NEET Biology ug
This flashcard deck covers various topics in biology such as stages of reproduction, distinctions between primates and non-primates, productivity and its types (NPP, GPP), nutrient cycles (gaseous and sedimentary), types of nucleases (exonucleases and endonucleases), different types of reproduction like autogamy, geitonogamy, xenogamy, pollination agents, viral diseases, meristem tissue culture, abiotic factors, population concepts like death rates and sex ratio, lifespan of various organisms, types of reproduction (sexual and asexual) and their characteristics, types of fission (binary and multiple), budding, and examples of these processes in different organisms. Overall, the deck provides a concise overview of fundamental biological concepts.
यह फ्लैशकार्ड डेक जीवविज्ञान के विभिन्न विषयों को कवर करता है, जैसे कि प्रजनन के चरण, प्राइमेट्स और नॉन-प्राइमेट्स, उत्पादकता और उसके प्रकार, पोषक तत्व चक्र, न्यूकलीएज के प्रकार, विभिन्न प्रकार की प्रजनन विधियां जैसे ऑटोगैमी, जीनोआगैमी, ज़ेनोगैमी, परागण के एजेंट, वायरस संबंधित रोग, मेरिस्टेम, पर्यावरणीय कारक, जनसंख्या सम्बंधित अवधारणाएँ जैसे मृत्यु दर, लिंग अनुपात, विशिष्ट जीवों के जीवन काल, प्रजनन के प्रकार (यौन और ऐसैक्सुअल) और उनकी विशेषताएँ, फिशन, बडिंग, और विभिन्न जीवों में इन प्रक्रियाओं के उदाहरण। इस डेक में व्यापक रूप से जीवविज्ञान की बुनियादी अवधारणाओं को सरल और संक्षिप्त रूप में प्रस्तुत किया गया है।
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- Algae association animals sloth in
- Citrus canker xanthomonas
- Cholera vibrio cholerae
- Pollen dialogue mediated chemical components of interacting pistil recent
- Locule ovarian the
- Tettanus clostridium tetenae
- Energy lost form heat how
- Organism death unicellular with no
- Ls elephant of 50
- Ls dog of 22
- Ls butterfly of 2
- Ls cow of 22
- Ls crocodile of 60
- Horse 40
- Tortoise 100
- Hw types reproduction asexual sexual
- Type asexual reproduction fission,budding,vegetative propagation
- Fission protists monerans eg for
- Binary fission ameoba paramecium eg
- Budding hydra,sponge,yeast eg for
- Asexual reproductive structure zoospore,conidia,gemmules other
- Conidia pencillium
- Vegetative propagation buds potato,banana,ginger form notches bryophyllum
- Understant end vegetative phase flowering
- Unusual floweing bamboo srobilanthus kunthiana
- Scenesce concomitant occur what happens
- Prefertilisation consist of gametogenesis gamate transfer
- Heterogamates male female gamtes distinguished
- Male female gamates called antherozoids egg
- Monoecious cucurbits cocunut eg for
- Homothallic bisexual
- Hermaphrodites bisexual animal
- Animals unisexual cockroach higher eg
- Diploid moecyte pteridophytes,gymnosperm,angiosperm,animals eg for
- Parthanogenic animal rotifers,honeybee,lizard,birds eg for
- Types fertilisation internal external of
- Occurs process embryogenesis division differentiation cell
- Ecosystem functional unit nature living organisms interact surrounding
- Terrestial ecosystem forest grassland,desert
- Man made ecosystem crop fields aquariums
- Function unit ecosystem biotic abiotic
- Basic components functioning ecosystem 1.productivity 2.decomposition 3.energy flow
- Abiotic components ponds water rich soil deposit bottom
- Autotrophic components pond phytoplanktons,algae,floating,submerged marginal plants
- Consumers ponds zooplanktons,free swimming and bottom dwelling forms
- Primary production amount biomass organic matter produced unit
- Unit primary production of
- Npp net primary productivity gpp-r(respiration loss
- Single pistil monocarpellery
- Annula net primary productivity billion tons dry weight-70
- Dead detritus plant remainingsuch leaves bark,flowers remains animal,including
- Fragmentation breakdown detrirus smaller particles detritovores-earthworm
- Catabolism degradation detritus simpler inorganic substance bacterial fungal
- Mineralization releasse inorganic nutrients dueto degradation humus microbes
- Detritus chemical composition decomposition rate slow rich lignin
- Energy source sun deep sea hydro thermal ecosytem
- Par sun photosynthetically active radiation
- Plant capture par 2-10 of
- Producers organism depend food all
- Beginning detritus food chain death organism
- Simple grazing foodchain grass goat-man
- Decomposers meet energy degrading dead organic matteror detritus
- Aquatic ecosystem major conduit energy gfc
- Terrestial major conduit energy is dfc
- 1st trophic level phytoplanktons,grass trees
- 2nd trophic level zooplanktons grasshoper,cow
- 4th trophic level man,lion
- Levels law energy transfered trophic lower
- Types ecological pyramids a.pyramid number b.pyramid biomass c.pyramid
- Ecological pyramids limitaion account thesame species belonging trophic
- Community climax equilibrium environment that
- Succession leads incerease number decline species
- Sere entire sequence community successively change area
- Succession evolution parallel earlier times
- Succession types primary secondary is
- Succession primary takes place li ving organism existed
- Primary succession speed slow very
- Forsecondary succession abondoned farmland,brned cut forest,land flooded
- Succession vegetation affect food shelter of organism
- Types succession plant hydrarch xerarch
- Xerarch succession takes place dry areas.the series progress
- Succesion leads to medium water condition-mesic
- Species invading bare area called pioneer
- Remain climax community stable long environment unchanged
- Standing state amount nutrient carbon,nitrogen,phosphorous calcium present soiil
- Nutrient cycle(biogeochemical cycles movement elements components acosystem
- Rate release nutrient based soil moisture,ph,temperature
- C cycle occur atmo,ocean,living dead organism
- C fixed photosyntheses kg how
- Lost amount c how sediment removed circulation
- Reaervoir p constituent biological membrane,nucleic acid,cellular enrgy transfer
- P cycle flowchart refer text book
- Difference b/w c andp cycle refer text
- Price tagged nature life support servicess robert constanza
