Biology Topics 1-9 GCSE

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• Cholesterol produced liver where is
• Foods consume cholesterol meat dairy products
• Tuberculosis spread airborne how is
• Studied common pathogens chalara cholera ebola malaria oral
• Symptoms tuberculosis lung damage what
• Type pathogen tuberculosis bacteria what
• People spread tuberculosis reduced prevented give points antibiotics
• S.t.i stand sexually transmitted infection
• Sti's studied hiv chlamydia what
• Sti spread unprotected sexual intercourse bodily fluids
• Type pathogenis sti virus what
• Symptoms genital sti give points pain scrotum bumps/lumps
• Spread sti's reduced prevented give points reliable condoms
• Type pathogen cholera bacteria what
• Cholera spread waterborne unpure water
• Symptoms cholera give points diarrhoea nausea vomiting dehydration
• Spread cholera prevented reduced give points access safe
• Type pathogen malaria protists what
• Malaria spread mosquitos how is
• Symptoms malaria give points damage blood liver shaking
• Spread malaria prevented reduced give points bitten mosquitos
• Type pathogen stomach ulcer bacteria
• Stomach ulcers spread oral transmission
• Stomach symptoms ulcer intense pain e.g bleeding
• Spread stomach ulcers prevented reduced give points wash
• Type pathogen ebola virus what
• Ebola spread body fluids how
• Bmi stand body mass index
• Symptoms ebola blood clotting fever high temperature vomiting
• People ebola reduce contact spread prevented reduced wildlife
• Happen leave chlamydia untreated spread parts body result
• Treatment sti antibiotics what is
• Communicable non-communicable disease contagious passed person differences
• Disease making pathogens main reasons lead higher susceptibility
• Cell host viral components viruses explain lytic pathway
• Material cell viral genetic host virus bacterial lysogenic
• Antigen substance induces formation antibodies recognised immune system
• Scientific white blood cells phagocytes
• Phagocyte bacterium attack engulfs absorbs internal enzymes digest
• Lymphocytes produce antibodies antitoxins what
• Function phagocyte englufs digests microbes
• Produce function lymphocyte antibodies antitoxins neutralise toxins produced
• Antibodies make easier phagocytes kill microbes
• Memory cells disease produced large amounts phagocytes analyse
• Pathogens respond producing releasing antitoxins ingesting engulfing phagocytes
• Chemical stops body poisoned pathogens produce antitoxins
• Proteins made white blood cells designed destroy pathogen
• Kind pathogens injected body weak dead microbes
• Microbes weak/dead injected bodies antibodies produced destroy toxins
• Pathogens vaccinated enter system memory lymphocytes quickly produce
• Passive immunity body involved is
• Active immunity body involved producing antibodies
• Natural method passive immunity antibodies directly person e.g
• Acquired/artificial method passive immunity body injected antibodies produced
• Protection method passive immunity short-lived e.g rabies
• Natural method active immunity body infected pathogen lymphocytes
• Acquired/artificial method active immunity vaccination weakened dead strains
• Protection method active immunity long lasting memory cells
• Active immunity antigen encountered is
• Active immunity immune response for
• Active immunity time antibodies blood weeks primary response
• Active immunity production memory cells
• Active immunity,what type protection permanent
• Passive immunity antigen encountered for
• Passive immunity immune response for
• Passive immunity time antibodies blood
• Passive immunity production memory cells
• Passive immunity type protection temporary
• Antitoxins neutralise toxins what do
• Population vaccinated people called herd immunity
• Give advantages immunisation protects individuals disease/stops ill large
• Main disadvantages immunisation populatin immunised vaccination creates environment
• Cell bacterial membrane a does
• Thing aseptic core practical clean work surface wash
• Asepsis absence unwanted organisms what
• Microorganisms petri dish inoculating loop nutrient agar sterilised
• Inoculating loop heated hot bunsen flame sterilise disinfect
• Loop inoculating allowed cool putting bacterial culture hot
• Lid petri dish partly opened prevent entry air
• Petri dish sealed adhesive tape opened drying agar
• Place petri dish incubator 25°c 35°c risk growth
• Agar nutrient medium glucose respiration release energy growth/reproduction
• Cultures incubated 37°c school lab greatly reduces likelihood
• Important tape edge petri dish produce anaerobic conditions
• Agar petri dish antibiotic lid cool forceps disc
• Bacteria forms incubated 37°c provide optimal growth conditions
• Type pathogens antibiotics rid bacteria
• Antibiotic discovered penicillin what was
• Kill viruses body antibiotics live reproduce inside cells
• Symptom sign disease disorder noticed patient
• Penicillin produced type mould is
• Mrsa powerful antibiotic what is
• Antiviral drug prevent viruses spreading
