located chloroplasts plants algae membranes
Chlorophyll photosynthetic pigment participates directly light reactions convert
Chlorophyll b accessory photosynthetic pigment transfers energy
Co2 organic acids crassulacean metabolism cam adaptation photosynthesis
Electron flow cyclic route light reactions photosynthesis involves
Electromagnetic spectrum entire radiation ranging wavelength nanometer kilometer
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate g3p three-carbon carbohydrate direct product calvin cycle
Heterotroph organism obtains organic food molecules eating substances
Membranes energy light reactions major stages photosynthesis preceding
Complex chlorophyll light-harvesting proteins pigment molecules including b
Electron flow linear route light reactions photosynthesis involves
Mesophyll ground tissue leaf sandwiched upper lower epidermis
Cell mesophyll c4 plants type loosely arranged photosynthetic
Nadp+ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate electron acceptor nadph
Pep carboxylase enzyme adds co2 phosphoenolpyruvate form oxaloacetate
Photoautotroph organism harnesses light energy drive synthesis organic
Photon quantum discrete quantity light energy behaves particle
Membrane photophosphorylation process generating atp adp phosphate means
Oxygen carbon photorespiration metabolic pathway consumes atp releases
Energy photosynthesis conversion light chemical stored sugars organic
Membrane photosystem light-capturing unit located thylakoid chloroplast prokaryotes
Membrane photosystem i ps light-capturing units chloroplast’s thylakoid
Membrane photosystem ii ps light-capturing units chloroplast’s thylakoid
Electron membrane primary acceptor thylakoid chloroplast prokaryotes specialized
Producer organism produces organic compounds co2 harnessing light
Electron complex pair primary light reaction-center proteins special
Rubisco ribulose bisphosphate rubp carboxylase enzyme catalyzes step
Spectrophotometer instrument measures proportions light wavelengths absorbed transmitted
Stoma microscopic pore surrounded guard cells epidermis leaves
Visible light portion electromagnetic spectrum detected colors human
Wavelength distance crests waves electromagnetic spectrum
Adenylyl cyclase enzyme converts atp cyclic amp response
Cell apoptosis program controlled suicide brought signals trigger
Biofilm surface-coating colony species prokaryotes engage metabolic cooperation
Molecule cyclic adenosine monophosphate camp ring-shaped made atp
Diacylglycerol dag messenger produced cleavage kind phospholipid plasma
Epinephrine catecholamine secreted hormone adrenal medulla mediates fight-or-flight
Protein signal receptor g gtp-binding relays plasma membrane
Growth factor protein present extracellular environment culture medium
Inositol trisphosphate ip3 messenger functions intermediate nonsteroid hormones
Ligand-gated ion channel protein pore cellular membranes opens
Local regulator secreted molecule influences cells
Nitric oxide gas produced types cells functions local
Protein phosphatase enzyme removes phosphate groups dephosphorylates functioning
Receptor tyrosine cytoplasmic kinase protein plasma membrane intracellular
Protein relay scaffolding type large simultaneously attached increasing
Molecule signal messenger small nonprotein water-soluble ion calcium
Signal transduction linkage mechanical chemical electromagnetic stimulus specific
Signal transduction pathway series steps linking mechanical chemical
Male testosterone steroid hormone required development reproductive system
Transcription factor regulatory protein binds dna affects specific
Cell cellular transduction type horizontal gene transfer phages
Yeast single-celled fungus reproduces asexually binary fission pinching
Allele alternative versions gene produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
Amniocentesis technique prenatal diagnosis amniotic fluid obtained aspiration
Allele recessive carrier genetics individual heterozygous locus normal
Chorionic villus sampling cvs technique prenatal diagnosis small
Alleles codominance situation phenotypes exhibited heterozygote affect separate
Complete dominance situation phenotypes heterozygote dominant homozygote indistinguishable
Cystic fibrosis human genetic disorder caused recessive allele
Parents aabb dihybrid organism heterozygous respect genes interest
Allele dominant fully expressed phenotype heterozygote
Gene epistasis type interaction alters phenotypic effects independently
F1 generation filial hybrid offspring series genetic crosses
F2 generation offspring resulting interbreeding hybrid f1
Genotype genetic makeup set alleles organism
Heterozygous alleles gene having two
Homozygous identical alleles gene having
Disease huntington’s human genetic caused dominant allele characterized
Hybridization genetics mating crossing true-breeding varieties
Incomplete dominance situation phenotype heterozygotes intermediate individuals homozygous
Pair law independent assortment mendel’s stating alleles segregates
Law segregation mendel’s stating alleles pair separate gametes
Parents aa monohybrid organism heterozygous respect single gene
Multifactorial referring phenotypic character influenced multiple genes environmental
