NEET Biology ug
This flashcard deck covers various topics in biology such as stages of reproduction, distinctions between primates and non-primates, productivity and its types (NPP, GPP), nutrient cycles (gaseous and sedimentary), types of nucleases (exonucleases and endonucleases), different types of reproduction like autogamy, geitonogamy, xenogamy, pollination agents, viral diseases, meristem tissue culture, abiotic factors, population concepts like death rates and sex ratio, lifespan of various organisms, types of reproduction (sexual and asexual) and their characteristics, types of fission (binary and multiple), budding, and examples of these processes in different organisms. Overall, the deck provides a concise overview of fundamental biological concepts.
यह फ्लैशकार्ड डेक जीवविज्ञान के विभिन्न विषयों को कवर करता है, जैसे कि प्रजनन के चरण, प्राइमेट्स और नॉन-प्राइमेट्स, उत्पादकता और उसके प्रकार, पोषक तत्व चक्र, न्यूकलीएज के प्रकार, विभिन्न प्रकार की प्रजनन विधियां जैसे ऑटोगैमी, जीनोआगैमी, ज़ेनोगैमी, परागण के एजेंट, वायरस संबंधित रोग, मेरिस्टेम, पर्यावरणीय कारक, जनसंख्या सम्बंधित अवधारणाएँ जैसे मृत्यु दर, लिंग अनुपात, विशिष्ट जीवों के जीवन काल, प्रजनन के प्रकार (यौन और ऐसैक्सुअल) और उनकी विशेषताएँ, फिशन, बडिंग, और विभिन्न जीवों में इन प्रक्रियाओं के उदाहरण। इस डेक में व्यापक रूप से जीवविज्ञान की बुनियादी अवधारणाओं को सरल और संक्षिप्त रूप में प्रस्तुत किया गया है।
Learn using these flashcards. Click a card to start.
- Dominant biotic pollinating agent bees
- Amazon invertebrates 125000
- Amazon plants 40000
- Amazon birds 1300
- Amazon amphibians 427
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- Dioecious plants papaya date palm
- Heterothallic unisexual
- Bagging bag butter paper in
- Columns renal bertini are known
- Glomerulus formed afferent arteriole the
- Primary roots branches constitute tap system
- Amazon's insects million 2
- Acid bile acid made from tarrocholic glycoholic
- Tiger---panthera tigris--felidae--carnivora--mammalia--chordata--animalia
- Leopard--panthera pardus--felidae--carnivora
- Dog--cannis familiaris--canidae--carnivora--mammalia
- Man--homo sapiens--hominidae--primata--mammalia
- Housefly--musca domestica--miscidae--diptera--insecta--arthropoda
- Brinjal--solanum melangena--solanaceae--polymonials--dicotylidonae--angiospermae--plantae
- Petunia--petunia hybrida--solanaceae--polymonials
- Sweet potato--ipomea batats--convolvulaceae--polymaonials--dicotylidonae
- Wheat--triticum aestivum--poaceae--poales--monocotyledenae
- Ear wax as cerumen is
- General formula unsaturated fatty acids c n h
- Lipid present animal's fur lanolin
- Wax d secreted bacteria genus mycobacterium responsible leprosy
- Examples chromolipid carotene vitamin of
- Adrenal cortex hormones cortisol aldosterone
- Monomers hemi cellulose mag-x mannose arabinose galactose xylose
- Monomers hyaluronic acid glucoronic acid n-acetyl glucosamine
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- Life cycle angiosperm of an
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- Type pneumocytes round cells secretes surfactant reduces surface
- Carpel present free lotus rose called apocarpous termed
- Central arrangement ovules ovary placentation types marginal axile
- Placenta axial ovules attached multilocular ovary placentaion axile
- Pen develops endosperm nourishment developing embryo
- Ovules borne central axis septa absent dianthus primrose
- Pericarp generally fruit consists wall seeds dry fleshy
- Mesocarp mango pericarp differentiated outer thin epicarp middle
- Hilum scar seed coat developing attached fruit small
- Cotyledons fleshy full reserve food materials ends embryonal
- Seeds endosperm castor formed result double fertilisation food
- Generally monocotyledonous seeds endospermic orchids non-endospermic
- Layer outer covering endosperm separates embryo proteinous called
- Embryo small situated groove end endosperm consists large
- Plant body haploid produces gametes mitosis represents gametophyte
- Producing life cycle sexually reproducing plant alternation generations
- Gametophyte haploid spores divide mitotically form dominant photosynthetic
- Gametophytic phase represented single few-celled haploid gametophyte kind
- Bryophytes pteridophytes interestingly exhibit intermediate condition haplo-diplontic phases
- Gametophyte dominant independent photosynthetic thalloid erect phase represented
- Unpaired laryngeal cartilages epiglottis thyroid cricoid
- Paired cartilages larynx cornicular cuneiform arytenoid
- Position vertebra trachea divides t-5
- Conducting zone divisions conduct air gaseous exchange cartilaginous
- Exchange respiratory zone divisons gaseous takes place cartilage
- Type pneumocyte flat irregular cells responsible exchange gases
- 7th month reapiratory distress syndrome surfactant released intra
- Outer pleural layer parietal pleura
- Muscles contract inspiration external intercostal increase thoracic cavity
- Tidal volume amnt air enters normal respiration ml
- Erv max.amount air expired of
- Rv amount air remains lungs measured spirometer
- Residual volume amount air remains lung measured spirometer
- Frc total amount air remain lungs normal expiration
- Tlc total lung capacity amount air present forceful
- Pp oxygen deoxygenated blood mm hg
- Pp oxygen tissue mm hg
- Pp co2 alveoli mm hg
- Pp co2 oxygenated blood mm hg
- Form transport o2 plasma-3 oxyhaemoglobin-97
- O2 blood carried oxygenated ml 100ml
- O2 blood volume transported normal condition 5ml ml
- Po2 hb saturated called p50
- Types lipids simple conjugated derived
- Simple lipids neutral/true fats waxes
- Hairy leaves resistance jassids cotton cereal leaf beatles
- Hormones derived lipids cholestrol sex adrenal cortex bile
- Acid essential fatty acids linoleic linolenic arachidonic
- Fatty acid increases blood cholestrol saturated
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- Element weight earth’s crust human body hydrogen h)
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- Viruses obligate parasites are
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- Cycas pinnate leaves persist years
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- Wuchereria filaria worm
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- Asexual reproduction takes place zoospores motile aplanospores non-motile
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- Mycelium aseptate coenocytic members phycomyces fungi
- Stems branched pinus cedrus the
- Zygospores formed fusion gametes similar morphology isogamous dissimilar