- Price ecosystem service trillion dollar global gross national
- Recreation nutrient cycle trillion and
- Efb european federaion biotechnoly of
- Gene biotechnology deals microbe mediated invitro synthesis preparation
- Principle biotechnology a.genetic engineering b.maintanace sterile ambience
- Recombinanat dna emerged possibility linking gene antibiotic resistance
- Isolated antibiotic resistance gene stanley cohen herbert boyer
- Tools recombinant dna technology 1.restriction enzyme 2.cloning vector
- Restriction endonuclease hind ii first
- Sequence recognition pair restriction enzymes cut
- Restriction enzyme found strain bacteria
- Pros sticky ends form h bond complementary cut
- Gel electrophorosis dna fragments formed restriction enzyme seperated
- Smaller sized fragments move faster
- Gel elution seperated dna bands cu agarose extracted
- Pistil multipicarpallary more than one
- Fused pistil syncarpous
- Cloning vectors dna molecule carry foreign dna segment
- Ori sequence replication starts piece dna linked replicate
- Transformanants selectable marker helps select
- Gene ligation alien carried antibiotic resistance
- Retrovirus transform normal cells cancerous
- Method indroduce alien dna host cell micro injection
- Microinjection recombinant dna directly injected nucleas animal cell
- Biolistic cells ombareded high velocity micro particle gold
- Isolation genetic material cell treated enzymes lysozyme bacteria
- Rna removed ribonucleases how is
- Dna precipitated treated chilled ethanol
- Pcr synthesis mulitiple copies gene interest in vitro
- Dna polymerease extend primers nucleotide genomic amplified 1billion
- Amplification thermostable dna polymerease thermus aquaticus
- Bioreactor large produce quantities products volumes of culture
- System control bioreactor agitator oxygen delivery foam temp
- Critical reserch areas a.providing catalyst form improved organism
- Food production agriculture options increasing a.agro chemical bassed
- Pest resistant plants bio pesticides eg-bt cotton,rice,tomato,potato,soyabean
- Bt bacillus thuringensis
- Bt kill coleopterans-beetles lepidopterans-tobacco budworm dipterans-flies mosquitoes
- Protein doesnt kill bt exist inactive protoxin
- Protein kill toxin bind surface midgut epithelial cells
- Gene produce protein cry which
- Cryiab corn borer
- Rna source comlpemntary infection viruses mobile genetic element
- Transpons mobile gentic elements
- Recombinant medicine goo mass production safe effective therapeutic
- Gmo medicine certified india how
- Found artificial insulin eli lilly american company
- Gene therapy year girls ada(adenosine deaminasse deficiency
- Ada gene therapy lymphocyte grown culture cdna indroduced
- Detect pcr diagnosis hiv powerful mutation
- Antigen antibody elisa based principle interaction protein,glycoprotein pathogen
- Parts pistiils stigma style ovary
- Style elongated slender part beneath stigma
- Study factors normal physiology development transgenic animals geneare
- Biological products alpha antitripsin treat emphysema pku cystic
- Rosie protein enriched milk.alpha lactalbumin balanced human beings
- Toxxicity testingos compare tran toxic environment
- Geac genetic engineering approval committee
- Varieties basumati in india of how
- Plants shows sexual reproduction angiosperm
- Flowers morphological embryological structures sites reproduction
- Androecium whorls stamens of
- Filament long slender stalk.its proximal attached thalamus petal
- Theca dithecous longitudinal grooves runs length wise seperating
- Fn tapetum nourishes the developing pollen grain
- Cell convert microspore tetrad sporogenous tissue
- Tetrad potential pollen each of
- Layer pollen exine intine two
- Exine hard outer layer.made sporopollenin
- Sporopolleninis absent germ pore aperture
- Intine wall thin continuos layer made cellulose pectin
- Generative cells small floats cytoplasm vegetative spindle shaped
- Celled pollen grains sheds stages
- Viability cereals 30min of
- Cons parthenium chronic asthma bronchitis
- Ovules plants wheat paddy eg
- Hilum junction body ovule funicle fuse
- Integuments ovule protective envelopes each
- Chalaza opposite micropylar end the
- Nucellus reserve food material contain
- Embryo sac located nucellus is
- Megasporo genesis
- Egg apparatus cells synergids 2
- Antipodal cells chalazal end the
- Central nucleas 2
- Autogamy flower same
- Anemophily corncob-wave tassels winds eg
- Hydrophily water
- Entomophily insects
- Amrphophallus yucca deposit egg in locule
- Pollen robbers insects consume nector bringing pollination
- Synchronization avoiding pollen release stigma receptivity
- Incompatibility a genetic mechanism prevent pollen fertilization inhibiting
- Pollen pistil interaction dynamic process involving recognistion promotion
- Pollen pistil interaction place chemical components produced
- Post fertilisation endosperm embryo development
- Endosperm triploid cell primary divides repeatedly forms tissue
- Endosperm cells filled reserve materual
- Free nuclear cocunut water eg
- Mono dicot embryogeny early embryonic development
- Embryo develop micropylar end sac zygote situated
- Grass family cotyledon called scutellum
- Albuminous seed pea groundnut,beans non
- Perisperm remnant nucellus present-black pepper,beet
- Fleshy fruit guava,orange,mango
- Fruits types true fuits false
- False fruits thalamus contribute formation
- False fruits apple strawberry eg
- Lupine-lupinus arcticus artic tundra years
- Polyembryo nucellar cells surrounding embryo sac divide protrud
- Animal husbandary agricultutal oractitice breeding raising livestock applying
- Management dairy farm animals increasing yield quality milk
- Milk yield depend quality breed farm
- Regular hw ensure hygiene inspection visit vetenary doctor
- Poultry chicken,ducks,turkey geese eg for
- Breed gp animals related similar general appearence features,size
- Organism breeding modification genotype make humans