Norm reaction range phenotypes produced single genotype due
P generation parent individuals offspring derived studies inheritance
Pedigree diagram family tree showing occurrence heritable characters
Phenotype physical physiological traits organism determined genetic makeup
Pleiotropy ability single gene multiple effects
Polygenic inheritance additive effect genes single phenotypic character
Punnett square diagram study inheritance show predicted results
Quantitative character heritable feature varies continuously range either-or
Allele recessive phenotypic effect observed heterozygote
Phage virus infects bacteria called bacteriophage
Disease sickle-cell human genetic caused recessive allele results
Disease tay-sachs human genetic caused recessive allele dysfunctional
Unknown genotype testcross breeding organism homozygous recessive individual
Trait detectable variant genetic character
True-breeding referring plants produce offspring variety self-pollinate
Aneuploidy chromosomal aberration chromosomes present extra copies deficient
Barr body dense object lying inside nuclear envelope
Inheritance chromosomes theory basic principle biology stating genes
Crossing reciprocal exchange genetic material nonsister chromatids prophase
Cytogenetic map chart chromosome locates genes respect chromosomal
Dendrite numerous short highly branched extensions neuron receive
Syndrome human genetic disease caused presence extra chromosome
Duchenne muscular dystrophy human genetic disease caused sex-linked
Chromosome duplication aberration structure due fusion fragment homologous
Genetic map ordered list loci genes markers chromosome
Genetic recombination general term production offspring combinations traits
Allele genomic imprinting phenomenon expression offspring depends inherited
Hemophilia human genetic disease caused sex-linked recessive allele
Chromosome inversion aberration structure resulting reattachment chromosomal fragment
Map linkage genetic based frequencies recombination markers crossing
Genes linked located close chromosome tend inherited
Unit map measurement distance genes equivalent recombination frequency
Monosomic referring cell copy chromosome normal
Pair nondisjunction error meiosis mitosis members homologous chromosomes
Parental phenotype type offspring matches refers
Polyploidy chromosomal alteration organism possesses complete chromosome sets
Gene sex-linked located sex chromosome x resulting distinctive
Site translocation aberration chromosome structure resulting attachment chromosomal
Trisomic referring diploid cell copies chromosome normal
Phenotype wild type individual commonly observed natural populations
Anaphase fourth stage mitosis chromatids chromosome separated daughter
Anchorage dependence requirement cell attached substratum order divide
Aster radial array short microtubules extends centrosome plasma
Bacteria prokaryotic domains archaea one
Benign tumor mass abnormal cells remains site origin
Binary fission method asexual reproduction division half prokaryotes
Cell division including cycle ordered sequence events life
Cell cycle control system cyclically operating set molecules
Cell division reproduction the of
Cell plate double membrane midline dividing plant wall
Centromere specialized region chromosome sister chromatids closely attached
Checkpoint control point cell cycle stop go-ahead signals
Cleavage process cytokinesis animal cells characterized pinching plasma
Cleavage furrow sign animal cell shallow groove surface
Cyclin cellular protein occurs cyclically fluctuating concentration plays
Kinase cyclin-dependent cdk protein active attached cyclin
Meiosis cytokinesis division cytoplasm form separate daughter cells
Density-dependent inhibition phenomenon observed normal animal cells stop
G0 phase nondividing state occupied cells left cycle
G1 phase gap growth cell cycle consisting portion
G2 phase gap growth cell cycle consisting portion
Gamete haploid reproductive cell egg sperm unite sexual
Cell interphase period cycle dividing cellular metabolic activity
Kinetochore structure proteins attached centromere links sister chromatid
Tumor malignant cancerous invasive impair functions organs
Metaphase stage mitosis spindle complete chromosomes attached microtubules
Metaphase plate imaginary plane midway poles cell centromeres
Metastasis spread cancer cells locations distant original site
Mitosis process nuclear division eukaryotic cells conventionally divided
Phase mitotic m cell cycle includes mitosis cytokinesis
Mitotic spindle assemblage microtubules proteins involved movements chromosomes
Replication origin site dna molecule begins consisting specific
Prometaphase stage mitosis discrete chromosomes consisting identical sister
Prophase stage mitosis chromatin condenses mitotic spindle begins
Phase s synthesis cell cycle portion interphase dna
Sister chromatid copies duplicated chromosome attached proteins centromere
Cell somatic multicellular organism sperm egg
Telophase final stage mitosis daughter nuclei forming cytokinesis
Cell transformation conversion normal animal cancerous change genotype
Multicellular form alternation generations life cycle diploid sporophyte
Offspring single division asexual reproduction generation parent occurs