- Ascomycetes commonly sac-fungi are known
- Unicellular ascomycetes multicellular yeast sacharomyces multicellular-----penicillium
- Asexual spores conidia produced exogenously special mycelium called
- Sexual spores called ascospores produced endogenously sac asci
- Members morels buffles edible considered delicacies
- Basidiomycetes grow soil logs tree stumps living plant
- Asexual spores generally found basidiomycetes vegetative reproduction fragmentation
- Plasmogamy brought fusion vegetative somatic cells strains genotypes
- Basidiomycetes plasmogamy brought fusion vegetative somatic cells strains genotypes
- Common members basidiomycetes agaricus mushroom ustilago smut puccinia
- Members deuteromycetes saprophytes parasites large number decomposers litter
- Members deutiromycetes saprophytes parasites large number decomposers litter
- Trees gymnosperms include medium-sized tall shrubs
- Roots of gymnosperms generally tap roots
- Roots genera small specialised called coralloid n2 fixing
- Reduce modifications cornifers are needle-like leaves surface area
- Kinds spores produced sporangia borne sporophylls arranged spirally
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- Development pollen grains place microsporangia gymnosperms male spores
- Male female cones strobili borne trees cycas.[exclusive
- Ovules borne megasporophylls clustered form female cones
- Female megaspore mother cell divides meiotically form enclosed
- Pollen tube carrying male gametes grows archegonia ovules
- Ovules unlike gymnosperms naked angiosperms flowering plants pollen
- Dicotyledons characterised cotyledons seeds the
- Male sex organs flower stamen.it consists pistil carpel
- Pistil consists ovary enclosing ovules
- Ovules present highly reduced female gametophytes termed embryosacs
- Embryo-sac formation preceded meiosis.hence cells haploid
- Egg embryo-sac a 3-celled apparatus–one cell synergids, antipodal
- Pollen tubes enter embryo-sac male gametes discharged
- Nucleus male gamete fuses diploid secondary produce triploid
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- Members of kingdom plantae partially heterotrophic insectivorous plants parasites
- Bladderwort venus fly trap examples insectivorous plants
- Plant cells eukaryotic structure prominent chloroplasts wall made
- Life cycle plants distinct phases diploid sporophytic haploid
- kingdom animalia characterised heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms multicellular cells
- Higher forms animals show elaborate sensory neuromotor mechanism
- Sexual reproduction copulation male female embryological development animals
- Viruses find place classification living
- Viruses non-cellular organisms characterised inert crystalline structure living
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- D.j ivanowsky recognised microbes causal organism mosaic disease
- Viruses inert specific host cell
- Addition proteins viruses genetic material rna dna
- Virus is nucleoprotein genetic material infectious
- Stranded viruses infect single rna double general plants
- Capsomeres arranged helical polyhedral geometric forms
- Plants symptoms virus infection mosaic formation leaf rolling curling
- Rna viroid low molecular weight
- Component algal phycobiont fungal mycobiont autotrophic heterotrophic
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- rh whittaker proposed kingdom classification year
- Heterotrophic bacterias abundant nature are
- Bacterias include photoauto trophes and chemo auto trophes
- M w d j ivanowsky--------->1892 beujerenek stanley t
- Odd one albugo agaricus yest claviceps ustilago yeast
- Members phylum porifera commonly sponges
- Porifera primitive multicellular animals cellular level organisation
- Water enters minute pores ostia body wall central
- Body supported skeleton made spicules spongin fibres phylum
- Sexes separate hermaphrodite i.e eggs sperms produced individual
- Ancylostoma hookworm
- Fertilisation internal phylum porifera development indirect larval stage
- Cnidaria derived cnidoblasts cnidocytes stinging capsules nematocytes present
- Digestion extracellular intracellular members cnidaria
- Cnidarians exhibit basic body forms called polyp medusa
- Medusa umbrella-shaped free-swimming aurelia jelly fish
- Polyps medusae cnidarians exist forms exhibit alternation generation (metagenesis
- Meandrina brain coral
- Ctenophores commonly sea walnuts comb jellies exclusively marine
- Bioluminescence property living organism emit light well-marked ctenophores
- Reproduction takes place sexual means fertilisation external indirect
- Platyhelminthes endoparasites found animals including human beings
- Flatworms bilaterally symmetrical triploblastic acoelomate animals organ level
- Cells absorb nutrients host directly body surface specialised
- Aschelminthes freeliving aquatic terrestrial parasitic plants animals
- Roundworms organ-system level body organisation bilaterally symmetrical triploblastic
- Annelida aquatic marine fresh water terrestrial free-living parasitic
- Members phylum annelida exhibit organ-system level body organisation
- Aquatic annelids nereis possess lateral appendages parapodia swimming
- Males females present nereis aquatic form annelida dioecious(both
- Arthropoda organ-system level organisation bilaterally symmetrical triploblastic segmented
- Organs circulatory system arthropods open type sensory antennae
- Vectors anopheles culex aedes mosquitoes
- Molluscs terrestrial aquatic marine fresh water organ-system level
- Body covered calcareous shell phylum mollusca unsegmented distinct
- Organisims phylum mollusca respiratory excretory functions beung performed
- Mouth phylum mollusca file-like rasping organ feeding called
- Molluscs dioecious oviparous indirect development
- Aplysia seahare
- Echinoderms animals endoskeleton calcareous ossicles
- Smooth leaved nector cotton varieties attract bollworm
- Marine phylum echinodermata organ-system level organisation adult echinoderms
- System distinctive feature echinoderms presence water vascular helps
- Phylum hemichordata consists small group worm-like marine animals
- Body hemichordates cylindrical composed anterior proboscis collar long
- Sexes separate hemichordates fertilisation external development indirect
- Animals belonging phylum chordata fundamentally characterised presence notochord
- Urochordata notochord present larval tail cephalochordata extends head
- Notochord members subphylum vertebrata possess embryonic period replaced
