GCSE Biology Paper 1 (9-1 Exams)

This GCSE Biology Paper 1 flashcard deck covers key topics such as cell structure and organelles, the cell cycle and mitosis, distinctions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and genetic material like chromosomes and genes. It includes plant biology focusing on photosynthesis and gas exchange through stomata, as well as human biology including the respiratory system. The role of enzymes in chemical reactions and nutrient absorption in the small intestine is described. The deck explains the hierarchy from specialized cells to tissues, organs, and systems. Microscopy concepts including light vs electron microscopes, slide preparation, and magnification are detailed. The deck also discusses cellular differentiation and functions of specialized cells like sperm. Lifestyle factors impacting biology on local to global scales are also noted. Overall, it is a thorough review resource for fundamental biological principles relevant to the GCSE syllabus.

This flashcard deck for GCSE Biology Paper 1 (9-1 Exams) covers fundamental biological concepts including cell structure and function, cell division (mitosis), differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, subcellular structures, and the cell cycle. It explains the characteristics of bacteria as prokaryotes, details on chromosomes and genes, and the process of photosynthesis in plants. Tissue, organ, and organ system organization are discussed, alongside human respiratory system anatomy and plant adaptations like stomata for gas exchange. The deck also addresses lifestyle impacts on health at various scales. Additionally, it includes detailed content on microscopy techniques, differences between light and electron microscopes, slide preparation, and magnification calculations. Specialized cells and differentiation processes are explained, including examples such as sperm cells with specific adaptations for reproduction. Overall, the deck provides comprehensive coverage of basic biology topics essential for GCSE exams.

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• Eukaryotic prokaryotic cells parts called subcellular structures
• Chromosomes long lengths molecule called dna dna coiled form the
• Genes control the development characteristics hair colour eye
• Cell cycle consists the cell growth dna replication and mitosis
• Carbon dioxide diffuses plants photosynthesis air spaces leaf
• Lifestyle factors impacts locally nationally globally
• Leaves are organs
• Stomata water plants gases exchanged easily inside air
• Small intestine millions nutrients glucose amino acids absorbed
• Reactions large molecules smaller cell lots chemical happening
• Form specialised cells organised tissues organs systems
• Lungs part thorax top body separated lower abdomen
• Cell bacteria dna are prokaryotes has cytoplasm membrane surrounded wall
• End cell cycle results in two identifcal original number
• Mitosis cell produced daughter genetically identical
• Function nucleus gentic material controls activites cell
• Division time average amount takes bacterial cell divide
• Eukaryotic cells complex include animal plant
• Prokaryotic cells smaller simpler eukaryotic bacteria
• Eukaryotes organisms made eukaryotic cells
• Respiration function mitochondria reactions aerobic takes place transfers
• Cell rigid function wall structure made cellulose supports
• Function permanent vacuole cell sap weak solution sugar
• Cell subcellular structures bacterial membrane wall cytoplasm circular
• Microscopy techniques improved developed years technology knowledge
• Resolution ability distinguish points higher sharper image
• Light microscopes work lenses form image specimen magniffy
• Light microscopes individual cells large subscellular structures nuclei
• Slide strip clear glass plastic specimen mounted
• Stage objective adjustment slide coarse knob move lens
• Micrometers millimeter how many are
• Lipases produced pancreas small intestine
• Formula magnification image size/real size
• Nanometers micrometer how many are
• Cells diferentiated mature animals repairing replacing skin blood
• Culture mediums bacteria nurient broh solution solid agar
• Cells nerve specialised function rapid signalling.  carry electrical
• Muscle cells specialised contract function concentration quickly long
• Material genetic formed nuclues stored form chromosomes
• Genetic material instructions grow develop
• Chromosomes human cells body copies organism's mother father". 