• Drug trial medicines developed testing labs humans
• Features drug effective prevent cure disease aimed safe
• Active drug patients placebo double blind test identical
• Clinical phase trials tested people find group evaluate
• Long pre-clinical stage antibiotics years
• Long phase antibiotics months how
• Long phase antibiotics months years
• Long phase antibiotics years decades
• Stage clinical phases review approval
• Kind animals tend tested pre-clinical phase antibiotics rats
• Human advantages animals tissues pre-clinical phase harm rats
• Animals human tissues disadvantages pre-clinical phase drug affect
• Thalidomide antibiotic developed 1950s sleeping pill
• Thalidomide originally designed sleeping pill
• Discovered effective thalidomide bad stopping morning sickness pregnancy
• Growth side effects thalidomide disrupted patterns growing foetus
• Drug active test wrong thalidomide happened men volunteered
• Non-communicable disease contagious e.g cancer
• Factors non-communicable disease occur result combination physiological environmental
• Blood high state risk factor greatly increase chances
• Cvd stand cardiovascular disease what
• Chd stand coronary heart disease
• Cholesterol fatty substance made liver
• Making cholesterol bodies points cell membrane helps waterproof
• Hdl stand high density lipoprotein
• Ldl stand low density lipoprotein
• Hdl good cholesterol what is
• Ldl bad cholesterol what is
• Hdl carries cholesterol needed body cells back liver
• Hdl's function body helps lower blood cholesterol prevent
• Ldl carries cholesterol liver body cells
• Ldl's function body excess fat deposited blood vessels
• Draw inside circle normal artery cross section empty
• Metabolic rate chemical reactions cells/tissues/organs
• Ldl amount hdl healthy good heart balance important
• Thrombosis blood clots what is
• Blood consequences high pressure burst vessels brain damage
• High blood pressure build cholesterol lead heart disease
• Cures lowering cholesterol levels statins drugs exercise healthy
• Stent tubular device balloon inserted damaged artery opened
• Muscle cardiac stents great increase blood flow o
• Equation work someone's bmi weight kg height m
• Balanced diet consisting proper quantities proportions foods needed
• Factors affect foods person list body mass sex
• Proteins growth repair meat fish eggs beans
• Proteins made huge long chains amino acids
• Constituents food proteins carbohydrates fats vitamins minerals fibre
• Carbohydates energy potatoes bread sweets cereals
• Sugar molecules carbohydrates made huge long chains starch
• Fats stored energy heat insulation milk butter cheese
• Fats made individual molecules what
• Vitamins cell chemistry functioning properly fresh vegetables citrus
• Iron healthy blood liver used
• Calcium bones teeth milk cheese
• Iron calcium minerals what are
• Fibre preventing constipation bowel cancer vegetables fruit bread
• Constitutents food indigestible fibre of
• Water kinds replacing lost sweating urine drinks foods
• Cells made water what are
• Considered obese bmi what is
• Equation bmi body mass kg height m
• Energy people overweight input exceeds output
• Reduce foods give ways obesity availability fast foods/take
• Give reasons metabolic rate varies people gender pregnancy
• Lead bad health give reasons obesity high cholesterol/increases
• Obesity list potential eating high fat/sugar/carbohydrate/alcohol diet energy
• High list highest order coronary heart disease blood
• Arld stand alcohol-related liver disease
• Blood give symptoms arld feeling sick weight loss
• Arld caused excess alcohol intake
• Blood give functions liver filtering toxins aiding digestion
• Liver stages damage healthy fatty fibrosis cirrhosis
• Develop stage arld symptoms fatty liver drinking large
• Stage arld reversible fatty liver stop drinking alcohol
• Develop stage arld symptoms alcoholic hepatitis alcohol misuse
• Stage arld reversible stop drinking permanently
• Arld stage developed damage symptoms ignoring carrying drinking
• Stage arld reversible stopping drinking permanently prevent damage
• Treatment liver arld treated specific medical main stop
• Week arld prevented men women advised regularly drink
• Life expectancy drinking alcohol stage arld chance living
• Animals tend produce offspring needed replace parents
• Population happen numbers animals mate remains stable size
• Describe rabbit's reproduction rate high
• Population time rabbits released wild overwhelmingly huge give
• Population suggest reasons high mortality rate rabbit myxomatosis
• Animals overproducing die balance numbers species
• Variation individuals population vary phenotype genotype
• Natural selection process organisms adapted environment e.g camoflaged
• Variations snails affected natural selection inherited suited variants
• Discovered natural selection darwin wallace
• Made natural observations darwin wallace deductions obs.1 organisms
• Variation snail resulting natural selection colour shell
• Longer/shorter variation bird natural selection legs beaks size