- Type of breeding a.inbreeding b.ourbreeding
- Process inbreeding superiormale female mated progeny method repeated
- Inbreeding depression continued close reduce fertility productivity
- Breeding unrelated animals out it
- Breeding type crossing,cross interspecific hybridisation
- Offspring crossing cross of our
- Cross breeding method,superior male mated superior female breed
- Cross breeding hisardale sheep developed punjab crossing bikaneri
- Inter specific hybridisation mating male female species
- Moet multiple ovulation embryo transfer technology
- Bees pollinator of sunflower brassica apple pear
- Fisheries industry catching processing selling fish,shellfish aquatic animals(prawn
- Freshwater fishes catla,rohu common carp
- Marine fish hilsa,sardines,mackeral,pomfrets
- Blue revolution development flourishing fishing industries
- Green revolution development flourishing agriculture.it dependent plant breeding
- Desirable genes breeders incorporate crop yield,quality tolerance environmental
- Germplasm collection entire collectionof plants seeds alleles genes
- Evaluation selection parents germplasm evaluated identify plants desirable
- Desirable limitation cross hybridisation time consuming combine character
- Testing release commercialization evaluated yield agronomic traits quality
- Increase wheat production 11m 75m rice35m-89.5m
- High yield disease resistent wheat india sonalika kalyan
- Rice semi dwarf derived ir-8(international research institute taichung
- Millets:hybrid maize jowar bajra resistant water stress
- Plant breeding disease resistance enhances food production helps
- Bacterial disease black rot crucifers
- Disease resistance variety wheat himgiri leaf stripe rust
- Brassica pusa swarnim(karan rai white rust
- Mutational breeding create desirable character found parental type
- Mutational breeding mung bean,resistance yellow mosaic virus powdery
- Transfer resistance genes achieved sexual hybridisation b/w the
- Insect resistance host plants due to morphological biochemical,physiological
- Stem solid wheat lead preference sawfly
- Brassica(rapeseed mustards pusa gaurav aphids
- Flat bean pusa sem2,pusa sem3 jassids,aphids,fruit borer
- Biofortification breeding crop high level nutrients helps improve
- Vegetable crops vitamin minerals released indian agriculture research
- Scp alternate source proteins animal human nutrition microbed
- Spirulina rich protein minerals fats carbohydrate vitamins.it grown
- 250g micro organism methylophilus methylotrophus produce tonnes
- Totipotency ability generate plant cell/explant
- Micropropogation method producing thousands plants short time tissue
- Soma clones plants genetically identical original plant,from grown
- Govt action environment protection act
- Harmful human particulate size pico meter
- Remove particulate electrostatic precipitators device matter present exhaust
- Air act amended when is
- Sources sound pollution music instrument loudspeaker crackers industries
- Control noise pollution sound absorbent material horn free
- Auto fuel laid road map cut vehicular pollution
- Euro iii april bharat stageii met cities iv
- Water law govt body prevention control pollution act
- Make sewage unfit impurities what
- Algal bloom planktonic algae grow excessively due nutrients
- Cons water hyacinth reprduce ecosystem imbalance
- Biomagnification mercuty ddt industrial waste
- Eutrophication natural aging lake by nutrient enrichment
- Prime contaminant eutrophication nitrates phosphates
- Waste water treatment arcata,northern coast california humbolt state
- Waste water treatment sedimentation six connected marshland
- Foam friends arcata marsh of
- Solid waste refer trash everything
- Tree types wastess biodegradable bio recyclable
- Rag pickers kabadiwallahs
- Ewastes irreparable computers electronic goods e wastes buried
- Polyblend ahmed khan who
- Chemical fertilisers eutrophication cause
- Indroduced iof ramesh chandra dagar
- Effect radioactive wastes accidental leakage safe disposal mutation
- Safety radioactive sufficient pre treatment.shielded container,buried rocks 500m
- Thickness ozone measured dobson units
- Uv-b uv absorbed earth mutatio mutation
- Montreal protocol international treaty canada,1987 signed control emission
- Slash burn agriculture jhum cultivation deforestation north eastern
- Cons deforestio loss biodiversity,soil erostion hydrologic cycle disturbs
- Award saving trees amrita devi bishnoi wildlife protection
- Jfm work closely communities with
- Ecology concerned level biological organizations organisms population,communities,biomes
- Variation temp seasons rotation earth tilt axis
- Forms habitat regional local variation
- Stenothermal tolerate narrow range temperature
- Plant depend water productivity distributioin
- Salt inland the of <5
- Eury haline tolerate wide range salinities
- Stenohaline tolerate narrow range salinity
- Soil depend nature climate weathering process sedimentation,method development
- Determine vegetation ph mineral composition topography
- Determine type benthic animals sediment characteristics
- Regulates birds mammals vertebrates invetrebrates
- Conform maintain constant temp 99
- Migrate kiolado national park winter host siberians cold
- Hibernation bears winter during
- Aestivation snails fishes summer of
- Water adaptation kangaroo rats internal fat oxidation byproduct
- Adaptation mammal polar region colder climate shorter ears
- Behavioural adaptation desert lizard bask sun species capable
- Population cormorants wet land rats abondened dwelling teak
- Population rates attributes birth death sex ratio age
- Birth rates refer capita to
- Population size chlamydomonas millions of
- Population large measured relative density is trap
- Population growth depend food availability predation pressure weather
- Natality number births population period
- Immigration number individuals species the habitat
- Growth models a.exponential b.logistic
- R norway rats for 0.015
- R flour beetle for 0.12