Autosome chromosome directly involved determining sex
Chiasma x-shaped microscopically visible region homologous nonsister chromatids
Genetically identical individual clone lineage cells popular usage
Cell diploid sets chromosomes 2n inherited parent
Haploid gametes gametophyte organisms plants algae alternation generations
Genetics scientific study heredity hereditary variation
Cell haploid set chromosomes n
Heredity transmission traits generation the
Chromosomes homologous pair length centromere position staining pattern
Karyotype display chromosome pairs cell arranged size shape
Life cycle generation-to-generation sequence stages reproductive history organism
Cell division meiosis modified type sexually reproducing organisms
Division meiosis i two-stage process cell sexually reproducing
Division meiosis ii two-stage process cell sexually reproducing
Chromosome recombinant created crossing combines dna parents single
Sex chromosome responsible determining individual
Reproduction sexual type parents give rise offspring unique
Haploid produced spore life cycle plant alga undergoing
Sporophyte organisms plants algae alternation generations multicellular diploid
Synapsis pairing physical connection replicated homologous chromosomes prophase
Variation differences members species between
Zygote diploid product union haploid gametes fertilization fertilized
Bacteriophage virus infects bacteria called phage
Bacterium member prokaryotic domain of
Dna end fragment ligase linking enzyme essential replication
Dna replication polymerase enzyme catalyzes elongation fork addition
Euchromatin condensed form eukaryotic chromatin transcription
Helicase enzyme untwists double helix dna replication forks
Heterochromatin eukaryotic chromatin remains highly compacted interphase generally
Charged histone small protein high proportion positively amino
Strand synthesized lagging discontinuously dna elongates means okazaki
Strand leading complementary dna synthesized continuously template replication
Mismatch repair cellular process specific enzymes remove replace
Dna nuclease enzyme cuts rna removing bases hydrolyzing
Dna nucleosome basic bead-like unit packing eukaryotes consisting
Repair nucleotide excision system removes correctly replaces damaged
Dna synthesized strand okazaki fragment short segment replication
Primase enzyme joins rna nucleotides make primer parental
Dna primer short stretch rna free end bound
Genome repetitive dna nucleotide sequences noncoding present copies
Strands replication fork y-shaped region replicating dna molecule
Semiconservative model type dna replication replicated double helix
Protein dna strands single-strand binding binds unpaired replication
Telomerase enzyme catalyzes lengthening telomeres eukaryotic germ cells
Repetitive dna telomere tandemly end eukaryotic chromosome’s molecule
Strand template dna pattern ordering sequence nucleotides rna
Dna topoisomerase protein breaks swivels rejoins strands replication
Nucleotide cap modified form guanine added end pre-mrna
Trna site ribosome’s binding translation holds carrying amino
Rna alternative splicing type eukaryotic gene regulation rna-processing
Aminoacyl-trna synthetase enzyme joins amino acid trna
Anticodon nucleotide triplet end trna molecule recognizes complementary
Base-pair substitution type point mutation replacement nucleotide partner
Codon three-nucleotide sequence dna mrna specifies amino acid
Domain taxonomic category kingdom level archaea bacteria eukarya
E site ribosome’s binding trna translation place discharged
Sequence rna exon primary transcript remains processing refers
Mutation nucleotides frameshift occurring number inserted deleted multiple
Gene expression process dna directs synthesis proteins cases
Insertion mutation involving addition nucleotide pairs gene
Sequence transcript intron noncoding intervening primary removed rna
Missense mutation base-pair substitution results codon codes amino
Mutagen chemical physical agent interacts dna mutation
Mutation change nucleotide sequence organism’s dna ultimately creating
Mutation nonsense amino acid codon stop resulting shorter
Trna p site ribosome’s binding translation holds carrying
Point mutation change gene single nucleotide pair
Poly-a tail sequence adenine nucleotides added end pre-mrna
Polyribosome polysome group ribosomes attached translating messenger rna
Primary transcript initial rna called pre-mrna transcribed protein-coding
Rna promoter specific nucleotide sequence dna binds polymerase
Radiation emission electromagnetic waves objects warmer absolute
Reading frame mrna triplet grouping ribonucleotides translation machinery
Rna ribozyme molecule functions enzyme catalyzing reactions splicing
Rna polymerase enzyme links ribonucleotides growing chain transcription
Rna processing modification transcripts including splicing introns joining
Rna splicing synthesis eukaryotic primary transcript removal portions
Signal peptide sequence amino acids leading end polypeptide
Ribosome signal-recognition particle srp protein-rna complex recognizes signal
Rna spliceosome large complex made proteins molecules splices
Tata box dna sequence eukaryotic promoters crucial forming
Rna terminator bacteria sequence nucleotides dna marks end