• Give adaptations individuals suited environment called camoflage resistance
• Pass beneficial surviving variations children alleles passing adaptations
• Happen organisms suited environment extinct
• Selection type result evolution change pressure stabilising
• Selection change pressure type results directional
• Mutation change sequence bases genetic material
• Homo state names species sapiens erectus habilis
• Species homo sapiens which are
• Descendants bipedal million years when
• Years ago ardipithecus ramidus million
• Years homo sapiens how many
• Homo habilis million years when
• Australopithecus afarensis 3.85-2.95million years ago
• Homo erectus years ago when
• Homo sapiens neanderthalensis erectus c losely related
• Animals evolve long periods time body bone structure
• Animals related common ancestors bone structure
• State factors describe ages stone tools estimated carbon
• Humans communicated state ways early years gestures basic
• Measuring method volume brain extinct species give accurate
• Homo erectus habilis competition suggest explanation extinction crossed
• Mvarsg stand mutation variation advantage reproduction survive genes
• Insulin plasmids cut restriction dna bacterium production place
• Plasmids insulin production add extra guanines cytosines emd
• People give advantages genetically modified organisms gmo's provide
• Organisms give disadvantages genetically modified changing nature morally
• Taxonomy giving animals what is
• Classification putting things groups shared similarities e.g mammals
• Phylogeny evolutionary history organisms e.g common ancestors
• Genus give humans part written starts capital letter
• Species humans written starts small letter human sapiens
• Kingdoms called animalia fungi plantae prokaryotae protoctista
• Domains bacteria arcaea eukarya what
• Terms structural differences bacteria group eukarya archaea points
• D eukarya domain write kingdoms evolution tree state
• Growth plant shoot sterile stages tissue culture breeding
• Selective breeding artificial selection what
• Selective breeding production desired phenotype characteristics organism selection
• Parents desired offspring process selective breeding farmers select
• Benefits selective breeding humans who
• Organisms characteristics selected give advantage environment lead prone
• Similarities artficial natural selection rely genetic mutation variation
• Sb e selection selective breeding humans survival environment
• Increased selective advantages breeding bought cheaper supermarkets option
• Environment disadvantages selective breeding health issues e.g chickens
• Increased main objectives artificially selecting plants yield growth
• Samples suggest tissue removed transferred agar medium cut
• Material give nutrients added agar medium sucrose/glucose energy
• Growth suggest precautions needed ensure healthy small plants
• Plants tissue culture give main advantages cloning grower
• Plants give main disadvantages cloning suspectible pathogen vegetation
• Extracted bacterial cell insulin production plasmids
• Cuts plasmids insulin production restriction enzymes
• Ideal conditions bacterial growth nutrients food e.g amino
• Organism genetic engineering modifying genome introduce characteristics extracting
• Cut restriction enzyme dna place leaving sticky ends
• Dna sticky end short section single stranded piece
• Complimentary ligase enzyme joins sticky ends dna base
• Vector terms genetic engineering carry insert dna host
• Crops types gm herbicide-resistant pest-resistant disease-resistant increased nutritional
• Gm group type golden rice engineered type:-crops increased
• Give main advantages gmo's reduce cost farmers food
• Genes species techniques give main disadvantages gmo's impossible
• Eutrophication excessive richness nutrients lake/river/(etc
• Make acids needed nitrate fertilisers improve plant growth
• Plant dna growth cell phosphate fertilisers improve primary
• Potassium fertilisers improve plant growth large amounts proper
• Making energy magnesium fertilisers improve plant growth chlorophyll
• Fish struggle survive lakes water high concentrations nutrients
• Lakes overloaded nutrients grow large populations algae bacteria
• Bad algae growing surface lakes light water plants
• Bod stand biological oxygen demand
• Bacteria survive cells eutrophication aerobic conditions
• Soil food give advantages fertilisers recycles production waste
• Attract give disadvantages fertilisers requires microbial activity low
• Biological control pest introduction natural enemytor predator
• Food give main advantages biological control chemicals pollution
• Predator eat give main disadvantages biological control introduce
• Micropropagation tissue culture plants beiing sterile conditions agar
• Insecticides spraying give main advantages controlling insect pests
• Affect give main disadvantages controlling insect pests gene
• Ovaries release oestrogen progesterone what
• Testes release testosterone what do
• Success rate ivf what is