• Genes short sections dna control characteristics
• Chromosomes carry large number genes
• Mitosis mutlicellular organisms grow develop replace cells damaged
• Cell mitosis cycle chromosomes line centre fibres pull
• Conditions needed ensure bacteria divide quickly warm environment
• Amount bacteria decrease cell division conditions unfavourable stop
• Work lipases small intestine where
• Cultures microorganisms degress schools harmful pathogens disease grow
• Petri sterilised dish steps needed prepare uncontamined culture
• Petri dishes culure medium sterilised kill unwanted microorganisms
• Lid petri dish lightly taped stop microorganisms air
• Petri dish stored upside stop drops condensation falling
• Cells stem undiferentiated divide produce lots undifferentiated develop
• Stem cells found adults bone marrow
• Cells stem grown lab produce clones made differentiate
• Type medical conditions stem cells treat diabetes paralysis
• Stem cells risks involved medicine grown lab contaminated
• Area diffusion spreading particles higher concentration lower
• Dissolved substances move oxygen cell diffusion. 
• Molecules big small diffference process diffusion diffuse cell
• Molecules diffuse cell membrane oxygen glucose amino acids
• Concentration rate gradient affect diffusion bigger faster net
• Surface rate area affect diffusion larger faster particles
• Cell water short osmosis concentrated means solution dilute
• Active transport movement particles concentration gradient energy transerred
• Plant roots surface soil adopted exchange substances cells
• Active transport plants absorb mineral ions concentration higher
• Test sugars benedict's the what
• Plants mineral ions healthy growth
• Exchange surfaces substances animals blood adapted maximise effectiveness
• Exchange surfaces needed multicellular organisms small area volume
• Surface alveoli specialised maximise diffusion big area lots
• Leaf area surface leaves specialised maximise diffusion flattened
• Contained exchange surface leaf covered holes called stomata
• Gas exchange surface called fish gills
• Gas exchange surface called lungs alveoli
• Light intensity limiting factor night give photosynthesis day
• Photosynthesis endothermic exothermic energy transferred environment process
• Epithelial tissue stomach covers inside
• Product produced photosynthesis food plant glucose
• Parts plant cell chlorophyll chloroplasts
• Glucose make produced photosyntheis cellulose converted strong cell
• Glucose make amino produced photosyntheis acids plant cells
• Starch stored plants roots stems seeds leaves
• Lipids stored plants seeds in
• Cell glucose water loads swell lots lower concentration
• Give level carbon dioxide limiting factor photosynthesis warm
• Light intensity rate affect photosynthesis level raised increases
• Carbon dioxide level rate does  affect photosynthesis raised
• Meant limiting factor photosynthesis stops happening faster
• Light intensity independent variable practical
• Dependent variable light intensity practical amount oxygen produced
• Calculate rate photosynthesis light intensity practical total length
• State inverse square law the
• Farmer temperature maganed artifically green house greenhouses trap
• Plants generally health artifically controlled greenhouses keeping enclosed
• Aspirin found willow where is
• Walls heart made muscle tissue contracts pump blood
• Factors greenhouses artifically manage temperature light carbon dioxide
• Respiration endothermic exothermic transfers energy environment
• Aerobic respiration oxygen efficient transfer energy glucose
• Word equation aerobic respiration what
• Aerobic respiration exothermic reaction transfers energy environment
• Anaerobic respiration oxygen incomplete breakdown glucose making lactic
• Word equation anerobic respiration muscle cells glucose lactic
• Oxygen debt amount extra body exercise react build
• Lactic acid muscles removed oxygen debt blood enters
• Word equation anaerobic respiration plants yeasts
• Anaerobic respiration yeast cells called fermentation
• Compare aeroic anerobic respiration factors
• Rate factors change exercise body breathing breath volume
• Carry long periods exercise muscle fatigue caused tired
• System digestive designed organ breaks food humans mammals
• Metabolism sum reactions happen cell body
• Molecules made glucose give examples large smaller endothermic
• Molecule lipid consist glycerol fatty acids