Transcription synthesis rna dna template
Transcription initiation complex completed assembly factors rna polymerase
Transcription unit region dna transcribed rna molecule
Rna transfer trna molecule functions interpreter nucleic acid
Translation synthesis polypeptide genetic information encoded mrna molecule
Triplet code set three-nucleotide-long words amino acids polypeptide
Wobble flexibility base-pairing rules nucleotide end trna anticodon
Bind activator protein dna stimulates gene transcription prokaryotes
Bicoid maternal effect gene codes protein responsible anterior
Cell differentiation structural functional divergence specialized multicellular organism’s
Transcription control element segment noncoding dna helps regulate
Corepressor small molecule binds bacterial repressor protein shape
Cytoplasmic determinant maternal substance protein rna egg influences
Cell determination progressive restriction developmental potential fate limited
Expression differential gene sets cells genome
Gene egg-polarity helps control orientation polarity egg called
Embryonic lethal mutation phenotype leading death embryo larva
Enhancer segment eukaryotic dna multiple control elements located
Inheritance epigenetic traits transmitted mechanisms directly involving nucleotide
Histone acetylation attachment acetyl groups amino acids proteins
Homeotic gene master regulatory control placement spatial organization
Inducer specific small molecule binds bacterial repressor protein
Induction process group embryonic cells influences development causing
Gene mutant maternal effect mother results phenotype offspring
Rna microrna mirna small single-stranded molecule generated hairpin
Morphogen substance bicoid protein drosophila positional information form
Morphogenesis development body shape organization
Oncogene gene found viral cellular genomes involved triggering
Repressor operator bacterial dna sequence nucleotides start operon
Function operon unit genetic found bacteria phages consisting
Gene p53 tumor-suppressor codes specific transcription factor promotes
Pattern formation development multicellular organism’s spatial organization arrangement
Polyp small growth typically benign stalk protruding mucous
Cues positional information molecular control pattern formation animal
Protein proteasome giant complex recognizes destroys tagged elimination
Proto-oncogene normal cellular gene potential oncogene
Gene protein growth ras codes g relays signal
Gene regulatory codes protein repressor controls transcription group
Bind repressor protein inhibits gene transcription prokaryotes dna
Rna interference rnai technique silence expression selected genes
Rna small interfering sirna single-stranded molecule generated cellular
Gene cell tumor-suppressor protein product inhibits division preventing
Aids acquired immunodeficiency syndrome symptoms signs present late
Capsid protein shell encloses viral genome rod-shaped polyhedral
Hiv human immunodeficiency virus infectious agent aids. [this retrovirus
Host range limited cells type virus infect
Cycle lysogenic type phage reproductive viral genome incorporated
Cycle lytic type phage reproductive resulting release lysis
Pandemic global epidemic a
Prion infectious agent misfolded version normal cellular protein
Prophage phage genome inserted specific site bacterial chromosome
Provirus viral genome permanently inserted host
Enzyme cuts restriction endonuclease type recognizes dna molecules
Rna dna retrovirus virus reproduces transcribing inserting cellular
Reverse transcriptase enzyme encoded viruses retroviruses rna template
Phage temperate capable reproducing lytic lysogenic cycle
Vaccine harmless variant derivative pathogen stimulates host’s immune
Viral envelope membrane cloaks capsid turn encloses genome
Viroid plant pathogen consisting molecule naked circular rna
Phage virulent reproduces lytic cycle
Bacterial chromosome artificial bac large plasmid acts carry
Produced biofuel fuel dry organic matter combustible oils
Biotechnology manipulation organisms components produce products
Restriction site specific sequence dna strand recognized cut
Library cdna gene clones carry complementary dna inserts
Dna cell recombinant cloning vector genetic engineering molecule
Dna molecule complementary cdna double-stranded made vitro mrna
Dna genes microarray assay method detect measure expression
Dna pulse electroporation technique introduce recombinant cells applying
Vector bacterial gene expression cloning requisite promoter upstream
Gel electrophoresis technique separating nucleic acids proteins basis
Gene cloning production multiple copies
Gene therapy introduction afflicted individual therapeutic purposes
Genetic engineering direct manipulation genes practical purposes
Genetic profile individual’s unique set markers detected today
Organism genetically modified gm acquired genes artificial means
Genomic library set cell clones dna segments genome
Hybridization situ technique detect location specific mrna nucleic
Gene vitro mutagenesis technique discover function cloning introducing
Northern blotting technique enables specific nucleotide sequences detected
Nucleic acid hybridization process base pairing gene complementary
Nucleic acid sequence probe dna technology labeled single-stranded