• Hormone chemical messenger a is
• Hormones produced glands are where
• System glands endocrine what are
• Hormones travel move blood how
• Hormoes alter activity target organ
• Hormones removed brocken liver are
• Pituitary gland release tsh growth hormone adh fsh
• Thyroid gland release thyroxine what
• Pancreas release insuline glucagon what
• Adrenal glands release adrenaline what
• Based special hormones released testes ovaries lipid opposed
• Heart increasing effects adrenaline rate pumps harder blood
• Glucose effects adrenaline liver convert glycogen release blood
• Blood vessels flow effect adrenaline dilate increasing muscles
• Increases rate thyroxine heart protein carbohydrates broken inside
• Thyroid thyroxine hypothalamus hormone gland makes produce steps
• Optimum change explain negative feedback loop condition receptor
• Days menstruation wall uterous exits vagina blood
• Days blood flow stops lining uterous begins build
• Day egg released 14 is
• Days egg travels oviduct uterous lining thickens ready
• Days menstrul cycle egg fertalised uterous linings begin
• Days woman period what does
• Fertile when is she most
• Fsh released pituitary gland where
• Fsh act ovaries where does
• Fsh eggs mature stimulates ovaries prodice oestrogen
• Oestrogen made ovaries where is
• Oestrogen act pituitary gland uterous
• Oestrogen inhibits production fsh makes uterous lining thicken
• Lutenising hormone produced pituitray gland
• Lh act ovaries where does
• Lh releases egg ovulation what
• Progesterone produced corpus luteum bit egg shoves matures
• Progesterone act uterous cervix pituitary gland
• Progesterone maintains thickness uterous inhibits lh increases viscocity
• Corpus luteum produced dead follicle egg matures inside
• Effective method stopping pregnancy hormone pill/implant success rate
• Step art inject fsh lh eggs mature
• Eggs inject fsh lh mature retreived
• Retreived eggs sperm the are
• Sperm retreived injected egg is
• Sperm injected egg embryos grown till day transferred
• Barrier blocking ivf muscley drink break anesthetic
• Give arguments hormones contraceptives mood swings protect sdi's
• Give arguments hormones contraceptives effective preventing pregnency long
• Homeostatis keeping things optimum level
• Give examples homeostasis controlling sugar concentration temperature waste
• Homeostasis therough process negative feedback
• Glucose blood high levels pancreas puts insulin turns
• Glucose blood happen low levels glucagon secreted glycogen
• Diabetes control blood glucose what
• Type diabetes pancreas produce insulin
• Type diabetes body resistant insulin
• Blood urine sugar diagnose diabetes lot
• Risk factors type diabetes lack excersise high fat
• Treatement type diabetes insulin injected fat layer skin
• Treatment type diabetes managing diet excersise
• Type lethargy weight loss nausea vomiting abdominal pain
• Type blurred vision polydipsia polyphagia
• People diabetes percentage type amount
• Body temperature degrees what is
• Temperature body enzymes work is
• Moniters core body temperature hypothalamus
• Moniters peripheral body temperature skin
• Heating mechanisms shivering vasoconstriction cutting blood supply extremities
• Body cooling mechanisms sweating panting dogs vasodilation extremities
• Structures skin cell name the
• Blood role kidneys adjustement ions adjustment water content
• Urea respiration waste product creates amino acids form
• Water content high blood cells burst
• Water content low blood cells shrivel
• Label urinary stystem the
• Tubule limb label diagram nephron glomerulous b bowmans
• Ultrafiltration happen glomerulous where does
• Blood ultrafiltration filter takes proteins red cells big
• Selective reabsorption happen proximal convuluted tubule
• Selective reabsorbtion reabsoption things body glucose amino acids
• Adh hormone makes water back bloodstream
• Adh secreated pituitary gland where
• Adh target organ kidney what
• Water levels detected hypothalamus where
• Large surface area adaptations kidney bunch microvilli cells
• Kidney options treatement transplant dialysis
• Blood dialysis vein stages tacken thinners added prevent
• Dialysis flulid work blood flows inside tube partially
• Pros dialysis machines ussually rejection issues
• Cons dialysis week rest life expensive long term
• Pros kidney transplant special diet dialysis relativly inexpensive
• Cons kidney transplant donors arn't tissue match immunosuppressant
• Draw label diagram animal cell
• Draw label diagram plant cell
• Cell function membrane controls the
• Size cell membrane 5nm-9nm what
• Function cytoplasm chemical reactions place
• Animal cell cytoplasm how much
• Function nucleus controls activities cell
• Big nucleus cell micrometres how
• Function ribosome synthesises proteins the
• Big ribosome 20nm how is
• Function vesicles small sacs transport substances wall
• Function glycogen granules animal cells storing food
• Cell o function wall supports protects h diffuse
• Function chloroplasts energy sun make glucose plant processing