- vertebrates ventral muscular heart chambers kidneys excretion osmoregulation
- Circulation closed type cyclostomes marine migrate spawning fresh
- Sexes separate mammals fertilisation internal viviparous and development
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- Mouth located ventrally phylum chondrichthyes notochord persistent life
- Chondrichthyes predaceous due absence air bladder swim constantly
- E.g heart chondrichthyes two-chambered auricle ventricle electric organs
- Osteichthyes includes marine fresh water fishes bony endoskeleton
- Heart chambered in osteichthyes auricle ventricle cold-blooded animals sexes
- Amphibians live aquatic terrestrial habitats
- Amphibians pairs limbs body divisible head trunk tail
- Respiration amphibians gills lungs skin heart threechambered auricles
- Class refers creeping crawling mode locomotion.reptiles terrestrial animals
- Reptiles external ear openings tympanum represents limbs present
- Modified aves possess beak.the forelimbs wings hind limbs
- Digestive tract birds additional chambers crop gizzard heart
- Air sacs connected lungs aves supplement respiration sexes
- Root monocotyledonous plants primary short lived replaced large
- Plant main functions root system absorption water minerals
- Region millimetres root cap meristematic activity cells small
- Region cells called root elongation zone gradually differentiate mature
- Similarly stems maize sugarcane supporting roots coming lower
- Plants rhizophora growing swampy areas roots ground grow
- Nodes region stem leaves born called internodes portions
- Stem ascending part axis bearing branches leaves flowers
- Stem bears buds terminal axillary generally green young
- Conducts water minerals photosynthates stems perform function storage
- Act organs perennation tide conditions unfavourable growth stem
- Underground stems plants grass strawberry spread niches older
- Storage polysaccharides starch glycogen inulin
- Lateral branch short internodes and node bearing rosette leaves
- Leaf lateral generally flattened structure borne stem develops
- Leaf attached stem base bear lateral small structures
- Pusa okra bhindhi sawami a4 shoot fruit borer
- Leguminous plants leafbase swollen called pulvinus petiole hold
- Leaf lamina blade green expanded part veins veinlets
- Middle prominent vein midrib provide rigidity leaf blade
- Arrangement veins veinlets lamina leaf termed venation
- Parallel veins run lamina venation termed
- Leaf simple lamina entire incised incisions touch midrib
- Axil compound bud present petiole simple leaves leaflets
- Palmately compound leaves leaflets attached common point i.e
- Alternate type phyllotaxy single leaf arises node manner
- Converted tendrils climbing peas spines defence cacti
- Leaves fleshy onion garlic store food.in plants australian
- Shoot flower modified apical meristem changes floral meristem internodes
- Depending apex converted flower continues grow major types
- Cymose type inflorescence main axis terminates flower limited
- Typical flower kinds whorls arranged successively swollen end
- Flowers lily calyx corolla distinct termed perianth androecium
- Radial flower divided equal halves plane passing centre
- Flower asymmetric irregular divided similar halves vertical plane
- Flowers bracts-reduced leaf found base pedicel called bracteate
- Hypogynous flower gynoecium occupies highest position parts situated
- Ovary epigynous flowers margin thalamus grows upward enclosing
- Corolla petals composed brightly coloured attract insects pollination
- Sepals petals whorl touch margin overlapping calotropis valvate
- Margins sepals petals overlap direction cassia gulmohur aestivation
- Bisexual animal earthworm,leech,sponge,tapeworm eg for
- Petals pea bean flowers largest standard overlaps lateral
- Stamens attached flower united members petals themselves.when epipetalous
- Albuminous seed wheat,maize barley,castor,coconut,sunflower
- Bundles stamens united bunch monoadelphous china rose diadelphous
- Ovary style enlarged basal part lies elongated tube
- Advantages seeds colonize areas food reserve protect young
- Date palm-phoenix dactylifera 2000.king herods
- Apomixis production seeds fertilisation eg.asteraceae grasses
- Importance apomixis produce year lose hybrid character costly
- Animal husbandary deals care breeding live stock poultary
- Yield potential looked after feeding cattle stringent cleaning
- Poultry domesticated birds food eggs
- Farm components poultry management selection disease free suitable
- Animal aim breeding increase yield improving desirable qualities
- Inbreeding mating closely related individuals breed generation
- Haploid meiocytes monera,fungi,algae,bryophytes eg for
- Gene advantage inbreedinf increse homozygosity evolve pure line
- Change inbreeding deppression mated unrelated superior animal breed
- Wall ovvary pericarp of
- Crossing mating animals breed common ancestor side pedigree
- Pros outcrossing overcome inbreeding depression low productivity,growth rate
- Fn cross breeding commercial subjected inbreedingand selection stable
- Interspecific hybridisation mule eg for
- Moet programme herd improvement cow administered fsh activity
- Apiculture maintanace hives honey bee production honey
- Bee pros honey high nutritive medicinal wax cosmetics
- Important points successful bee-keeping knowledge nature habir selection
- Aqua culture pisciculture are techniques increase production aquatic
- Plant breeding purposeful manipulation species order create desirable
- Classical plant breeding involves hybridisation of pure lines
- Parents steps breeding collection genetic variability evaluation selection
- Events sexual reproduction prefertilisation.fertilisation post fertilisation
- Collection genetic variability preservation wild varieties,species relatives cultivated
- Hidden hunger billion people suffer mal nutrient,protein vitamin
- Cross parents hybridisation selected desirable character combined plants.this
- Selection testing superior recombinant crucial success breeding objective
- Field test grown research ideal fertilizers management strategy
- Indroduced semi dwarf whear nobel naurate norman e.borlayg(international
- Semi dwarf rice variety india jaya ratna
- Cane saccharam india sugar barberi bad crossed officinarum(tropical
- Fungal disease rust(brown rust wheat,red rot sugarcane late
- Mosaic viral disease tobacco turnip
- Method breeding disease resistance 1.conventional 2.mutation