- R human population india for
- Logistic growth fittest survive reproduce
- Eqn logistic growth of
- Population growth curve
- Population interaction mutualism competition parasitism predation commensalism amensalism
- Defenses insect frogs camouflaged cryptically cloured avoid detected
- Monarch butterfly highly distasteful predators due special chemical
- Calotropis weed growing abondoned field produce highly poisonous
- Occur interference competition resource abundant presence species feeding
- Age gp expanding stable,declining may
- Linkage present amylose glycosidic bond ▪︎unbranched ▪︎helical
- Gause's competitive exclusion principle states closely related species
- Resource partitioning macarthur warbler species survive trees difference
- Ecto parasites lice humas ticks dogs cuscuta hedge
- Mutualism lichen mycorrhizaeo fungi roots
- Biomes due difference precipitation the
- Pisaster american pacific coast where
- Pigments anthrocyanin carotenoids chlorophyll
- Alkaloids codeine morphine and
- Essential oils lemongrass
- Polymeric substances rubber cellulose gums
- Secondary metabolite synthesized plants bacteria fungi
- Monosaccharides nature reducing are only
- Forms sugar exist the two
- Anomers isomers position h varies carbon
- Galactose dextrose aldose c-4 epimer glucose brain sugar
- Sugar ribose ▪︎2nd abundant glucose ▪︎found rna atp
- Deoxy sugar
- Maltose made glucose monomers what
- Types starch amylose amylopectin two
- Sepia loligo cuttle fish squid
- Alpha glycosidic bond linkage present amylopectin
- Toxins abrin ricin and
- Examples non-coded proteins ▪︎gaba ▪︎ornithine ▪︎citrulline
- Essential amino acid glycine alanine serine gas
- Acid acidic amino aspartic glutamic
- Basic amino acid histidine arginine lysine hal
- Aromatic amino acid ▪︎tyrosine ▪︎phenylalanine ▪︎tryptophan
- Tryptophan forms iaa serotonin what
- Acid ▪︎formation competitive inhibitor fumaric succinic folic paba
- Km inhibitor competitive added increases
- Vmax inhibitor competitive system added decreases attend enzyme
- Dna humans direction base pairs coil b type
- Chitin made n-acetyl glucosamine nag
- Rna abundant body r-rna ribosomal
- Organ cnidaria anchorage defense catching food cnidoblast
- Polyp produce medusa reproduction asexual
- Circulation cnidaria gvc in
- Fertilisation ctenophora external in
- Hooks suckers present parasitic forms phylum platyhelminthes
- Examples phylum ctenophores ctenoplana pleurobranchia
- Platyhelminthes development indirect in is
- Circulation platyhelminthes parenchymal fluid in
- Sexes separate platyhelminthes hermaphrodites are
- Ancylostoma aka hook worms
- Wuchereria aka filarial worm
- Excreation aschelminthes excratory pores h shaped rennet cells
- Ascaris aka round worm
- Segmentation annelida metamerism i)internal septa ii)external annulus
- Locomotion annelida parapodia chittinous settae muscles
- Blood closed circulation,heart vessels found phylum annelida
- Excreation annelida nephridia in
- Neiris aka sand worm
- Pheritima aka earth worm
- Largest animal phylum arthropoda
- Skeleton arthropoda chittinous in
- Cicumpharyngeal ring nerves found aschelminthes
- Ladder nerves found platyhelminthes are
- Nerve net found cnidaria ctenophora
- Arthropods oviparous fertilisation internal are
- Locusts aka
- Limmulus aka king crab
- Body covered calacareous shell phylum mollusca
- Mollusca body divided head visceral hump muscular foot
- Mantle space b/w hump cavity
- File rasping organ mollusca radula
- Pila pinctada apple snail pearl oyester
- Aplysia dentalum sea hare tusk shell
- Cheatopleura chitton
- Symmetric in echinodermata-----larvae billateraly are
- Circulation echinodermata open in
- Sexes separate echinodermata ✓yes are
- Mouth annus located echinodermata ventral. anus dorsal
- Asterias star fish 🌟 🐟
- Echinus sea urchin
- Antedon sea lilly
- Cuccumaria sea cuccumber
- Ophiura brittle star 🌟
- Chordate earlier considered phylum hemi
- Division body hemi chordate anterior proboscis collar trunk
- Respiratory system hemi chordates gills
- Circulation hemi chordates open dorsal heart
- Saccoglossus tounge worm
- Fertilisation hemichordates external is in
- Typical structure chordate of a
- Nervous system ventral solid double chordates
- Post anal tail absent chordates
- Urochordate cephalochordate protochordates and are
- Notochord present larval tail urochordate
- Ascidia doliolum salpa examples urochordate
- Jawless vertebrate pteromyzon lamprey
- Cranium vertebral columns cartelaginous cyclostomata
- Scoliodon dog fish 🐕 🐟
- Pristis fish saw 🐟
- Carcodon great white shark 🦈
- Trygon sting ray
- Torpedo electric ray
- Exocoetus flying fish
- Body divided amphibians head trunk
- Eyelid amphibians nictating membrane in
- Bufo toad
- Rana frog 🐸
- Hyla tree frog 🌲 🐸
- Salamandra salamander
- Icthyophis limbless amphibian
- Tympanum represents ear reptiles amphibians
- Chelone turtle 🐢
- Chameleone tree lizard 🌲 🦎
- Calotes garden lizard 🦎
- Aligator
- Hemidactylus wall lizard 🦎
- Naja cobra
- Vipera viper
- Fully ossified long bones hollow air cavities(pneumatic found
- Corvus crow
- Columba peigion
- Psittacula parrot 🦜
- Struthio ostritch
- Aptenodytes penguin 🐧
- Skin posesses hair teeth heterodontous mammalia
- Glands sebaceous sweat present mammalia
- Viviparous platypus echinda mammalia mostly
- Ornythorynchus platypus
- Pteropus flying fox 🦊
- Camelus camel 🐪
- Rattus rat 🐀
- Cannis dog 🐕
- Felis cat 🐈
- Eqqus horse 🐎
- Delphinus dolphin 🐬
- Internal fertilization viviparous condrichthyes and
- External fertilisation indirect developement oviparous amphibia
- Plants divided classes algae gymnosperms angiosperms pteridophytes bryophytes
- Vascular mechanical tissues present algaes
- Unicellular algae chlamydomonas
- Colonial algae volvox
- Large brown algae aka kelps
- Algae asexual reproduction spore formation esp zoospores
- Gamate similar size structure isogamous
- Structure size gametes fuse process oogamous
- Examples flagellated isogamous ulothrix for