• Function mitochondria breaks glucose molecules release energy
• Stores function vacuole food water metabolic toxic wastes
• Draw label diagram bacteria cell capsule optional
• Function chromosomal dna controls activities cell stores cell's
• Function plasmid dna protects cell chemicals drying possess
• Function flagella helps steer move cell
• Sperm cell male gamete sex
• Function sperm cell carry male genetic information ovum
• Sperm cell vagina fertilisation swim sexual intercourse fallopian
• Main adaptations sperm acrosome haploid nucleus mitochondria tail
• Acrosome work sperm cell digestive enzymes dissolve quickly
• Nucleus haploid work sperm cell sperm's set chromosomes
• Haploid chromosomes regular human amount
• Diploid chromosomes regular human amount
• Energy mitochondria sperm cell release aerobic respiration provide
• Sperm's tail work sperm cell swim vagina fallopian
• Cell type sperm animal what
• Cell type egg animal what
• Function egg cell carry female genetic information
• Cell sperm egg meet fuses commence fertilisation
• Cell main adaptions make egg job nutrients cytoplasm
• Egg nutrients cytoplasm cell supply fertilised energy raw
• Nucleus haploid work sperm cell ovum's set chromosomes
• Cell membrane egg fertilisation hard stop sperm entering
• Cell type ciliated epithelial animal
• Draw label diagram ciliated epithelial cell
• Functions ciliated epithelial cell move mucus trapped bacteria
• Cilia tiny hair-like structures surface cell move
• Found ciliated epithelial cell body tubes respiratory system
• Main adaptions ciliated epithelial cell cilia mitochondria
• Cilia ciliated epithelial cell beat move liquids ova
• Energy mitochondria helpful ciliated epithelial cell release aerobic
• Numbers standard form abbreviate large small
• Times main microscopic measurements units state largest smallest
• State standard form millimetre 1x10
• State standard form micrometre 1x10
• State standard form nanometre 1x10
• State standard form picometre 1x10
• Diagram microscope label a here
• Size equation magnification magnified actual
• Cells cytoplasm how many of
• Cells chloroplast plant how many
• Cells nucleus animal plant how
• Cells ribosomes how many of
• Cells wall plant bacteria how
• Cells mitochondria animal plant how
• Cells dna how many of
• Pili bacteria cell attaches surfaces involved sexual reproduction
• Purpose capsule bacteria cell additional protection
• Optimum temperature rate reaction what
• Optimum temperature enzyme 37°c what
• Range temperature enzyme work 0-60°c
• Enzyme 60°c fully denatured what
• Enzyme 37°c slowly denatures what
• Gain enzymes substrates temperature increases 0-37°c molecules kinetic
• Active site enzyme 37-60°c bonds holding breaks shape
• Optimum ph enzyme ph8 what
• Average range ph enzyme work ph6-10
• Acids molecules made protein amino
• Enzyme breaks protein molecules protease
• Molecule made glucose starch which
• Enzyme breaks starch molecules amylase
• Molecule made fatty acids missing word fat glycerol
• Enzyme breaks fat molecules lipase
• Salivary glands located body enzyme made mouth amylase
• Enzymes created stomach protease which
• Enzyme created released small intestine lipase pancreas
• Enzyme created small intestine carbohydrase protease lipase
• Amylase digest carbohydrates sugars what
• Protease digest proteins amino acids
• Lipase digest lipids fatty acids glycerol
• Enzyme connect substrate what does
• Active site part enzyme substrate connect
• Enzymes substrates meet fit perfectly splits ready
• Catalysts increase rate chemical reactions enzymes biological
• Enzymes protein molecules made long chains amino acids
• Activation energy needed chemical reaction place
• Test ph ph's put effects activity enzyme work
• Cell type root hair plant
• Function root cell hair collect water mineral nutrients
• Adaptation root hair cell large surface area speed
• Work rate reaction time s
• Enzymes important speed reactions body slow die
• Osmosis osmosis transition water molecules passing semipermeable membrane
• Molecules membrane water osmosis describe semipermeable barrier stop
• Core potato solution measure mass tubes gently blot
• Mass percentage change final start x
• Osmosis core practical independent variable sucrose concentration
• Osmosis core practical dependent variable change mass potato
• Core solution potato osmosis practical controlled variables time
• Anomalies make results reliable repeat easier identify include
• Independent variable change the what
• Dependent variable measure what is
• Controlled variable remains practical the
• Active transport movement molecules cell membrane region higher
• Draw diagram core practical measuring energy foods
• Test food tube record water sample measuring 20cm
• Energy x equation calculating thermal measuring food core
• Energy gram equation measure core practical measuring foods
• Core practical measuring energy foods independent variable
• Energy core practical measuring foods dependent variables temperature
• Water core practical measuring energy foods controlled variables