• Formed glucose combines nitrate ions amino acids
• Component urine produced breakdown excess protein urea
• Cells thought basic building blocks make living organisms
• Define tissue group similar cells work carry function
• Define organs group tissues work perform function
• Organ define systems group working perform function
• Muscular tissue contractts move attached
• Epithelial tissue covers parts body inside gut
• Stomach muscular tissue moves wall churn food
• Cholesterol essential liquid body produces function properly
• Digestive glands pancreas salivary system produce juices enzymes
• Liver digestive system produces bile
• Large intestine digestive system water absorbed undigested food
• Lungs located thorax the where
• Millions lung air sacs called alveoli surrounded network
• Concentration high diffuses alveolus blood state gases exchanged
• Number calculate breathing rate breaths minutes
• Body function circulatory system food oxygen cell carries
• Circulatory system sort humans double
• Function valves heart make blood direction prevent flowing
• Heart coronary arteries blocked starved oxygen potentially leading
• Identify white blood cell what
• Controlled cells resting heart rate group atrium wall
• Pacemaker condition artificial control heartbeart natural work properly
• Atrium left chambers heart ventricle
• Blood vessels carry heart vena cava pulmonary vein
• Artery walls strong elastic heart pumps blood high
• Arteries thick layers muscle make strong
• Arteries elastic fibres stretch spring back
• Type blood vessel walls cell thick capillaries
• Identify platelets what this is
• Capillaries narrow large surface area compared volume increases
• Capillaries permeable walls substances exchanged cells diffuse
• Test starch iodine the what
• Function vein carry blood heart
• Blood calculate rate flow volume number minutes
• Blood tissue red cells white platelets suspended liquid
• Function blood transport substances body
• Identify red blood cells what
• Function white blood cells defend microorganisms disease
• Blood cells red white nuclues
• Platelets nuclues do have a
• Wound blood stops functions platelets clot seals losing
• Lack platelets blood excessive bleeding bruising
• Plasma pale straw-coloured liquid carries blood
• Red pigment found blood cells role haemoglobin;it carries
• Give examples organs plants stems roots leaves
• Tissue mesophyll give examples plants epidermal palisade spongy
• Epidermal tissue plants covers the
• Thexylem phloem tissue plants transport things water mineral
• Structures epidermal tissues  adapted perform function covered waxy
• Structures of  upper epidermis  adapted perform function transparent
• Stomata tissues leaves adapted efficient gas exchange lower
• Plant meristem tissue found growing tips shoots roots
• Area plant phloem tubes transport substances leaves
• Process phloem translocation the what
• End xylem tubes structured function made dead cells
• Xylem tubes strengthened material called lignin
• Process movement water roots xylem leaves transpiration stream
• Roots translocation transport food leaves
• Transpiration loss water plant what
• Factors affect transpiration rate light intensity temperature air
• Effect increasing light intensity rate transpiration brighter greater
• Effect humidity rate transpiration drier air leaf faster
• Transpiration faster warm conditions water particles energy evaporate
• Good air water concentration area transpiration rate high
• High dry area transpiration rate climates air water
• Calculate rate transpiration distance time
• Guard cells plant lots water fill plump turgid
• Function guard cells control size stomata adapted gas
• Potometer measure uptake water plant
• Health healthy state physical metal social wellbeing
• Diseases types communicable non-communicable what
• Person communicable diseases spread animals
• Non-communicable diseases spread people animals
• Give examples communicable diseases measles malaria
• Give examples non-communicable diseases asthma cancer coronary heart
• Communicable diseases caused bacteria viruses parasites fungi
• Enzyme denatured shape enzyme's site substrate fit
• Cardiovascular disease describe heart blood vessels
• Heart coronary disease cuases arteries narrow blood flow
• Heart coronary disease artieris supply blood muscle blocked
• Heart stents wire mesh tubes inserted inside arteries
• Risk disadvantages stents complications operation e.g heart attack