Disease parkinson’s progressive brain characterized difficulty initiating movements
Plasmid small circular double-stranded dna molecule carries accessory
Pluripotent describing cell give rise parts organism
Dna polymerase chain reaction pcr technique amplifying vitro
Dna recombinant molecule made vitro segments sources
Restriction dna fragment segment results cutting enzyme
Restriction polymorphism site fragment length rflp single nucleotide
Reverse cdna transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction rt-pcr technique determining
Genetic short tandem repeat str simple sequence dna
Single nucleotide polymorphism snp base-pair site genome variation
Southern blotting technique enables specific nucleotide sequences detected
Cell daughter stem unspecialized produce single division identical
End sticky single-stranded double-stranded restriction fragment
Plasmid ti tumor-inducing bacterium plant pathogen agrobacterium integrates
Yeast artificial chromosome yac cloning vector combines essentials
Developmental processes evo-devo evolutionary biology field compares multicellular
Genomics study sets genes interactions
Genes homeobox 180-nucleotide sequence homeotic developmental widely conserved
Human genome project international collaborative effort map sequence
Lysozyme enzyme destroys bacterial cell walls mammals found
Multigene family collection genes similar identical sequences common
Phylogenetic tree branching diagram represents hypothesis evolutionary history
Physical map genetic actual distances genes markers expressed
Proteomics systematic study full protein sets proteomes encoded
Dna segment gene pseudogene similar real yield functional
Retrotransposon transposable element moves genome means rna intermediate
Sequence dna simple copies tandemly repeated short
Transposable dna element segment move genome cell means
Transposon transposable element moves genome means dna intermediate
Adaptation inherited characteristic organism enhances survival reproduction specific
Analogous characteristics similar convergent evolution homology
Artificial selection selective breeding domesticated plants animals encourage
Biogeography study past present distribution species
Catastrophism principle events past occurred suddenly caused mechanisms
Continental drift slow movement plates earth’s surface
Evolution convergent similar features independent evolutionary lineages
Endemic referring species confined specific small geographic area
Evolutionary tree branching diagram reflects hypothesis relationships groups
Fossil preserved remnant impression organism lived past
Structures homologous species similar common ancestry
Homology similarity characteristics resulting shared ancestry
Marsupial mammal koala kangaroo opossum young complete embryonic
Organisms natural selection process inherited characteristics survive reproduce
Paleontology scientific study fossils the
Pangaea supercontinent formed end paleozoic era plate movements
Stratum rock layer formed sediment cover older compress
Uniformitarianism principle stating mechanisms change constant time catastrophism
Structure vestigial marginal importance organism historical remnants important
Allopatric speciation formation species populations geographically isolated
Allopolyploid fertile individual chromosome sets result species interbreeding
Autopolyploid individual chromosome sets derived single species
Species members produce viable fertile biological concept definition
Species ecological concept definition terms niche sum members
Hybrid offspring results mating individuals species true-breeding varieties
Hybrid zone geographic region members species meet mate
Change evolutionary organisms macroevolution species level including origin
Species morphological concept definition terms measurable anatomical criteria
Species phylogenetic concept definition smallest group individuals share
Barrier postzygotic reproductive prevents hybrid zygotes produced species
Barrier mating prezygotic reproductive impedes species hinders fertilization
Periods punctuated equilibria fossil record long apparent stasis
Process hybrid reinforcement natural selection strengthens prezygotic barriers
Speciation evolutionary process species splits
Members produce viable fertile species population group potential
Sympatric speciation formation species populations live geographic area
Reproductive isolation existence biological factors barriers impede members
Average heterozygosity percent population’s loci heterozygous members population
Selection balancing natural maintains phenotypic forms population
Population bottleneck effect genetic drift occurs size reduced
Cline graded change character geographic axis
Selection directional natural individuals end phenotypic range survive
Selection individuals disruptive natural extremes phenotypic range survive
Population founder effect genetic drift occurs individuals isolated
Frequency-dependent selection decline reproductive success individuals phenotype common
Gene flow transfer alleles population resulting movement fertile
Aggregate alleles loci population gene pool individuals term
Genetic drift process chance events unpredictable fluctuations allele
Geographic variation differences gene pools geographically separate populations