• Foods tended store greatest amount energy state 1st
• Energy q equation transfered state symbol meaning units
• Specific heat capacity water what
• Solution concentrated considered dilute a
• Concentration diffusion movement particles area high low
• Starch reducing sugars what is
• Paternal maternal chromosomes pairs what
• Interphase explain cell cycle prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
• Similar homologous chromosomes size shape genes alleles maternal
• Mitosis easy remember cell division results daughter number
• Prophase chromosomes shorten thicken visible chromatids joined centrometre
• Metaphase chromosomes line equator attached spindle centrometre
• Chromatids anaphase spindle contracts shortens centrometre split separate
• Cell telophase chromosome uncoils elongates form chromatin nuclear
• Cell cytokinesis mitosis constricts middle division cytoplasm divides
• Cell difference animal mitosis plant mitosis wall forms
• Stem cell embryonic capable developing
• Cells stem cure list medical paralysis blindness disabilities
• Cells stem embryos treatment list advantages medicine made
• Stem cells list disadvantages medicine adult differentiate limited
• Extract female embryonic stem cell human ovum nucleus
• Man adult stem cell tissue blood/bone marrow
• List advantages asexual reproduction quicker simpler requires parent
• Adapt list disadvantages asexual reproduction diversity parent needed
• Clone asexual reproduction genetically identical parent cell
• Asexual reproduction created mitosis how
• Central nervous system brain spinal cord
• Draw diagram synapse neuron a
• Axon/dendron carries electrical impulses body
• Dendrite receives impulses receptor cells neurones
• Myelin sheath insulates neurone fibre impulses faster
• Synapse impulses pass neurotransmitter neurone
• Axon terminal neurone ending releases neurotransmitter
• Neurone sensory links receptor cells relay
• Relay neurone links sensory motor
• Neurone motor links relay effectors e.g muscle cells
• Sense organs eye ear nose tongue skin
• Eye stimuli receptor light rods cones
• Stimuli ear sound gravity balance motion
• Receptors ear hair cells cochlea semi circular canals
• Stimuli nose smell taste what
• Receptors nose chemical what are
• Stimuli tongue taste sour sweet bitter salty
• Receptors tongue taste buds chemical
• Stimuli skin touch pressure temperature hot cold pain
• Receptors skin receptive nerve endings
• Draw synaptic knob diagram labelling important
• Automatic reflex involuntary reaction is
• Neurone reflex arc stages receptor sensory relay motor
• Impulse neurone hot object carries nerve spinal cord
• Give automatic reflex tapping tendon knee bone hammer
• Myelin surrounding axons dendrons increase transmission speeds
• Condition type colour blindness inherited
• Colourblind people struggle colour red retina eye cells
• Objects short-sighted person focus properly distant eyeball elongated
• Short-sighted person improve eyesight place concave lens front
• Long-sighted person distant objects focus properly lens focuses
• People long-sighted develop age-related factor
• Long-sighted people corrected putting convex lens front eye
• Cataract age what usually causes
• Objects distant shape lens thin+flat/fat+rounded focusing fat rounded
• Objects distant light rays refracted more/less focusing
• Diverging objects distant focuses parallel/widely light rays focusing
• Removes cerebro-spinal fluid provide mechanical protection excess heat
• Cataract clouding lens eye leads lack vision develop
• Symptoms trouble cataracts include faded colors blurry vision
• Lens eye pupil the where
• Usual cure untreated cataracts surgery remove replace lens
• Age people cataracts older at
• Factors increase cataracts diabetes family history
• Draw diagram eye the of
• Sclera function fibrous protective outer structure attachment surfaces
• Chloroid function network blood vessels supply nutrients cells
• Iris function ring muscle helps control amount light
• Pupil function hole middle iris light allowed continue
• Bright pupil light darkness constricted dilated
• Lens function transparent flexible curved structure focus incoming
• Retina function layer sensory photoreceptors rod cone cells
• Cone function photoreceptors sensitive bright light give colour
• Rod function photoreceptors sensitive dim light give black
• Fovea function part retina directly opposite pupil cone
• Blind spot optic nerve leaves eye light-sensitive photoreceptora
• Objects distant ciliary muscles focusing contract relax
• Objects distant tension suspensory ligaments increased/reduced focusing reduced
• Medulla oblongata control heart rate blood pressure breathing
• Control cerebellum control/coordinate coordination voluntary muscle movement posture
• Functions cerebrum marks memory thinking language consciousness emotions
• Regulates nervous hypothalamus controls automatic system links endocrine
• Label parts brain these of
• Scans main called ct pet
• Bright white area ct scan result stroke