• Cholesterol heart hdl advantages statins reduce risk strokes
• Artifical heart rejected body's immune system made metals
• Hearts blood artifical lead clots strokes flow artificial
• Valves severe damage heart replacing biological humans mammals
• Heart advantage replacement valves drastic procedure transplant
• Cells blood formed hematopoiesis made the bone marrow spongy
• Risk factors things linked increase likelihood person develop
• Aspects risk factors relate lifestyle presence substances body
• Liver damage disease drink alcohol breaks alochol reaction
• Cost big non-communicable diseases human financial
• People life human cost non-communicable disease tens miollions
• Carcinogen things cancer what is
• Optimum ph level enzymes work ta
• Cancer cuased occur cells grow divide control
• Tumours types beign malignant what
• Malignant tumours grows spreads neighbouring healthy tissues dangerous
• Lifestyle risk factors cancer smoking obesity uv exposure
• Cancer obesity bowel liver kidney
• Uv cancer exposure people exposed radiation sun increased
• Beign tumours cancerous are no
• Catalyst substance increases speed reaction changed
• Enzymes proteins chains functions characteristics living things produce
• Enzymes biological catalysts increase speed biuological reaction changed
• Part enzyme binds substrate active site
• Model descirbing enzyme actins lock key induced fit
• Lock key model lack reality active site shape
• Rate reaction increase increasing temperature reactants energy move
• Enzyme amylase catalyses breakdown starch maltose
• Time formula calculate rate reaction amount changed unit
• System digestive organ breaks food nutrients absorbed body
• Digestion ways food broken mechanical chemical
• Mechanical digestion includes teeth grinding food stomach churning
• Chemical digestion enzymes break food
• Produced released gut digestive enzymes specialised cells glands
• Made body products digestion make carbohydrates proteins lipids
• Digestive enzymes learn gcse carbohydrases proteases lipases
• Carbohydrases convert carbohydrates simple sugars amylase
• Made amylase salivary glands pancreas small intestine
• Amylase work mouth small intestine
• Made proteases stomach pancreas small intestine
• Work proteases stomach small intestine
• Enzymes work stomach acid small intestine properly bile
• Test proteins biuret the what
• Test lipids sudan iii the
• Test sugars benedict reducing food
• Biuret test type food protein
• Sample iodine tube solution list steps detail carry
• Sudan iii sample food test tube stain solution
• Describe colour change occur iodine test starch present
• Describe colour change occur benedict's test  sugar  present
• Lipids present caryring sudan iii test?  separate red
• Ways pathogen spread water air direct contact
• Bacteria disease reproduce rapidly inside body make feel
• Viruses feel cell make people ill live inside
• Type cell protists eukaroyes single-celled
• Cell type fungi single-celled body made hyphae thread-like
• Water give pathogens spreaded cholera bacterial infection spread
• Air give pathogens spreaded influenza virus flu spread
• Give examples viral diseases measles hiv tobacco mosaic
• Disease sort measles viral what
• Disease sort hiv viral what
• Disease sort tobacco mosaic virus viral
• Disease sort rose black spot fungal
• Disease sort gonorrhoea bacterial what
• Symptoms measles develop red skin rash signs fever
• Symptoms hiv initially cuaes flu-like weeks person experience
• Virus tobacco mosaic affect species plants
• Rose black leaves symptoms spot purple develop plants
• Rose black spot spread environment water wind
• Rose black spot treated gardeners funicides strip plant
• Part malarial protist's life cycle place inside mosquito
• The  symptoms malaria repeating episodes fever fatal
• Black describe signs suggest plant infected spot fungus
• Mosquito nets areas high risk malaria prevent people
• Give types bacterial disease salmonella food poisoning gonorrhoea
• Salmonella type bacteria food poisoning
• Food eating give examples salmonella poisoning spread chicken
• Gonorrhoea sexually transmitted disease std
• Does  gornorrhoe spread passed sexual contact unprotected sex
• Symptoms gonorrhoea person pain urinate thick green discharge
• Spread gonorrhoea controlled treated anitbiotics penicillin barrier methods
• Hygienic prevent spread disease things washing hands preparing