Hardy-weinberg equilibrium condition describing nonevolving population genetic
Principle alleles hardy-weinberg frequencies genotypes population remain constant
Heterozygote advantage greater reproductive success heterozygous individuals compared
Selection individuals intersexual sex females choosy selecting mates
Intrasexual selection direct competition individuals sex males vertebrates
Change microevolution evolutionary species level allele frequencies population
Variation neutral genetic provide selective advantage disadvantage
Population localized group individuals species interbreed producing fertile
Relative fitness contribution individual makes gene pool generation
Sexual dimorphism marked differences secondary sex characteristics males
Selection individuals sexual form natural inherited characteristics obtain
Selection stabilizing natural intermediate phenotypes survive reproduce successfully
Acetylcholine common neurotransmitters functions binding receptors altering permeability
Axon typically long extension process neuron carries nerve
Axon region hillock conical neuron’s joins cell body
Biogenic amine neurotransmitter derived amino acid
Brain organ central nervous system information processed integrated
Cell body part neuron houses nucleus organelles
Membrane potential depolarization change cell's inside made negative
Dopamine neurotransmitter catecholamine epinephrine norepinephrine
Equilibrium potential eion magnitude cell’s membrane voltage calculated
Postsynaptic cell excitatory potential epsp electrical change depolarization
Acid gamma-aminobutyric gaba amino functions cns neurotransmitter central
Ganglion cluster functional group nerve cell bodies centralized
Gated channel ion specific opening closing alter cell's
Cells glial glia supporting essential structural integrity nervous
Glutamate amino acid functions neurotransmitter central nervous system
Membrane hyperpolarization change cell's potential inside negative relative
Postsynaptic inhibitory neuron potential ipsp electrical change hyperpolarization
Sensory motor interneuron association neuron nerve cell central
Motor neuron nerve cell transmits signals brain spinal
Myelin sheath axon neuron insulating coat cell membranes
Neuron nerve cell fundamental unit nervous system structure
Neuropeptide short chain amino acids serves neurotransmitter
Synaptic neurotransmitter molecule released terminal neuron chemical synapse
Node action potential ranvier gap myelin sheath axons
Norepinephrine catecholamine chemically functionally similar epinephrine acts hormone
Oligodendrocyte type glial cell forms insulating myelin sheaths
Penis copulatory structure male mammals
Nervous peripheral system pns sensory motor neurons connect
Cell postsynaptic target synapse the
Cell presynaptic transmitting synapse the
Refractory period short time immediately action potential neuron
Potential resting membrane characteristic nonconducting excitable cell inside
Saltatory conduction rapid transmission nerve impulse axon resulting
Cell schwann type glial forms insulating myelin sheaths
Sensory neuron nerve cell receives information internal external
Serotonin neurotransmitter synthesized amino acid tryptophan functions central
Spatial summation phenomenon neural integration membrane potential postsynaptic
Substance p neuropeptide key excitatory neurotransmitter mediates perception
Neuron synapse junction communicates cell narrow gap neurotransmitter
Synaptic neuron cleft narrow gap separating terminal transmitting
Synaptic terminal bulb end axon neurotransmitter molecules stored
Synaptic vesicle membranous sac neurotransmitter molecules tip axon
Temporal summation phenomenon neural integration membrane potential postsynaptic
Potential threshold excitable cell membrane reach action initiated
Ion channel voltage-gated specialized opens closes response membrane
Endocrine cells portion stress adrenal gland located adjacent
Hormone adrenocorticotropic acth tropic produced secreted anterior pituitary
Androgen steroid hormone testosterone stimulates development maintenance male
Pituitary anterior called adenohypophysis portion develops nonneural tissue
Antidiuretic hormone adh peptide vasopressin promotes water retention
Secreted autocrine referring molecule acts cell
Biological clock internal timekeeper controls organism’s rhythms marks
Calcium calcitonin hormone secreted thyroid gland lowers blood
Catecholamine class neurotransmitters hormones including epinephrine norepinephrine synthesized
Circadian rhythm physiological cycle hours present eukaryotic organisms
Corticosteroid steroid hormone produced secreted adrenal cortex
Cytokine group proteins secreted number cell types including
Ecdysone steroid hormone secreted prothoracic glands triggers molting
Gland endocrine ductless secretes hormones directly interstitial fluid
System internal hormones endocrine communication involving ductless glands
Estradiol steroid hormone stimulates development maintenance female reproductive
Estrogen steroid hormone estradiol stimulates development maintenance female
Hormone follicle-stimulating fsh tropic produced secreted anterior pituitary
G receptor protein-coupled signal protein plasma membrane responds