• Pet scans measure activity brain
• Protected central nervous system mechanical damage cerebospine fluid
• Ct/pet scan shows structuring brain ct pet
• Scan ct/pet shows activity parts brain pet
• Scan ct/pet radioactivity pet which
• Ct scan stand computerised tomography
• Pet scan stand positron emission tomography
• Brain common treatments disease chemotherapy radiotherapy surgery
• Treatments cancer x-rays radiotherapy which
• Treatments cancer drugs chemotherapy which
• Treatments cancer kills cells directly chemotherapy radiotherapy
• Treatments cancer involves opening brain surgery
• Cancer cells caused mutation genes control growth multiplication
• Cancer grow uncontrolled cell division
• Larger mass unspecialised cells formed called tumour
• Cells mitosis creates differences meiosis identical sister meiosis
• Dna found cells nucleus where
• Phenotype outcome gene a what
• Dna stand deoxyribo nucleic acid
• Regular amount chromosomes animal haploid diploid half full
• Meiosis terms humans fertilisation sexual reproduction
• Alleles located positioned chromosomes sit opposite pair
• Easy remember mitosis mit osis m akes i
• Easy remember meiosis iosis m akes e ggs
• Cells made mitosis how many
• Cells made meiosis how many
• Chromosomes produced mitosis how many
• Chromosomes produced meiosis how many
• Dna made nucleotides what is
• Shape dna double helix what
• Dna make genes what does
• Dna summarise simply essentially code characteristics
• Chromosome base dna nucleus cell gene put order
• Rna stand ribo nucleic acid
• Symbolic form nucleotide draw label
• Bases nucleotides adenine cytosine guanine thymine uracil
• Nucleotide bases included dna adenine cytosine guanine rna
• Single-ringed bases called nucleotides pyrimidines
• Complementary nucleotides sequence tagccagtgcat atcggtcacgta
• Deoxyribose pentose sugar found dna
• Ribose pentose sugar found rna
• Purine molecule nitrogen carbon comprising ring structures
• Pyrimidine molecule nitrogen carbon comprising ring structure
• Complementary relationship nucelotide bases t g c
• Hydrogen bonds weak complementary bases
• Adenine purine base complementary thymine uracil
• Thymine pyrimidine base complementary adenine
• Cytosine pyrimidine base complementary guanine
• Guanine purine base complementary cytosine
• Uracil pyrimidine base found rna
• Double helix shape dna molecules
• Antiparallel arrangement complementary polynucleotides double helix
• Sugar-phosphate bonds strong adjacent nucleotides polynucleotide
• Pentose general five-carbon sugar what
• Nucleotide monomer nucleic acids what
• Polynucleotide chain nucleotides what is
• Hydrogen bonds adenine thymine how
• Hydrogen bonds cytosine guanine how
• Base pair complementary bases held hydrogen bonds e.g
• Codon pairs bases what is
• Proteins terms acids held long chains amino joined
• Proteins growth repair damaged tissues
• Allele form gene what is
• Dominant allele expresses what is
• Gene section nucleic acid chromosome
• Genotype symbols representing alleles present gene
• Heterozygous condition alleles gene a
• Homozygous condition alleles gene a
• Monohybrid allele works partnered is
• Recessive allele feature controlled single gene
• Discontinuous variation categoric feature fits definite categories
• I homozygous-handed left handed alleles demonstrate rr
• Height genetics how much of
• Discovered alleles genetics gregor mendel
• Sex linked chromosomes woman xx
• Sex linked chromosomes male xy
• Nucleotide bases called create triplet amino acids
• I nucleotide bases amino acids create
• Triplet codon a what is
• Dna/rna phosphate groups dna rna
• Dna/rna deoxyribose sugar dna which
• Dna/rna ribose sugars rna which
• Dna/rna base thymine dna which
• Dna/rna base adenine dna rna
• Dna/rna base uracil rna which
• Protein shape change mutations function enzyme explain effect
• Chemical units dna molecule made bases
• Cells characteristics produce types proteins
• Chemical units protein molecule made amino acids
• Complete sequence bases dna molecule codes proteins called
• Dna sequence gene mutations what
• Instructions making proteins carried i talking genes
• Three-base sequences dna code amino acids called triplets
• Genes code making proteins contain
• Caused incorrect copying radiation heavy metal ions mutations
• Code protein made amino acids triplets
• Code protein made amino acids bases
• Locus specific location gene chromosome
• Parentals original organisms involved cross
• F1 generation set offspring genetic cross
• Genome genetic information organism what
• Human genome aims project started end century finished
• Tall homozygous dominant short allele mendel pea plants
• Reproduction explain asexual strawberries beneficial farmers rapid technique
• Population explain seed production advantage strawberry plant introduces
• Allele dna starts sequence atcgcatgtaccg rna
• Recessive parents offspring allele explain dominant phenotype produce
• Process dna code transfered mrna transcription
• Cell division produces sperm meiosis