- Examples anisogamous udorina for
- Examples oogamous volvox fucus for
- Half nitrogen fixation earth algae
- Primary producers ocean algae of
- Algae hydrocolloid substances produced red carageen brown algin
- Algae food space travellers chlorella spirulina
- Scientific green algae chlorophyceae name
- Food stored chlorophyceae starch is
- Discoid reticulate ribbon cup shaped diverse shapes chloroplast
- Flagella position number insertion chlorophyceae equal size apical
- Sexual reproduction chlorophyceae isogamous anisogamous oogamous
- Organization cellwall chlorophyceae outer pectose cellulose
- Water habitat chlorophyceae freshwater marine brackish
- Phaecophyceae aka brown algae
- Water habitat phaecophyceae marine fresh brackish
- Branched filamentous phaecophyceae ectocarpus is
- Chlorophyll pigments present phaecophyceae c fucoxanthin
- Food stored complex carbohydrates phaecophyceae mannitol laminarin
- Plant body attached substratum special root structures phaecophyceae
- Stem structures present body phaecophyceae aka stipe
- Vegetative reproduction phaecophyceae fragmentation in
- Asexual reproduction phaecophyceae zoospores bi flagellated
- Sexual reproduction phaecophyceae fusion gametes isogamous anisogamous oogamous
- Shape flagella sexually reproducing species phaecophyceae no.of pyriform
- Examples phaecophyceae ectocarpus dictyota sargassum lamminaria fucus
- Structure stipe frond holdfast of
- Sole members kingdom monera bacteria
- Types archaebacteria halophiles thermoacidophiles methanogens
- Types eubacteria photo-autotrophes chemo-autotrophes heterotrophes
- Archaebacteria living hot springs strong acids thermoacidophiles
- Archaebacteria present marshy areas aka methanogens
- Eubateria aka true bacteria
- Main members eubateria photo auto trophes cynobacteria blue
- Colonies phototrophic eubateria surrounded mucilagenous sheath
- Specialised cells fixing n2 organisims anabaena nostoc heterocyst
- Produce chemotrophes energy atp oxidising inorganic substances nitrates
- Abundant bacterias nature important decomposers heterotrophs(eubacteria
- Making curd lacto bacillus of
- Nitrogen fixation legumes rhizobium in
- Leprosy mycobacterium leprae
- Vegetative reproduction bacterias binary fission
- Type organisims grouped protists single celled eukaryotes
- Rhodophyceae aka red algae is
- Chlorophyll major pigments present rhodophyceae d phycoerithrin
- Food stored rhodophyceae floridean starch
- Flagella rhodophyceae absent in
- Water habitat rhodophyceae marine fresh brackish
- Bodily complexicity phaecophyceae multicellular of
- Vegetative reproduction rhodophyceae fragmentation in
- Asexual reproduction rhodophyceae motile spores
- Examples rhodophyceae polysiphiona gracillaria gellidium porphyra
- Main characters differentiation plants kingdoms
- Habitat mosses moist shady areas
- Organisims play major role plant succession bare rocks
- Bryophytes posseses root stem leaf structures real leaves,stems,or
- Bryophytes gamate producing plant body gametophyte
- Sex organs multicellular bryophytes male antheridium
- Gametes produced antheridium antherozoids posses flagella yes.they biflagellated
- Antherozoids fertiliztion ocour bryophytes released water egg inside
- Sporophyte bryophytes)are free living attached photosynthetic body derives
- Bryophytes spahgnum fuel peat packing material trans-shippment living
- Main environmental bryophytes prevent soil erosion large extent
- Bryophytes classified mosses liverworts are
- Habitat members kingdom protista primarily aquatic
- Cilia present protists absent some
- Members protistic group chrysophytes diatoms desmids(golden algae
- Desmids aka golden algae are
- Motility chrysophytes planktons of
- Structure diatom add image pg
- Diatoms leave large amount cellwall habitat.this refered for
- Members group dinoflagellates gonyolax noctiluca
- Nutrition dinoflagellates photosynthetic in
- Cellwall dinoflagellates made outer part consits cellulose stiff
- Red dinoflagellates aka gonyaulax
- Blue dinoflagellates aka noctiluca
- Members group euglenoids euglena of
- Water habitat euglenoids fresh stagnant
- Nutrition euglenoids mixotrophes of
- Pigments euglenoids similar higher plants
- Motility euglenoids flagella long short
- Type nutrition slime moulds saprophytic
- Habitat slime moulds decaying leaves twigs
- Slime moulds eat engulf organic material
- Fruiting bodies slime moulds bear tips structures true
- Slime moulds physalium polysephalum an
- Zoospores aplanospores are endogeneously produced sporangium phycomycetes
- Protozoans classified types amoeboid flagellated cilaed sporozoans
- Mode nutrition protozoans heterotrophs of
- Protozoans primitive relatives animals are
- Locomotion amoeboid protozoans pseudopodia of
- Marine forms protozoans shells silica present amoeboid
- Locomotion flagellated protozoans flagella of
- Protozoans actively moving group ciliated
- Locomotion ciliated protozoans cilia of
- Examples ciliated protozoans paramoecium of
- Diverse organisims infectious spore stage life cycle sporozoans
- Examples sporozoans plasmodium malarial parasite
- Liverwort thalloid structure marchantia example
- Thallus a is dorsiventral closely appresed substrarum liverworts
- Mature detatched plant body germinate form individuals.[bryophytes liverworts
- Sexual reproduction liverworts male female sex organs ar
- Differentiated the foot setae and capsule liverworts sporophytes
- Life cycle gametophyte mosses divided protonema leafy stage
- Protonema developes directly spore from
- Stage second protonema lateral buds] developes gametophytic lifecycle
- Protonema ika latera buds second
- Leafy stage moss attatched substratum unicellular multicellular rhizoids
- Sporophytes elaborate liverworts mosses liverworts mosses
- Examples mosses funaria polutrichum sphagnum
- Pteridophytes aka vascular crytogams
- Vascular crytogams means tissue present cryptogam dont seed
- Terrestrial plants posses vascular tissues xylem phloem pteridophytes