Glucose glucagon hormone secreted pancreatic alpha cells raises
Glucocorticoid steroid hormone secreted adrenal cortex influences glucose
Hormone growth gh produced secreted anterior pituitary direct
Body hormone multicellular organisms types secreted chemicals formed
Hypothalamus ventral part vertebrate forebrain functions maintaining homeostasis
Islets langerhans clusters endocrine cells pancreas produce secrete
Hormone juvenile arthropods secreted corpora allata pair glands
Hormone melanocyte-stimulating msh produced secreted anterior pituitary regulates
Melatonin hormone secreted pineal gland regulates body functions
Mineralocorticoid steroid hormone secreted adrenal cortex regulates salt
System internal nerve nervous fast-acting communication involving sensory
Neurohormone molecule secreted neuron travels body fluids acts
Oxytocin hormone produced hypothalamus released posterior pituitary induces
Portion functions secreting pancreas gland dual nonendocrine digestion
Paracrine referring secreted molecule acts neighboring cell
Parathyroid gland small endocrine embedded surface thyroid secrete
Calcium parathyroid hormone pth secreted glands raises blood
Pheromone animals fungi small molecule released environment functions
Gland pineal small dorsal surface vertebrate forebrain secretes
Gland lobe hormones pituitary endocrine base hypothalamus consists
Posterior pituitary called neurohypophysis extension hypothalamus composed nervous
Progesterone steroid hormone prepares uterus pregnancy major progestin
Cognition process knowing include awareness reasoning recollection judgment
Prolactin prl hormone produced secreted anterior pituitary great
Prostaglandin pg group modified fatty acids secreted virtually
Gland prostate human males secretes acid-neutralizing component semen
Male semen fluid ejaculated orgasm sperm secretions glands
Thyroid gland endocrine located ventral surface trachea secretes
Thyroxine t4 iodine-containing hormones secreted thyroid gland regulate
Triiodothyronine t3 iodine-containing hormones secreted thyroid gland regulate
Hormone tropic endocrine gland target
Alzheimer's disease age-related dementia mental deterioration characterized confusion
Amygdala structure temporal lobe vertebrate brain major role
Regulating astrocyte glial cell diverse functions including providing
Nervous system autonomic efferent branch vertebrate peripheral regulates
Bipolar disorder depressive mental illness characterized swings mood
Blood-brain barrier specialized capillary arrangement brain restricts passage
Brainstem collection structures vertebrate brain including midbrain pons
Central canal narrow cavity center spinal cord continuous
Cephalization evolutionary trend concentration sensory equipment anterior end
Cerebellum part vertebrate hindbrain located dorsally functions unconscious
Cerebrum part cerebral cortex surface largest complex mammalian
Cerebral hemisphere left side cerebrum
Fluid cerebrospinal blood-derived surrounds protects infection nourishes cushions
Cerebrum dorsal portion vertebrate forebrain composed left hemispheres
Hemispheres corpus callosum thick band nerve fibers connects
Nerve cranial originates brain terminates organ head upper
Enteric division networks neurons digestive tract pancreas gallbladder
Forebrain ancestral embryonic regions vertebrate brain develops thalamus
Gray matter regions dendrites clustered neuron cell bodies
Hindbrain ancestral embryonic regions vertebrate brain develops medulla
Lateralization segregation functions cortex left hemispheres brain
Long-term memory ability hold associate recall information one’s
Long-term potentiation ltp enhanced responsiveness action potential nerve
Disorder major depressive mood characterized feelings sadness lack
Medulla oblongata lowest part vertebrate brain commonly called
Sensory midbrain ancestral embryonic regions vertebrate brain develops
Motor system efferent branch vertebrate peripheral nervous composed
Nerve ropelike bundle neuron fibers axons tightly wrapped
Nerve net weblike system neurons characteristic radially symmetrical
Neural plasticity capacity nervous system change experience
Parasympathetic division autonomic nervous system generally enhances body
Pons portion brain participates automatic homeostatic functions regulating
Glia cells radial embryo supporting form tracks newly
Reflex automatic reaction stimulus mediated spinal cord lower
Reticular formation diffuse network neurons core brainstem filters
Schizophrenia severe mental disturbance characterized psychotic episodes patients
Short-term memory ability hold information anticipations goals time
Spinal nerve vertebrate peripheral nervous system carries signals
Suprachiasmatic nucleus scn group neurons hypothalamus mammals functions
Sympathetic division autonomic nervous system vertebrates generally increases
Cerebral thalamus integrating centers vertebrate forebrain neurons cell
Study identical twins raised behavioral researchers compare behavior
Ventricle heart chamber pumps blood space vertebrate brain
White matter tracts axons cns
Lymphocytes acquired immunity vertebrate-specific defense mediated b cells
Cells immunity b t active long-lasting conferred action
Classical conditioning type associative learning arbitrary stimulus outcome