• Word equation photosynthesis light energy water carbon dioxide
• H o balanced chemical equation photosynthesis 6co c
• Oxygen plants glucose produced energy released atmosphere
• Optimum temperature rate oxygen flow photosynthesis 24°c 25°c
• Rate reaction slower 30°c photosynthesis enzymes change shape
• Slower rate reaction 15°c photosynthesis enzymes kinetic energy
• Draw shape graph rate photosynthesis vertical axis temperature
• Main producers food biomass organisms photosynthesise
• Reaction kind photosynthesis endothermic what
• Reactants products photosynthesis carbon dioxide water glucose oxygen
• Equation light intensity distance cm
• Earth's oxygen plant produces majority ocean released tiny
• Axis rate photosynthesis horizontal light line draw shape
• Rate draw shape graph photosynthesis vertical axis concentration
• Essential photosynthesis place temperature light intensity carbon dioxide
• Cell membrane permeable root hair adapted absorb water
• Term describe permeability objects partially permeable semi
• Cell root hair cell's long hair-like projections body
• Cell inside root hair concentration cell's large central
• Cell membrane root hair cell's carrier proteins make
• Root hair cell's mitochondria make cell job energy
• Cell permeable root hair cell's thin cellulose wall
• Function xylems transport water mineral ions roots leaves
• Sugars roots function phloems transports leaves stored starch
• Adaptation xylem vessels thick cell walls
• Phloem tubes adaptations called describe makes function sieve
• Translocation plants movement sugars sucrose phloem
• Living phloem consist columns dead cells
• Dead xylem consist living cells
• Hollow centre xylem called make cell job lumen
• Walls xylems thick full stops vessel collapsing helps
• Transpiration plants evaporation water vapour surface leaves stomata
• Transpiration water lost stomata plural stoma singular
• Stoma microscopic pore a what
• Stoma diffuse cell carbon dioxide water vapour
• Opens closes water stoma stomata plural opened/closed specialised
• Draw stoma open closed when
• Surrounds stomata guard cells what
• Limiting factors transpiration list humidity temperature wind light
• Calculate rate transpiration experiment distance travelled mm time
• Light fan transpiration higher rate list order environmental
• Light describe effects intensity transpiration stomata opens water
• Wind increasing rate describe effects transpiration removes layer
• Temperature water molecules faster describe effects transpiration gain
• Water humidity vapour leaf describe effects transpiration low
• Leaf give adaptations average large surface area ensures
• Xerophytes species plant adaptations survive environment water e.g
• Give popular xerophyte cacti/pineapple plants
• Cells function epidermis find form outer layer leaf
• Helps water list explain adaptations epidermis cells makes
• Species cacti hairs reduces evapotranspiration trapping layer moisture
• Conifers pine trees lose leaves needle-shaped wind resistance
• Water conifer's stomata located small pits reduces loss
• Cacti spines minimises surface area plant protects stem
• Cacti stomata open night stored day
• Stimulus change evironment response organism e.g plant knocked
• Tropism plant responding stimulus growing
• Phototropism tropism caused light what
• Tropism stimulus positive negative a
• Plant positively phototropic negatively phototropric positive shoots negative
• Plants respond stimuli hormones how
• Positive phototropism caused plant hormones called auxins
• Auxins produced tips shoot elongation cells
• Light plant grown direction auxins move shaded side
• Scientist experiment plant shoots bending light charles darwin
• Created theory auxins frits warmolt
• Tip light normal shoot covered transparent charles darwin
• Tip removed replaced light bent agar scientists experiments
• Gravitropism growth response stimulus gravity
• Auxins work gravitropism roots cells stop elongating
• Positive gravitropism plant growth direction gravity helps anchor
• Artifical auxins make plants grow uncontrollably kill
• Kill artificial leaves e.g selective weedkillers weeds farmers
• Plants auxins rooting powders speed planting cuttings develop
• Gibberellins released naturally inside seed start germination
• Farmers gibberellins speed time seed start germinating stops
• Photoperiodism response organism number daylight hours day
• Plants photoperiodism overrided flower spraying gibberellins
• Gibberellins change seeds pollinated plants produce fruit producing
• Gibberellins increase size fruits sprayed plants make produce
• Fruits kinds easier transport damaged ripe soft e.g
• Fruits ripe ripened ensure plant hormone gas called
• Translocation active transport does use
• Transpiration active transport does use
• Direction flow translocation what is
• Direction flow transpiration what is
• Substance transported translocation sucrose sugars solutes
• Substance transported transpiration water what

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