• Vectors give destryoing prevent spread disease insects killed
• Give ivaccination  prevent spread disease children vaccinated common
• Steps fighting disease humans body's defences immune system
• Pathogens give ways skin helpes defend body disease
• Give hair mucus  defend body disease trap particles
• Give stomach  defend body disease stomach produces hydrochloric
• Producing lines attack white blood cells invading microbe
• Important part immune system white blood cells
• Cells phagocytosis white blood engulf foreign digest
• Role antitoxins conteract toxins produced invading bacteria
• White blood cells called produce antibodies b-lymphocytes
• Antibodies produced the  white blood cells special specific
• Person naturally immune disease means white blood cells
• Pros vaccinations helped control lots infectious diseases common
• Relieve painkillers drugs pain symptoms disease kill pathogens
• Drugs viruses hard produce kill reproduce body cells
• Painkillers antibiotics kill differences pathogens relieve symptoms disease
• Resistant give antiobiotic disease mrsa methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
• Slow development antibiotic resistance doctors avoid over-prescribing
• Drug found willow aspirin what
• Drug found foxgloves digitalis what
• Aspirin painkiller lower fevr is
• Digitalis treat heart conditions is
• Give drug extracted microorganisms penicillin
• Medicinal drugs tested public make safe effective
• Testing preclinical human main stages drug cells tissues
• Drugs tested describe process preclinical testing human cells
• Efficacy drug works produces effect
• Toxxicity harmful drug is what
• Drug placebo substance tested added
• Patients placebos doctor actual difference durg makes effect
• Blind trials patient study drug placebo
• Are  double-blind trails patient doctor placebo drug results
• Monoclonal antibodies made produced lots clone single white
• Special monoclonal antibodies identical target specific protein antigen
• Give ways monoclonal antibodies pregnancy test treating diseases
• Found urine pregnant women hormone called hcg
• Disease treated monoclonal antibodies cancer
• Pregnancy test strip made how
• Pregnancy stick pregnant what happens
• Pregnancy stick pregnant what happens
• Control window show pregnancy test worked
• Monoclonal cells advantages anitbodies cancer treatment antibodies target
• Problems monoclonal antibodies side effects expected fever vomiting
• Types plant disease ion deficiency infection pathogens
• Deficiency types deiciency diseases plants nitrate magnesium
• Infested pathogens plants damaged insects pests alphids
• Aphids insect huge damage plants
• Leaves common signs detect plant diseases stunted growth
• Plants produce chemical defences pathogens antibacterial kill bacteria
• Plants eating organisms mechanical defences pathogens adapted thorns
• Eggs give plant mimic organism prevent eaten passion
• Water surface lamallae large area gases blood flows
• Gas exchange surface called small intestine villi
• Photosynthesis process produces glucose oxygen plants carbon dioxide
• Making things plant glucose produced photosythesis cell walls
• Function red blood cells transport oxygen body
• Photosynthesis happen takes place chlooroplasts green plant cells
• State word equation photosynthesis the
• State symbol equation photosynthesis the
• Role chlorophyll play photosynthesis absorb light
• Making glucose produced photosynthsis respiration cellulose amino acids
• Glucose energy made photosynthsis respiration released breakdown plants
• Stored glucose plants convert lipids fats oils seeds
• Starch glucose storage insoluble makes storing cell lots
• Limiting factors photosynthesis temperature level carbon dioxide light
• Temperature limiting factor give photosynthesis winter cold low
• Chlorophyll limiting factor photosynthesis amount plant affected disease
• Rate temperature photosynthesis affect raised increases hot decreases
• Photosynthesis temperature rate limited low enzymes needed work
• Photosynthesis rate limited temperature high enzymes plant reactions
• Light pondweed photosynthesis tube gas bubble steps needed
• Give control variable light intensity practical plant's flask
• Unit light intensity calculated inverse square law a.u
• Commercial growers maximise plant growth grow large quantities
• Light artifically controlled greenhouses farmers supply artificial sun