- Conventional methods screening germ plasma resistnr source hybridisation
- Cauliflower pusa subhra,pusa snowball k-1 bacterial blight
- Mosaic virus chilli pusa sadabahar chilly tobacco leaf
- Breeding mutational mutation chemicals radiation gamma selecting plants
- Wild high yield resistance yellow mosaic virus bhindi
- High aspartic acid,low nitrogen sugar leads resistance maize
- Objectives breeding improved nutriional quality improve protein oil
- Iron improved nutritional quality plants maize amount amino
- Enriched vitamin vegetable crops richin carrots,spinach,pumpkin;vitamin c bitter
- Tissue culture technique growing plant cells/tissue/organs sterile cultural
- Explant part plant grown testtube sterile nutrient media
- Nutrient medium explants carbon source sucrose),inorganic salts,vitamin amino
- Tissue culture tomato banana,apple eg
- Meristem free virus from the
- Meristem tissue culture banana,sugarcane,potato eg
- Somatic hybridization protoplasts varieties plants desirable gene fused
- Pollution indesirable change physical chemical biological characteristics air
- Pollution particulate gaseous air pollutants smokestack thermal powerplant
- Syngamy process fusion gamates form zygote
- Consequences pollution injury organism reduce growth yield affect
- Pollution petrol control air particulate matter seperated lead
- Working oof electrostatic precipitors electrode wire charges particles
- Noise damage effect psychological physiology 150db ear drum
- Law policies india control vehiculr pollution a.auto fuel
- Sulphur petrol euro ii norm stipulate controlled at
- Bod amount biodegradable organic matter sewage water estimated
- Water hyacinth eichhornia crassioes-terror bengal
- Biomagnification accumulation toxicant succesive trophic levels
- Biomagnification aquatic food chain water zooplan 0.04}small fishes0.5}large
- Ddt disturbs birds calcium metabolism birds.causes thining eggshell
- Eutrophication induce effluent from industries homes cultural accelerated
- Eutrophication overstimulate algae,unsighty scum robbing oxygen,from lake death
- Sedimentation dangerous pollutant heavy metal still remains innovative
- Marsh land treatment connected hectres- algae fungi plant
- Ecological sanitation dry compost,practical hygienic efficient cost effective
- Life span period birth natural death organism represent
- Municipal solid wastes wastes homes offices stores schools,hospitals
- Sanitary landfills adopted substitute for open burning dumps.in
- Road polyblend fine powder recycled modified plastics mixed
- Integrated organic farming cyclical waste procedure products process
- Leakage radioactive material incident mile island chernobyl
- Green house effect natural phenomenon responsible heating earths
- Change imapct global warming deletetious environment resulting odd
- Uv b aging skin,damage skin cells,skin cancers.inflammation cornea
- Soil erosion desertification human activities cultivation deforestation grazing
- Forest cover national policy india recommended plant hils
- Chipko movement garhwal himalaya local women hugged axe
- Organisms ecology study interaction physical environment
- Oecology physiological level explain organisms adapt encvironment terms
- Major biomes desert rain forest tundra formed due
- Adaptation morphological physiological behavioural attributes enables organisms survive
- Extreme places rajasthan desert,rain soaked meghalaya,deep ocean trenches
- Abiotic factors temp,water light,soil eg
- Temp ecological relevant environmental factors
- Temperature effects kinetics enzyme basal metabolism,and physiological factors
- Eury thermal they tolerate thrive wide range temp
- Water temp next to
- Aquatic waters role chemical composition ph
- Salt sea in 30-35
- Hypersaline lagoons in >100
- Light sunlight photoperiodism ultimate source energy
- Animal diurnal seasonal variation iin light intensity photoperiod
- Determine percolation water holding capacity soil composition,grain size
- Type organism basis homeostasis regulation regulate conform.migrate suspend
- Regulate maintanance homeostasis physiological behavioural means ensure constant
- Small animals low polar region larger surface area
- Migrate animal birds move temporarily stressful habitat hospitable
- Diapause stage suspended development zooplanktons lakes ponds
- Chain shorter mature insulin is
- Units glucose amylose how many
- Stomata adaptation desert plants thick cuticle leaf surface
- Altitude high symptoms sickness nausea heart palpitation fatigue
- Population gp individual species live in geographical area
- Populationecology important links ecology population genetics evolution
- Death rates refer capita to
- Sex ratio population a has
- Age pyramids distribution plotted population resulting structure called
- Population sizw density it number individuals species unit
- Huge banyan parthenium population size measure %cover biomass
- Tiger measured pug marks fecal pellets
- Basic processes fluctuate population density a.natality b.mortality c.immigration
- Mortality number deaths population period
- Figure fluctuation population the of
- Exponential growth geometric fasion unlimited resources
- Dn/dt eqn exponential growth b d n rn
- R in dn/dt rn intrinsic rate natural increase important
- Integral form exponential growth nt = n o ert
- Carrying capacity nature habitat resources support maximum number
- Verhulst-pearl logistic growth intialy lag phase acceleration deceleration
- Breeder pacific salmon fish bamboo
- Small sized offspring oysters pelagic fishes number large
- Predation carnivore herbivore 25%phytophagous all
- Cactus importance predators prickly pear cactus.the feeding predator
- Defense plants thorns acacia,cactus of
- Defenses nicotine,caffeine quinine,strychinene opium useful
- Competition potent force organic evolution process fitness species
- Unrelated competition flamingoes fishes compete zooplanktons south american
- Abingdon goat galapogas the and
- Competitive species release restricted small geographical area due
- Barnacle competitive release connell's field experiment rockyy sea
- Aprthanogenesis female gamates develops organism fertilisation
- Resource partitioning species compete avoid competition choosing different
- Loss adaptation parasites sense organs presence adhesive organs,sucker
- Parasites human liver fluke depends intermediate hosts snail
- Commensalism orchid growin epiphyte mango branch barnacles growing
- Bees mutualism b/w plants animal fig trees wasps
- Terphenoids monoterpene diterpene and