- Habitat pteridophytes cool damp shady places
- Main plant body ptridophytes sporophyte
- Groups defined vascular tissues ptridophytes
- Leaf appendages present pteridophytes sporophyll
- Sporophytes bear sporangia present leaves pteridophytes sporpphylls
- Sporangia bearing leaves sporophylls are
- Sporangia produce spores mother cells meiosis
- Inconspicuous recogonisable easily],small,multicellular,freeliving,mostly photosynthetic,thalloid gamrtophytes called prothallus
- Spores germinate pteridophytes form inconspuicuous freeliving photosynthetic thalloid
- Water needed fertilistion pteridophytes is
- Sex organ male female male-----------antheridia archegonia
- Pteridophytes malle gametes released reach mouth arcegonium
- Fusion male female gammetes resultsin formation zygote
- Spores large small heterosporous pteridophytes male female female
- Zygospores formed fusion gametes are
- Cells fungi fusion haploid immediately results diploid 2n
- Pteridophytes divided main groups psilopsida lycopsida sphenopsida pteropsida
- Examples psilopsida psilotum of
- Examples lycopsida selanginella lycopodium for
- Gymnospermas naked seeded plants are
- Plant species doesnt fruit flower gymnosperms
- Gymnosperms divided types cycodopsida cornifrropsida gnetopsia
- Examples cycodopsida cycas of
- Corniferopsida examples pinus.cedra
- Nutrition fungi heterotrphes of
- Fungi make antibiotics streptomycine made streptococus
- Fungi occour air water soil plants animals cosmapolitans
- Habitat fungi warm humid places
- Network hyphae fungi aka mycelium
- Hyphae fungi multinucleated cytoplasm called coenocytic
- Cell walls fungi composed chittin polysccharides
- Fungi depends living plants animals called parsites
- Examples symbiointic fungi relationship lichens
- Fungi association higher plants mycorhizza
- Asexual reproduction type spores fungi spores called conidia
- Spores produced distinct structures called fungi fruiting bodies
- Fusion protoplasms motile non-motile gametes called plasmogamy
- Fusion nuclei called karyogamy of
- Meiosis zygote resulting spores.[fungus haploid
- Common examples phycomycetes mucor rhizopus,albugo
- Mucor
- Rhizopus bread mould
- Albugo parasitic fungi mustard on
- Coprophilous growing dung on
- Ascomycetes saprophytic decomposers parasitic coprophilous growing dung
- Mycelium branched septate ascomycetes is
- Conidia germination produce mycelium ascomycetes
- Asci arranged types fruiting bodies called ascocarps
- Examples ascomycetes are aspergillus claviceps neurospora morels buffles
- Neurospora extensively biochemical genetic work
- Commonly forms basidiomycetes mushrooms bracket fungi puffballs
- Parsites basidiomycetes are rusts smuts in
- Mycelium branched septate basidiomycetes the
- Sex organs absent basidiomycetes the
- Dikaryotic phase kingdom fungi] parental nuclei inside dikaryon
- Fungi form fruiting bodies in reduction division occurs leading
- Fungi form fruiting bodies spores formed
- Members phycomycetes found aquatic habitats decaying wood moist
- Members phycomycetes found obligate parasites plants
- Karyogamy meiosis place basidium producing four basidiospores.(basidiomycetes,fungi
- Basidiospores exogenously produced basidium.[basidiomycetes fungi
- Fungi deuteromycetes commonly imperfect asexual vegetative phases
- Deuteromycetes reproduce asexual spores conidia
- Mycelium septate branched deyteromycetes the
- Examples deutermycetes are alternaria colletotrichum trichoderma
- Deuteromycetes are saprophytes paresites in
- Gymnosperms naked seeded plants are
- Gymnosperms plants ovules enclosed ovary wall remain exposed
- Tree gymnosperms giant redwood sequoia tallest species
- Roots genera fungal association form mycorrhiza pinus
- Coralloid roots n2 fixing cyanobacteria nostoc anabaena
- Stems unbranched cycas the are
- Leaves simple compound gymnosperms the
- Leaves gymnosperms well-adapted withstand extremes temperature humidity wind
- Gymnosperms heterosporous produce haploid microspores megaspores
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- Microspores develop male gametophytic generation gymnosperms highly reduced
- Reduced male gametophyte gymnosperms called pollen grain
- Cones bearing megasporophylls ovules megasporangia called macrosporangiate male
- Male female cones strobili borne tree pinus
- Megaspore mother cell differentiated formed nucellus
- Nucellus protected envelopes composite structure called ovule
- Gymnosperms multicellular female gametophyte retained megasporangium retain
- Unlike bryophytes pteridophytes gymnosperms male female gametophytes independent
- Pollen grain released microsporangium carried air currents contact
- Fertilisation zygote develops embryo ovules seeds covered
- Angiosperms seeds enclosed fruits in
- Angiosperm smallest wolfia largest eucalyptus
- Divided classes dicotyledons monocotyledons the
- Monocolyledons cotyledon seeds have only
- Stamen consists slender filament anther tip
- Inside anther after meiosis produce pollen grains
- Female sex organs flower pistil carpel
- Kingdom plantae includes eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms
- Polar nuclei eventually fuse produce diploid secondary nucleus
- Pollen grain dispersal anthers carried wind agencies stigma
- Pollen stigma grains germinate resulting tubes grow tissues
- Male gametes fuses egg cell form zygote.this type
- Involvement fusions event termed double fertilisation
- Double fertilisation event unique angiosperms
- Zygote develops embryo cotyledons the
- Synergids antipodals degenerate fertilisation the
- Develop events ovules seeds ovaries fruit
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- Cuscuta parasite kingdom plantae is
- Plantae includes algae bryophytes pteridophytes gymnosperms angiosperms
- Lengths haploid diploid phases free living dependent vary
- Food animals digest internal cavity store reserves glycogen
- Animals mode nutrition holozoic ingestion food
- Animals capable locomotion of most