• Carbon dioxide paraffin level artifically controlled greenhouses heater
• Farmers greenhouse costing lot conditions photosynthesis plants grow
• Greenhouse rate growth benfits growing plants artificial environment
• Respiration process transferring energy glucose cell
• Aerobic respiration happening inside cell structures mitochondria
• Symbol equation aerobic respiration what
• List ways oragnisms energy respiration build larger molecules
• Anerobic respiration transfer energy aerobic glucose fully oxidised
• Anaerobic respiration muscle cells exxercise longer
• Oxygen anerobic respirationary exercise debt breathing hard stop
• High carbon body anerobic exericse pulse breathing rate
• Fermentation make yeast important economy bread carbon dioxide
• Rate heart breathing breath volume increases oxygen exercise
• Body react exercise muscles contract frequently normal energy
• Heart rate resting level exercising
• Investigate effect exercise breathing heart rate counting breaths
• Heart rate increase intense exercise body oxygen muscles
• Broken give examples large molecules smaller exothermic reactions
• Breathing system needed mammals air lungs oxygen carbon
• Tissue give examples types found mammals humans muscular
• Glandular tissue makes secretes substances enzymes hormones
• Tissue stomach organ made muscular galndular epithelial
• Glandular tissue stomach makes digestive juices digest food
• Digestive system exchange materials environment taking nutrients releasing
• Intestine organs digestive system make pancreas salivary gland
• Stomach digestive system food digested
• Food small intestine digestive system digested soluble molecules
• Big long tube food passes including small large
• Function human lungs oxygen air bloodstream cells respiration
• Pathogens microorganism enter body infectious diseases plants animals
• Types pathogens bacteria viruses protists fungi
• Cells viruses bacteria differences small produce toxins damage
• Parasites transfer communicable disease live inside organisms damage
• Spread hyphae fungi communicable diseases body made grow
• Give pathogens spreaded direct contact athelete's foot fungus
• Disease sort salmonella bacterial what
• Measles spread droplets infected person's sneeze cough
• Spread hiv virus sexual contact exchanging bodily fluids
• Hiv cured controlled antiretroviral drugs stop virus replicating
• Immune system person's badly-damaged hiv body's badly damaged
• Leaves syptoms tmv mosaic pattern plants parts discoloured
• Rose black leaves infected spot affects growth plant
• Protist malaria spread mosquitos vectors pick malarial feed
• Spread breeding mosquito malaria controlled reduced stopping breed
• Symptoms salmonella caused infected people suffer fever stomach
• Salmonella poultry vaccination controlled chickens prevents catching disease
• Gonorrhoea easily treated penicillin anymore strains bacteria resistant
• Ways reduce prevent spread disease hygienic destroying vectors
• Destroying spread disease vectors  prevent vectors humans passed
• Isolating infected individuals  prevent spread disease isolate communicable
•  vaccination  prevent spread disease vaccinating people animals means
• Spread prevent disease give isolating infected individuals  ebola
• Give examples non-specific defence systems body skin hair
• Mucus give ways trachea bronchi  defend body disease
• Blood white cells travel crawl part constantly patrolling
• Cells white blood consume microbes step immune system
• Antibodies cells invading called white blood produced pathogen
• Person pathogen infected white blood cells rapidly produce
• Vaccinations pathogens white blood antibodies work involve injecting
• Cons  of vaccinations vaccines work give immunity bad
• Kill antibiotics bacteria causing problem killing body cells
• Antibiotics development shown modern medicine greatly reduced number
• Resistant antibiotics bacteria problem mutate mutations inidividual survive
• Found digitalis foxgloves where is
• Drugs treat disease extracted plants microrganisms examples digitalis
• Chemicals plants treat disease produce variety deend pets
• Bacteria petri dishes mould penicillin discovered alexander fleming
• Animal cells tissues testing drug blood pressure intact
• Dosage concentration should be what
• Humans animals evaluate preclinical trials live people cruel
• Tested dose drugs side effects describe process clinical
• Carry double-blind trials doctors monitoring patients analysing results