- Lectin concanavalin a
- Drugs vinblastine circumin
- Primary metabolites required basic purpose growth development
- Polysaccharides ideal storage purposes osmotically inactive chemically reactive
- Structure glucose of
- Epimers isomers position h varies carbon
- Sugar fructose ●ketose ●levulose ●fruit ●sweetest occuring ●source
- Mannose ▪︎found bound stage ▪︎cell wall egg albumen
- Beta monomers lactose galactose glucose
- Monomers sucrose alpha glucose fructose
- Structural polysaccharides cellulose hemicellulose chitin peptidoglycan pectin tunicin
- Mucopolysaccharide agar heparin hyaluronic acid
- Branched starch component amylopectin alpha glycosidic bond
- Iodine colour amylose give added blue-black helical hold
- Essential amino acid phenylalanine valine tryptophan threonine isoleucin
- Neutral amino acids ▪︎glycine ▪︎alanine ▪︎leucine ▪︎isoleucine ▪︎valine
- Amino acid serine threonine st
- Tyrosine forms ▪︎thyroxine ▪︎adrenaline ▪︎melanin
- Types enzymes oxidoreductase transferase hydrolase lyase isomerase ligase
- Hierarchy enzyme of
- Glucose give allosteric modulation formation phosphate adp atp
- Examples competitive inhibitors ●cyanide pills animals inhibiting cytochrome
- Vmax inhibitor competitive added remains constant
- Ls parrot of 14
- Fruit fly week 2
- Dry fruits groundnuts,mustards
- Elephas elephant
- Balenoptera blue whale 🐋
- Reproduction ensures continuity species what
- Birds nyc 105
- National botanical research institute lucknow
- Glucose units number amylopectin of
- Growth defined irreversible permanent increase size organ parts
- Medullary rays primary secondary cambium comment origin develop
- Cell takes place elongation phase increased vacuolation enlargement
- Phase place cell elongation increased vacuolation enlargement apposition
- Plant growth development intimately linked water status
- Give heterophylly stages development cotton coriander larkspur
- Hormonal substance migrates leaves shoot tips inducing flowering
- Examples plants biennials sugarbeet cabbages carrots
- Apomictic polyembryony citrus mango is
- False developed postsynaptic neurone state true potential inhibitory
- Main purpose terrestrial adaptation produce forms nitrogenous waste
- Feeling fullness symptom indigestion of
- Darwin discovered auxins canary grass coleoptiles
- Indole acid natural auxins acetic butyric
- Promote auxins flowering pineapples abscission mature leaves fruits
- Light retinal opsin effect induces dissociation option change
- Life appeared million years formation earth
- Promotes early seed gibberellins acetate units acetyl coenzyme
- Helps formation cytokinins produced locations rapid cell division
- Ethylene secondary hormone is a
- Ethylene confirmed cousins oranges was
- Seedlings promotes growth dicot initiates ethylene horizontal swelling
- Cytokinin found extracts vascular tissues yeast coconut milk
- Oligodendrocytes secrete myelin sheath the
- Synaptic branch axon terminal bulb structure called knobs
- Nervous system unmyelinated nerves found common autonomous somatic
- Synapse membrane parts regular consists presynaptic synaptic cleft
- Cells olfactory kinds epithelium basal supporting receptor
- Reptile return water million years ago icthyosaur
- Olfactory neurones epithelium extends environment directly pair broad
- Choroid thin posterior thirds eyeball
- Specific receptors vestibular apparatus crista ampullaris semicircular canals
- Main objective production herbicide resistant gm crops eliminate
- Anther sided tetragonal structure consisting microsporangia
- Epidermis middle layers endothecium performs function dehiscence anther
- Males cells sporogenous tissue undergo meiotic division form
- Pollen grains generally spherical measuring micrometres diameter
- Cell generative small floats cytoplasm vegetative position
- Angiosperms pollen grains shed celled stage
- Ovules generally differentiate single megaspore mother cell micropylar
- Water pollinated species pollen grains protected wetting mucilaginous
- Adventive polyembryony citrus mango is
- Organisms pacific salmon bamboo reproduce life
- Glandular tissue breast divided mammary lobes
- Spermiogenesis process conversion spermatids spermatozoa
- Puberty primary follicle left ovary
- Ootid final form oocyte formed meiosis completed penetration
- End month heart formed embryo called foetus
- Month movements baby hair head foetus
- Limbs digits formed month when
- Oparin russia haldane england proposed theory assembly
- Describe conditions urey miller experiment temperature substrates products
- Connotations theory special creation living organisms today created
- Embryological support evolution proposed ernst haeckel
- Karl earnst von baer disproved embryological support evolution
- Chance evolution stochastic process based events nature mutations
- Give analogue lemur spotted cuscus
- Give analogue flying squirrel phalanger
- Tasmanian wolf thylacine extinct the
- Branching descent natural selection key concepts darwinian theory
- Mutations random directionless darwinian variations small directional
- Fish caught south africa happen coelocanth thought extinct
- Final hydrogen acceptor anaerobic respiration pyruvic acid
- Kingdom chlamydomonas chlorella earlier plantae protista
- Ascospores produced asci are in
- Members phycomycetes found aquatic habitats decaying wood
- Sex organs absent fungi basidiomycetes
- Basidiomycetes plasmogamy brought fusion vegetative cells genotype
- Perfect stages deuteromycetes discovered move ascomycetes basidiomycetes
- Give examples insectivorous plants bladderwort venus fly trap
- Store food chlorophyceae pyrenoids proteins starch form oil
- Layer describe cell wall chlorophyceae cellulose outer pectose
- Floridean starch similar amylopectin glycogen
- Phaeophyceae unequal lateral flagella have
- Cell wall rhodophyceae made cellulose pectin polysulphate esters
- Found statocysts ncert phylum arthropoda notes ctenophores internet
- Ernst mayr pioneered current accepted definition biological species
- Filamentous algae spirogyra anabaena oscillatoria
- Curly top virus spread phloem tissue reported katherine
- Years lifespan elephant horse crocodile
- Years lifespan rose dog crow
- Years lifespan banana tree cow
- Sporozoites produced gut mosquito the
- Elisa detection hepatitis b hiv
- Livestock present india china account global production
- Schick test affiliated prevention diphtheria
- ernst mayr harvard university evolutionary biologist called darwin
- Cell theory emphasised unity underlying diversity forms i.e