- Kingdom classification whittaker mention acellular organisms viruses viroids
- Viruses living understand organisms cell structure
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- Cell infect machinery host replicate themselves, killing
- Virus means venom poisonous fluid pasteur
- Plants m.w.beijerinek demonstrated extract infected tobacco infection healthy
- W.m stanley showed viruses crystallised crystals consist largely
- Virus rna dna no contains
- Bacterial viruses bacteriophages infect bacteria double stranded dna
- Called protein coat capsid made small subunits capsomeres
- Viruses diseases mumps small pox herpes influenza,aids
- Viroids t.o. diener discovered infectious agent smaller viruses caused
- Viroids found free rna were
- Digestion intracellular members phylum porifera
- Viroids lacked protein coat found viruses
- lichens symbiotic associations between algae fungi
- Fungi algae prepare food provide shelter absorb mineral
- Lichens good pollution indicators grow polluted areas
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- Balanoglossus hemichordates is an example
- Trichoderma polysporum produces cyclosporin produced
- Detergent formulations lipases contain
- Major component waste water human excreta
- Effluent passed give process biological treatment sewage primary
- Bod test measures rate uptake oxygen microbes sample
- Flocs meshes bacteria fungal filaments
- Lichen cover earth's land 8
- Endospores found reproductive clostridium bacillus bacteria
- Pollen grain seed wing shaped pinus
- Chondrichthyes exclusively marine are no
- Bod refers amount oxygen required completely oxidise organic
- Type biogas depends microbes organic substrate
- Methanogens grow anaerobically cellulose on
- Bt spores sprayed brassicas fruit trees
- Trichoderma free living fungi common root ecosystems
- Main sources biofertilizers bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria
- Cyanobacteria biofertilizers replenish soil fertility reduce dependance chemical
- Members genus glomus form mycorrhiza
- Rays secondary medullary derived cambium
- Cyanobacteria increase soil fertility increasing organic matter
- Cells present lemticellular opening complementary
- Oothecae produced secretions collaterial gland
- Phallomeres present male female cockroaches
- State life span butterfly weeks
- State lifespan crow years the
- State lifespan crocodile years the
- State lifespan parrot years the
- Term clone describe similar morphologically genetically individuals
- Prerequisite external fertilization great synchronity sexes release gametes
- Φ174 nucleotides has 5386
- Bacteriophage lambda bp has 48502
- Escherichia coli bp has 4.6
- Francis crick gave central dogma molecular biology
- Transcription unit defined presence promoter structural gene terminator
- Caenorhabditis elegans free living pathogenic nematode
- Human genome consists million bp
- Dystrophin largest gene million basis
- Monocot reticulate venation smilax colocasia allocasia
- Dna fingerprinting developed alex jeffrey's
- Vntrs mini satellites are
- Size vntrs kilo base pairs
- Corona electrodes maintained thousand volts
- Thirty antigens about are known
- Velocity air plates low dust fall
- Delhi ranked 4th polluted cities world
- Ppm euro iii sulphur diesel petrol
- Goal reduce sulphur ppm bring hydrocarbons
- Percentage carbon dioxide greenhouse gases
- Percentage methane greenhouse gases what
- Percentage greenhouse gases nitrous oxide
- Ozone hole late august early october
- Temperature pollen grains stored 196°c liquid n2
- Pollination water rare limited monocotyledonous genera
- Long ribbon pollen grains found seagrasses
- Zostera seagrasses is an example
- Plants epihydrophytes vallisneria which are
- Plants hypo hydrophytes seagrasses zostera
- Tallest flower world amorphophallus the
- Endosperm common type free nuclear
- Seeds perisperm found black pepper beet castor extra
- Seeds form basis agriculture the
- Dehydration dormancy seeds crucial storage
- Lupinus arcticus years is 10,000
- Give examples hypogynous flowers mustard hibiscus brinjal
- Family endospermous potato lily the
- Type fruits present potato family berries capsules seeds
- Spermatogenesis start puberty release gonadotropin releasing hormone
- Relaxin secreted ovaries extra placenta
- State world population billion people
- State world population year billion people
- State world population year billion people
- India's population million people what
- India's population billion people what
- Progestasert iud is what it
- Administration pills hours coitus found effective contraceptive
- Medical termination pregnancy performed year world million
- Regulation gene expression eukaryotes level
- Number gills cyclostomata of in
- Factors affect plant growth gravity light water
- Examples sucker banana pineapple chrysanthemum
- Tracheids chisel ends have like
- Plasma straw coloured viscous fluid
- Plasma forms blood 55 of
- Blood constitutes body weight about
- Humans litres blood have about
- Life span rbc days the
- Humans grams hemoglobin hundred ml blood
- Lifespan wbc days the of
- Basophils s shaped nucleus have
- Heart rate controlled vagus nerve
- Clotting factors humans there are
- Thrombokinase produced cascade process is
- Lymph duct thoracic left the
- Heart mesodermally derived the is
- Special cardiac musculature called nodal tissue distributed heart
- Normal heartbeat times minute average
- Cardiac cycle begins joint diastole
- Stroke volume human heart ml blood
- Tunica consists fibres externa collagen media elastic
- Blood pressure individual higher shows hypertension
- Coronary artery disease referred atherosclerosis
- Angina symptom appears oxygen reaching heart muscles
- Cardiac arrest heart suddenly stops beating
- Heart myocardial infarction attack sudden injury muscle caused
- Ammonia toxic form nitrogenous waste
- Ammonia requires large amount water elimination
- Sort excretion ureotellism mammals terrestrial amphibians marine fish