• Drug morning sickness babies give throughly tested thalidomide
• Cells tumour hybridoma antibodies describe process producing monoclonal
• Monoclonal antibodies bind molecule means target specific cell
• Antigens cancer cells membranes found normal body tumour
• Antibodies cells drug tumour monoclonal bind markers cancer
• Blood monoclonal antibodies labs bind hormones chemicals measure
• Monoclonal antibodies give examples labs technique elisa test
• Antibodies monoclonal molecules specific dye describe process locate
• Growth symptoms nitrate deficiency stunted needed make proteins
• Magnesium chlorophyll needed symptoms deficiency plants suffer chlorosis
• Identify plant gardening pathogen diseases signs manual website
• Barrier pathogens physical plant stems waxy cuticle stop
• Called takes tubes bronchioles state pathway air breath
• Concentration body cells blood high low state gases
• Alveoli diffuses blood surrounded network capillaries gas exchange
• Blood describe pathway circulatory system heart lungs ventricle
• Heart body blood describe pathway circulatory system rest
• Oxygenated arteries heart supply blood called coronary branch
• Blood atria flows pulmonary contract ventricles state pathway
• Artificial pacemaker work device implanted skin wire heart
• Blood vessels carry heart aorta pulmonary artery
• Thick walls describe structure artery compared lumen layers
• Blood function arteries vessels carry heart organs
• Exchange functions capillaries involved materials tissues carry blood
• Walls capillaries cell thick increases rate diffusion decreasing
• Diffusion increases rate capillaries adapted permeable walls substances
• Blood veins lower walls describe structure pressured thick
• Oxygen carry structure red blood cells adapted biconcave
• Oxygen cells red blood haemoglobin transport lungs body
• Microorganisms produce white blood cells defend microorgaism engulf
• Platelets small fragments cells are
• Cells white blood plasma carry red platelets nutrients
• Palisade mesophyll tissue plants part leaf photosythesis
• Spongy mesophyll tissue plants leaf big air spaces
• Plant meristem tissue found growing tips shoots roots
• Structure palisade layer  adapted perform function lots chloroplasts
• Structure xylem phloem  adapted perform function form network
• Phloem function tubes transport food substances made leaves
• Sturcture phloem tubes adapted made columns cells small
• Cell sap cepp liquid made substances transported water
• Direction phloem tubes transport leaves roots
• Xylem tubes carry water mineral direction ions plant
• Transpiration stream movement water roots xylem leaves
• Function xylem tubes carry water mineral ions plant
• Transpiration stream movement water plant roots leaves
• Water transpiration roots plant leaf drawn describe process
• Effect temperature rate transpiration warmer faster
• Air flow effect rate transpiration leaf greater
• Stomata transpiration low dark photosythesis happen begin close
• Leaf water transpiration rate low poor airflow air
• Humid transpiration rate low climates air lot water
• Transpiration uptake water record air bubble set investigation
• Guard cells water plant short lose flaccid making
• Prokaryotes prokaryotic cell single-celled organism
• Subscellular structures animal cells nuclues cytoplasm membrane mitochondria
• Chemical function cytoplasm gel-like substance reactions happen enzymes
• Cell function membrane holds controls
• Function ribosomes proteins made cell
• Plant unique cell subcellular structures nuclues cytoplasm membrane
• Function chloroplasts photosynthesis occurs makes food plant green
• Light electron difference microscopes higher magnification resolution
• Electron microscopes work light form image
• Electron microscopes things smaller detail internal structure mitochondria
• Slide onion add drop water layers epidermal tissue
• Include drawing specimen microscope pencil sharp lines title
• Specialised cell performs specific function organism
• Diferentiation differentiation process cell specialised job change develop
• Cholesterol statins drugs reduce amount ldl bad present
• Ability animal plant difference differentiate cells diffefrentiate lost
• Sperm cell specialised head function reproduction male dna
• Cells root hair specialised surface plant absorbing water
• Cells phloem xylem substances specialised form tubes function
• Mitosis mitosis cell reproduces splitting form identical offspring