- Physico-chemical approach studying understanding physiological behavioural processes cell-free
- Stanley cohen studying small ringlets dna called plasmids
- Pars humans intermedia merged distalis
- Prolactin regulates growth mammary glands formation milk
- Functions melatonin diurnal rhythm body temperature metabolism pigmentation
- Maintains system glucocorticoids secreted zona fasciculata state functions
- Million islets langerhans normal human pancreas representing pancreatic
- Progesterone action mammary gland stimulates formation alveoli milk
- Fly meiocyte 2n chromosome number humans house rat
- Tissue connective muscular derived mesoderm
- Lamina basement membrane made layers basal fibrous
- Vessels squamous epithelium tissue blood airsacs lymph bowmanns
- Simple cuboidal epithelium eg
- Columnar epithelial tissue eg
- Simple cuboidal brush bordered ciliated pct collecting duct
- Stereo ciliated columnar epithelium epidydymis vas deferens macula
- Pseudo stratified ciliated epithelial bronchi nasal chamber trachea
- Transitional epithelium renal pelvis bladder proximal urethra ureter
- Stratified cuboidal epithelium female urethra conjunctiva pancreatic ducts
- Merocrine gland salivary tear goblet
- Holocrine gland sweat
- Ground substance connective tissue made mucopolysaccharides proteoglycans collagen
- Fat difference brown white multilocular energy infants hibernation
- White fibrous connective tissue irregular epimysium periostiem perichondrium
- Cartilage matrix features solid pliable compressive
- Hyaline cartilage examples nasal septum larynx endoskeleton ribs
- Cartilage strongest white fibrous wfct converted leftover collgen
- Cartilage calcified made hyaline calcium salts hardest
- Calcium phosphate composition bone inorganic magnesium carbonate
- Plasma composition water albumin globulin prothrombin fibrinogen
- Poikilocytosis shape change rbc of
- Types leucocytes granulocyte neutrophils basophil eosinophils agranulocytes monocytes
- Neutrophils basophil eosinophils stained dye neutral basic acidic
- Acid write short note palmitic fatty saturated carbon
- Nitrogenous bases adenine guanine cytosine thymine uracil
- Acid nucleotides adenylic thymidylic guanylic cytidylic uridylic
- Organisms secondary metabolites found plants fungi microbial cells
- Lipids strictly macromolecules true false
- Carbohydrates nucleic acids ions arrange decreasing order percentage
- Protein chain folded hollow woolen ball tertiary structure
- Number turnover substrate molecules reacted minute
- True false uncatalyzed metabolic conversions living systems reaction
- Succinic dehydrogenase inhibited malonate competitive inhibition
- Enzymes divided classes subclasses named digit number
- Phase synthesized g1 cell metabolically active proteins synthesised
- Phase doubled s centrioles duplicate histones produced dna
- Cells amitosis occur paramoecium fetal endosperm
- Coined term mitosis walter fleming
- Centrosome begins move opposite poles prophase mitosis
- Cells end prophase mitosis show golgi complexes endoplasmic
- Meiosis leptotene chromosomes gradually visible stage compaction continues
- Pachytene chromosomes divalents visible tetrads recombination nodules crossing
- Diplotene dissolution synaptonemal complex begins homologous chromosomes separate
- X-shaped structures diplotene called chiasmata
- Dyad cells end telophase of
- Microbes bacteria fungi grown nutritive media form colonies
- Starter millions lactic acid bacteria serves inoculum
- Lactic acid bacteria fermentation checking disease causing microbes
- Oldest food items microbes cheese
- Production beverages antibiotics microbes vessels called fermentors
- Alexander flemming discovered antibiotic penicillin working staphylococcus bacteria
- Penicillin's full potential antibiotic established ernst chain howard
- Streptococcus produce streptokinase is used
- Monascus purpureus produces statins
- Fruit juices proteases pectinases contain
- Statins work competitively inhibiting enzyme responsible production cholestrol
- Sewage treatment heterotrophic microbes naturally present
- Steps stage sewage treatment 1.sequential filtration sedimentation solids
- Effluent secondary passed steps treatment sewage primary large
- Anaerobic sludge bacteria clostridium digest digesters
- Cycas largest sperm plant kingdom
- Sewage biogas produced anaerobic sludge digestors
- Biogas state composition methane includes h s
- Ministry environment forests responsible yamuna ganga action plans
- Common methanogen methanobacterium a is
- Nucleotide bases people the 99.9
- Technology biogas india developed due efforts iari kvic
- Trichoderma effective plant pathogens are
- Target benefit nucleopolyhedroviruses species specific narrow spectrum affect
- Apomixis common species grasses sunflower family
- Tolerance advantage mycorrhiza provide p plants resistance root
- Give examples cyanobacteria biofertilizers anabaena oscillatoria nostoc
- Cells special parenchymatous surrounding guard subsidiary
- Epithelium type lining vagina stratified squamous
- Individual immortal single celled organisms
- State lifespan tortoise hundred years
- Asexual reproduction involve gamete formation true false
- Algae fungi zygote develops thick wall resistant desiccation
- Internal fertilization external:type reptiles birds majority plants
- Haploid content human dna bp
- Histones rich lysine arginine are
- Taylor radioactive thymidine vicia faba
- Hgp started ended chromosome completely sequenced
- Average gene consists bases the
- Dna characteristics satellite high degree polymorphism form basis
- Dna forms basis fingerprinting satellite
- Dicot parallel venation eryngium name
- Allelic sequence variation traditionally dna polymorphism variant present
- Depend harmful effects air pollution concentration pollutants duration
- Electrostatic precipitator remove particulate matter present exhaust thermal
- Cpcb particles micrometres diameter harmful
- Carbon dioxide converted catalytic converters work hydrocarbons oxidized
- Aromatic hydrocarbons contained fuel at
- Pollutants arcata marsh conventional treatment sedimentation filtration chlorination
- Percentage greenhouse gases chlorofluorocarbons what
- Plants pollen lasts minutes cereals rice wheat
- Pollen maintain viability months roseaceae legumes potatoes family
- Mitotic divisions megaspores type strictly free nuclear cell
- Pollination describe set wind common water pollen grains
- Kernel water endosperm type make coconuts cellular free