Identical antibody protein secreted plasma cells differentiated b
Cells antigen macromolecule elicits immune response binding receptors
Antigen presentation process mhc molecule binds fragment intracellular
B cells t called antigen receptor general term
Cell antigen-presenting ingesting pathogens internalizing proteins generates peptide
Autoimmune disease immunological disorder immune system turns
B receptor identical chains cell antigen y-shaped membrane-bound
Cells b lymphocytes complete development bone marrow effector
T cd4 surface protein present helper cells binds
T cd8 surface protein present cytotoxic cells binds
Cell-mediated immune response branch acquired immunity involves activation
Mhc molecule cells class i type found surface
Mhc molecule class ii type restricted specialized immune
Lymphocytes specific antigen clone cells clonal selection process
Complement system group blood proteins amplify inflammatory response
Cytokine group proteins secreted number cell types including
Cells cytotoxic t type lymphocyte activated kills infected
Dendritic cell antigen-presenting located lymphatic tissues skin efficient
Cell effector muscle gland performs body’s response stimuli
Eosinophil type white blood cell low phagocytic activity
Antigen epitope small accessible region receptor antibody binds
Heavy chain types polypeptide make antibody molecule b
T cell response helper type activated secretes cytokines
Histamine substance released mast cells blood vessels dilate
Human chorionic gonadotropin hcg hormone secreted chorion maintains
Humoral immune response branch acquired immunity involves activation
System immune animal body’s defenses agents disease
Administered immunization process generating state immunity artificial means
Immunodeficiency disorder ability immune system protect pathogens defective
Immunoglobulin ig class proteins function antibodies divided major
Tissue inflammatory response innate immune defense triggered physical
Innate immunity form defense common animals active immediately
Secreted cells interferon protein antiviral immune regulatory functions
Light chain types polypeptide make antibody molecule b
Lymphocyte type white blood cell mediates acquired immunity
Immunity macrophage phagocytic cell present tissues functions innate
Major histocompatibility complex mhc family genes encode large
Cell mast vertebrate body produces histamine molecules trigger
Immune activated memory cell clone long-lived lymphocytes formed
Monoclonal antibody preparation produced single clone cultured cells
Cell natural killer nk type white blood kill
Neutrophil abundant type white blood cell phagocytic tend
Immunity transfer passive short-term conferred antibodies occurs maternal
Pathogen organism virus disease an
Cell plasma antibody-secreting effector humoral immunity arises antigen-stimulated
Immune response primary initial acquired antigen appears lag
Immune response secondary acquired elicited subsequent exposures antigen
Cells t class lymphocytes mature thymus includes effector
Coefficient relatedness fraction genes average shared individuals
T receptor chain cell antigen membrane-bound molecule consisting
Thymus small organ thoracic cavity vertebrates maturation t
Receptor toll-like tlr membrane phagocytic white blood cell
Afferent arteriole kidney blood vessel supplying nephron
Ions aldosterone steroid hormone acts tubules kidney regulate
Angiotensin ii peptide hormone stimulates constriction precapillary arterioles
Anhydrobiosis dormant state involving loss body water
Peptide blood pressure atrial natriuretic anp hormone secreted
Bowman’s capsule cup-shaped receptacle vertebrate kidney initial expanded
Collecting duct location kidney processed filtrate called urine
Nephron cortical mammals birds loop henle located renal
Countercurrent system multiplier energy expended active transport facilitate
Distal tubule vertebrate kidney portion nephron helps refine
Efferent arteriole kidney blood vessel draining nephron
Euryhaline referring organisms tolerate substantial external osmolarity
Excretion disposal nitrogen-containing metabolites waste products
Fluid filtrate cell-free extracted body excretory system
Filtration excretory systems extraction water small solutes including
Glomerulus ball capillaries surrounded bowman’s capsule nephron serving
Juxtaglomerular apparatus jga specialized tissue nephrons releases enzyme
Nephron juxtamedullary mammals birds loop henle extends renal
Loop henle hairpin turn descending ascending limb proximal
Malpighian tubule unique excretory organ insects empties digestive
Metanephridium excretory organ found invertebrates typically consists tubules
Nephron tubular excretory unit vertebrate kidney
Osmoconformer animal isoosmotic environment an
Osmolarity solute concentration expressed molarity
Osmoregulator animal controls internal osmolarity independent external environment
Peritubular capillary tiny blood vessels form network surrounding
Protonephridia excretory system flame bulb flatworms consisting network
Proximal tubule vertebrate kidney portion nephron immediately downstream
Reabsorption excretory systems recovery solutes water filtrate

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