• Cell dna chromosome growth replication cycle dividing spread
• Stage cell amount total formula work long takes
• Prokaryotic cells divide replicate type simple division called
• Active site unique shape fits substance involved reaction
• Cell circular dna cytoplasm daughter steps process binary
• Microorganisms cultured lab bacteria grown culture medium carbohydrates
• Bacteria grown culture mediums agar plates form visible
• Cultures incubated higher temperaures industrial conditions compared school
• Paper agar antibiotic bacteria discs soaked plate zone
• Stem cells embryonic adult differences differentiate kind turn
• Stem cells advantage embryonic therapeutic cloning embryo made
• Human people stem cells research feel embryos experiments
• People voting stem cells research curing patients exist
• Molecules diffuse cell membrane starch proteins
• Rate diffusion affected concentration gradient temperature surface area
• Rate temperature affect diffusion higher faster particles energy
• Water region osmosis osmosis movement molecules partially permeable
• Water molecules osmosis pass ways membrane osmosis due
• Cell water iff lots osmosis solution inside dilute
• Sugar solutions potato cylinders measure masses steps needed
• Concentration nutrients active transport gut lower higher blood
• Glucose blood active tranposrt gut bloodstream concentration higher
• Cells give examples difffusion substances rid waste products
• Surfaces cell volume exchange needed single-celled organisms gases
• Surface blood villi specialised maximise diffusion increase digested
• Water walls stomata surface guard cells adapted gas
• Stomata put leaf slide estimate total number field
• Health diseases physical mental issues problems immune suffering
• Diet health stress diseases factors affect good balanced
• Artifical ways treat cardiovascular diseases stents statins hearts
• Stents people coronary heart disease
• Heart time advantages stents lower risk attack people
• Ldl cholesterol deposits bloodstream solve faftty form inside
• Disadvantages statins long-term drug regularly people forget negative
• Person heart fix artificial mechanical devices pump blood
• Advantages artifical heart rejected body's immune system donar
• Heart artificial lead disadvantages artifical surgery fit bleeding
• Valve ways valves heart damaged damage tissue stiffen
• Disadvantage replacement heart valvaes major surgeory problems blood
• Blood artificial substitue e.g salt solution replace lost
• Blood cells advantage artifical saffe people alive lose
• Malignant tumours spread healthy cells body describe characteristics
• Directly smoking lung disease cancer baby give risk
• High cardiovascular correlation netween lack exercise fat diet
• Cost work income financial non-communicable disease health services
• Incidence give lifestyle risk ffactors affect non-communicable diseases
• Tumour growth abnormal cells/cancer cells
• Benign tumours stays place invading tissues body dangerous
• Cells malignant body travel break spread parts travelling
• Cancer smoking lung mouth bowel stomach cervical
• Viruses increase developing hepatitis infection shown chances cancer
• Cancer genes give genetic risk factor inherit faulty
• Happen enzyme work substrate fit active site unique
• Optimum conditions enzymes work what
• Optimum temperature eynzymes active enzymes human body work
• Enzyme temperature affect activity higher temperture increases rate
• Ph enzyme affect action high low interfers bonds
• Pepsin stomach optimum ph ph2 enzyme break proteins
• Iodine solution detect presence starch present change browny-orange
• Solution ph boiling cm starch tube put drop
• Digestive big molecules pass walls starch proteins lipids
• Break amylase starch maltose sugars
• Enzymes proteases digestive catalyse conversion proteins amino acids
• Enzymes lipases digestive catalyse conversion lipids glycerol fatty
• Bile produced liver is where
• Stored bile gall bladder released small intestine
• Bile alkaline work emulsifies fat function neutralises stomach
• Food give filter detailed steps prepare sample piece
• Iodine test check food samples presence starch
• Test sudan iii presence lipids food
• Test tube benedict's prepare sample water bath solution
• Sample solution biuret food cm list steps detail
• Describe colour change occur biuret test  protein  present
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