- Shaped stages embryogenesis dicots zygote rise proembryo globular
- Grass family cotyledons called scutellum
- Water content seed matures decreases
- Give examples perigynous flowers rose plum peach
- Give examples epigynous flowers guava cucumber ray florets
- Type fruit present pea family legumes seeds
- Type fruit present lily family capsules rarely berries
- Meiotic division completed females tertiary follicle
- Sperms normal released ejaculation characteristics millions sized shaped
- Levels hormones pregnancy increasing fold oestrogen progesterone cortisol
- India's population billion people what
- Effect copper ions suppress motility fertilizing capacity sperms
- Make hormone releasing intrauterine devices uterus unsuitable implantation
- Percentage total number conceived pregnancies aborted mtp
- Hilum kidney present centre concave surface
- Underground stems plants grass strawberry spread niches parts
- Examples stolons mint jasmine of
- Flowers describe racemose inflorescence acropetally born bloom centripetal
- Describe flowering cymose inflorescence flowers basipetally born bloom
- Epiblast ncert underdeveloped cotyledon monocots projection coleorhiza
- Describe nutrition euglenoid phototropic absence sunlight predator
- Plasma water proteins contribute to
- Number erythrocytes ranges million mm cube
- Blood white cells millimetre cube
- Monocytes bean shaped nucleus have
- Thousand thrombocytes cubic millimetre blood
- Haemophilia lack clotting factor and/or
- Neutrophils micro policeman blood are
- Stimulation vagus nerve bradycardia of
- Thrombokinase chemically enzyme complex is
- Calcium ions vitamin k important clotting blood
- Heart slightly tilted left the
- Heart found mediastenum thoracic cavity
- Septum thick walled atrioventricular comprises fibrous tissue inter
- Atrial contraction increases blood flow ventricles
- Cardiac define output total volume blood ventricles minute
- Body heart alter rate pumping ability stroke volume
- Special neural centre medulla oblongata moderate cardiac function
- High blood pressure leads heart diseases affects brain
- Found excess atherosclerotic vessel calcium fat cholesterol fibrous
- Angina occur due conditions affect blood flow
- Heart failure congestive congestion lungs main symptoms disease
- Atherosclerosis arteriosclerosis difference deposition calcium fats refers rigidity
- Uric acid toxic form nitrogenous waste
- Sort excretion aquatic ammonotelism bony fish amphibians insects
- Ammonia converted urea liver ornithine cycle
- Cells protonephridia flame flatworms rotifers annelids cephalochordates amphioxus
- Excretory structure insects malpighian tubules
- Glands antennal green present crustaceans
- Kidneys retroperitoneal humans are in
- Blood filtered kidneys minute ml
- Glomerular filtration volume total amount blood pumped ventricle
- Blood filtration kidneys occurs layers endothelium glomerular vessels
- Glomerular filtrate consist constituents plasma proteins
- Consists juxtaglomerular apparatus modified cells dct afferent arteriole
- Ions function proximal convoluted tubule adsorption essential nutrients
- Large amounts water absorbed collecting duct produce concentrated
- Collecting duct plays role osmoregulation secretes hydrogen potassium
- Human kidneys produce urine concentrated times initial filtrate
- Function kidneys efficiently monitored regulated hormonal feedback mechanisms
- Blood osmoreceptors body activated volume fluid ionic concentration
- Angiotensinogen produced liver wrt regulation kidney function
- Angiotensin renin angiotensinogen converted ncert converts i ii
- Urine stored urinary bladder voluntary signal central nervous
- Urine slightly acidic ph is
- Presence ketone bodies urine called ketonuria
- Long remove large amounts carbon dioxide approximately ml
- Sebaceous glands eliminate body waste substances sterols hydrocarbons
- Hemodialysis dialysing unit called artificial kidney
- Hemodialysis blood drawn convenient artery pumped dialysing unit
- Constitution dialyzing fluid composition plasma nitrogenous wastes
- Hemodialysis coma porous cellophane membrane tube passage molecules
- Kidney failure transplantation ultimate method correction acute renal
- Glomerulonephritis inflammation kidney glomerulus what
- Ilium ileum differentiate intestine os innominate
- Cilia function paramecium movement food cytopharynx locomotion
- Vary methods locomotion performed animals habitat demand situation
- Km inhibitor competitive system added remains constant
- Chargaff's rule a+t/g+c)=1 what is
- Bond present phosphate group pentose sugar ester
- Pitch b dna 34a° nm
- Multi cellular animal organ level acoelomate assymmetry platyhelminthes
- Skeletal system sponges spiccules spongin fibres
- Euspongia bath sponge
- Sea anaemone adamsia
- Corals skeleton composed caco3 have
- Marine aquatic radialy symmetric animals cnidaria coelentrata
- Cnidaria nematocysts stinging capsules present inside cnidoblast
- Ctenophores commonly sea walnuts comb jellies
- Cnidaria caco3 skeleton meandrina brain coral
- Circulation ctenophora branched gastro cavity
- Taenia------common phylum tape worm platyhelminthes
- Platyhelminthes organisim possesses high regeneration capcity planaria free
- Excreation platyhelminthes flame cells protonephridia
- 1st pseudo coelomatic phylum aschelminthes
- Reproduction aschelminthes sexual uni/bisexual unisexual monoecious sexually dimorphic
- Circulation aschelminthes pseudocoelomic fluid in
- Muscular mouth pharynx,non intestine,no stomach characters phylum aschelminthes
- Homogametes algae gametes similar chatagorise genders
- Ends main sexual character phylum aschelminthes sexually dimorphic
- Reproduction process organism rise young similar
- Ls crow of 15
- Speciality asexual reproduction clone,similar,unicellular single parent
- Type fissio binary multiple two
- Multiple fission amoeba plasmodium eg
- Budding small bud,mature,detach,new
- Zoospores algae protist microscopic motile structure
- Gemmules sponge
- Vegeatative propagules runner,rhizome,sucker,tuber,offset,bulb eg for
- Juveline phase period growth reach maturity sexual reproduction
- Annual binneal plant show perrinial clear cut vegetative
- Bamboo flower yrs lifetime once
- Strobilanthus kunthiana flowers years once
- Stages reach reproduction juveline-physio morpho chang-repro
- Primates cows,sheep,rat,deer,dog,tiger non
- Primates monkey,apes,human
- Oestrous mentrous cycle change undergo activities ovary,accesory duct