- Sort excretion uricotelism reptiles birds snails insects
- Excretory structures amphioxus flame cells protonephridia
- Function protonephridia osmoregulation what is
- Function nephridia excretion osmoregulation what
- Function malpighian tubules removal nitrogenous wastes osmoregulation
- Kidneys present levels thoracic lumbar vertebra
- Function hilum opening ureters blood vessels nerves enter
- Outer layer kidney tough capsule
- Kidney million nephrons each has
- Nephron parts glomerulus renal tubule
- Henley's loop hair pin shaped
- Glomerular filtration rate ml minute litres day
- Percent glomerular filtrate reabsorbed what
- Urine volume produced day litres
- Ascending limb henle's loop transport electrolytes actively passively
- Conditional reabsorption sodium water takes place dct
- Small segment collecting duct passage amounts urea medullary
- Gradient cortex medula caused urea sodium chloride
- Hormonal feedback mechanism kidney involve hypothalamus jga cells
- Antidiuretic hormone constrictive effect blood vessels
- Jg cells secrete renin
- Angiotensin converting enzyme secreted lungs converts
- Thymus present dorsal heart mediastenum
- Atrial natriuretic factor potent vasodilator
- Micturation neural mechanism causing called reflex
- Average grams urea excreted day
- Sweat excretory products sodium chloride urea lactic acid
- Accumulation urea blood called uremia
- Uremia highly harmful lead kidney failure
- Uremic patients artificial kidney process hemodialysis
- Cleared blood dialysing unit pumped back vein adding
- Renal calculi stones insoluble masses crystallized oxalates formed
- Organisms streaming protoplasm unicellular amoeba show type motion
- Paramecium cytopharynx gullet the of
- Hydra tentacles catching prey locomotion
- Cells human body exhibit amoeboid movements macrophages leukocytes
- Ciliary movement occurred internal tubular organs
- Locomotion require required perfectly coordinated activities muscular skeletal
- Cilia flagella outgrowth cell membrane
- Types muscles exist based location skeletal visceral cardiac
- Cardiac muscle cells assemble branching pattern form
- Fascicle held common collagenous connective tissue called fascia
- Muscle bundle fascicle number fibres
- Cytoplasm muscle called sarcoplasm the
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum muscle fibre storehouse calcium ions
- Filaments actin thin compared myosin
- Filaments central part thick overlapped thin called h
- Meromyosin consists important parts globular head short arm
- Muscles aerobic alternative called red due high amount
- Human skeletal system made bones
- Human axial skeletal system comprises bones
- Composed bones skull sets cranial facial
- Skull total bones the has
- Total facial bones of 14
- Vertebral column comprises vertebrae bones
- Number cervical vertebrae mammals the
- Ribs called bicephalic articulations surfaces dorsal end
- Ribs false vertebrochondral connected sternum hyaline cartilage
- Acromion process present scapula the
- Glenoid cavity present scapula acromion
- Clavicle curvatures has two
- Commonly collarbone clavicle it is
- Joints fibrous types skull bones
- Joint type present carpal metacarpal thumb saddle
- Myasthenia gravis autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction
- Muscular dystrophy progressive degeneration skeletal muscles due genetic
- Globular head meromyosin active atpase
- Neurotransmitter acetylcholine generates action potential sarcolemma
- Generation action potential release calcium ions
- Releasing adp myosin back relaxed state
- Osteoporosis caused decreased levels oestrogen
- Million tonnes year wheat production increased
- Acetylcholine reduces heart rate explanation vagus nerve secrete
- Photosynthates refers food synthesized leaf
- Active transport supplements cytoplasmic streaming
- Substances transported plants water minerals organic nutrients growth
- Transport xylem essentially unidirectional roots stem
- Exchange place state true false materials xylem phloem
- Active facilitated transport sensitive inhibitors react protein side
- Porins proteins are
- Porins large pores outer membranes plastids mitochondria bacteria
- Water channels made types aquaporins
- Watermelon water a has over
- Herbs water have 85 to
- Corn plant transpires litres day
- Solute potential negative is always
- Osmotic pressure positive potential negative
- Osmotic pressure function solute concentration
- Plasmolysis water lost cytoplasm vacuole
- Imbibition special type diffusion water absorbed colloids
- Speed diffusion molecules plants micrometre
- Water absorbed minerals root hairs purely diffusion
- Pressure root positive is a
- Transpirational forces create pressure sufficient lift water metres
- Phloem sap alkaline is
- Development sum processes growth differentiation
- Growth development differentiation plants open form
- Growth cellular level increase amount protoplasm
- Single maize apical root meristem give rise cells
- Watermelon cell increase size x
- Phase growth divided meristematic elongation maturation
- Phase attain size cell maturation maximal terms wall
- Relative growth rate referred efficiency index
- Growth plants indeterminate determinate in
- Give examples environmental heterophylly buttercup
- Site perception photoperiodism leaves the
- Site perception vernalization stimulus shoot tip
- Examples plants varieties wheat barley rye
- Plants biennial monocarpic flower die season
- Actual product beekeeping beeswax the
- Anterior edge sensory portion retina ora serrata
- Single posterior petal forms keel
- Cockroaches ootheca formed secretion collaterial gland
- Auxins isolated fw tips coleoptiles oat seedlings
- Auxins tryptophan derivative are a
- Synthetic auxins naphthalene acetic acid 4-d 5t
- Gibberellins increase sugarcane yield tons acre
- Gibberellins reported isolated kurosawa yabuto sumiki
- Types gibberellins existence hundred how
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