- Responsible life phase change hormones
- External fertilisation algae,bony fishes,amphibians eg
- Internal fertilisation fungi,animal-reptiles,birds,mammal,plants-bryophyte,pteri,gymn,ang eg for
- Aquatic ecosystem pond,lake,wetland,river,estuary
- Entire biosphere regarded global ecosystem
- Stratification vertical distribution species occupyin levels
- Stratification trees top vertical strata shrubs herbs bottom
- Pond shallow simple sustained water body exhibit basic
- Climatic condition affect pond ecosystem solar input cycle
- Decomposers pond fungi,bacteria flagellates of
- Autotrophs pond perform ecosytem inorganic organic light heterotrophs
- Productivity rate biomass production the
- Unit productivity of
- Type productivity npp,gpp two of
- Gpp gross primary productivity rate production organic matter
- Secondary productivity rate formation organic matter consumers
- Primary productivity depend on plant species inhabiting area
- Decomposition breakdown complex organic matter by decomposers inorganic
- Steps decomposition a.fragmentation b.leaching c.catabolism d.humification e.mineralization
- Leaching process water soluble inorganic nutrients soil horizon
- Humification accumulation humus soil decompose slowly serves reserve
- Factors affecting decomposition chemical composition detritus climatic temp
- Temp decomposition climatic facter soil moisture affect warm
- Ecosystem obey 2nd law thermodyanamics constand supply energy
- Primary producers aquatic phytoplankton,algae,higher plant
- Gfc grazing food chain
- Dfc begins dead matters.it made decomposer saprotrophs heterotrophic
- Material decomposr degrade food produce enzyme breakdown dead
- Trophic level specific place organisms natural food chain
- 3rd trophic level birds fishes,wolf
- Food web interconnectionof chain called
- Standing crop trophic level mass living material aparticular
- Measured standing crop mass living organisms number in
- Trophic level gfc restricted transfer energy law
- Ecological pyramids represenaition food chain form pyramid called
- Higher energy lower levels is level-hrbivorous number carnivorous
- Inverted biomass examples pyramids insects feeding big tree
- Ecological succession a gradual slow predictable change species
- Community seral stages individual transitional termed
- Successive seral stage occur change i n diversity
- Primary succession newly cooled lava,bare rocks,newly created pond
- Succession secondary place area existed organism lost
- Species invade depend condition e soil,availibility water
- Stage convert seral succession earlier deforestation fire human
- Succession hydrarch takes place wetter areas.the series progress
- Primary succession rocks-xerophytic habitat 1.lichen-secrete acids dissolve rock
- Primary succesion water 1.phytoplankton 2.free floating angiosperms 3.rooted
- Standing state varies kind ecosystem seasonal basis
- Cycle nutrient types a.gaseous b.sedimentary
- Cycle gaseous reservoir exist atmosphere(nitrogen carbon
- Sedimentary cycle reservoir located earths crust(sulphur phosphorous
- Reservoir meets deficit nutrients due to imbalance ratte
- Reservoir c atm-1 orga(dry weight)-49 ocean-regualte atmospheric co2-71%
- Role human activities carbon cycle deforestation burning fossil
- Natural reservoir p rock(in form phosphates
- Ecosystem services products processes the
- Healthy ecosystem provide purify air d water habitat
- Contribution soil trillion of to
- Climatic regulation habitat wildlife rc
- Biotechnology deals techniques live organisms enzymes products processes
- Biotechnology-efb defines biotechnology integrationof natural science cells parts
- Genetic engineering technique ehich material chemically altered indroduced
- Sterile ambience traditionamethod leads inclusion multiplcation undesired gene
- Dna host basic step genetically modifying organism 1.identification
- Enzyme restriction found 1963-two responsible restricting growth bacteriophage
- Enzyme naming restriction ecori roman number =the order
- Type nuclease exonucleases endonucleases two
- Exonuclease remove nucleotides ends dna
- Endonucleases cut specific position dna
- Problem ethical issues unpredictable results patent biopiracy
- Cut specific restriciton endonuclease dna recognize sequence strands
- Sequence palindromic dna base pair reads direction orientation
- End sticky restriciton enzyme cut dna awy palindromic
- Protein recombinant encoding gene expressed heterologous host
- Process electrophorosis made move anode ve chargedunder electric
- Identified visualised staining ethidium bromide exposture uv rays-bright
- Cloning vector plasmid bacteriophage eg
- Feature cloning vector a.ori b.selectable marker c.cloning site
- Transformation procedure piece dna indroduced host bacterium
- Selectable marer e choli ampicilin chloramphenicol,tetracyclin kanamycin
- Alternate selectalbe marer chromogenic substrate lined enzyme alpha
- Deliver agrobacterium tumifaciens pathogen dicot plants t dna
- Dna ice making host competetnt hydrophilic passage cell
- Dna gene processes recombianat technology 1.isolation genetic material
- Biopiracy basmati rice herbal medicines turmeric neem
- Dna cutting specific location incubate purified restriction enzyme
- Primers small chemically synthesized oligonucleotides complementary region dna
- Ultimate aim recombinant dna technology produce desirable products
- Bioreactor vessels raw material biologically converted specific products
- Reactor facilitate mixing stirred tank cylindrical curved base
- Stream processing series processes seperation purification products biosynthetic
- Applications biotechnology a.biopharmaceuticals b.therapeutics c.diagnostics d.gmc agriculture e.processed
- Gmo plants bacteria fungi animals whise genes altered
- Reduce plants advantage gmo moretolerant abiotic stress chemical
- Protein kill insect ingest inactive toxin activated due
- Cryiac cryiiab cotton bollworm and
- Nematode meloidegayne incognito infecttion removed rna interference
- Rnai amethod cellular defense eukaryotic organisms.it prevents translation
- Nematode specific resisted gene indroduced produce sense antisense
- Structure insulin short polypeptide chain b linked disulphide
- Prohormone mammal insulin produced prohormone consisit extra structure
- Made artificial insulin dna sequence corres b seperately
- Gene therapy method correcting defect diagnosed ina child
- Gene therapy carried outo inserted person cell tissue
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