Microbiology 101 → Step 1 USMLE

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• Oral drugs treat moderate severe  candidiasis fluconazole
• Common side effect isoniazid peripheral neuropathy
• Common side effect pyrazinamide tb hepatotoxicity
• Oral candidiasis doc nystatin →
• Oral treatment prevent thrush patients taking corticosteroids fluoride
• Drugs systemic mycoses common side effect amphotericin b 
• Drug inhibits fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase primarily treat
• Antifungal treat topical fungal infections hair skin?  griseofulvin
• Common ocular side effects ethambutol tb treatment loss
• Common side effects streptomycin tb treatment tinnitus ataxia
• Apical tuberculosis reside lobe tb involvement lung due
• Mycobacterial symptoms disseminated infection?  fever diaphoresis lymphadenopathy pneumonia
• Visualized cryptococcal common include organism c neoformans india
• Meningitis cryptococcal fungal lung c.neoformans diseases caused immunocompromised
• 3) causes fungal pneumonia immunocompromised patients blastomyces coccidioides histoplasma
• Induration mechanism ppd test results reaction previously sensitized
• Type hypersensitivity erythema nodosum contact dermatitis hashimoto thyroiditis
• Paromomycin amebiasis → use
• Oral candidiasis treatment nystatin →
• Diaper rash treatment nystatin →
• Systemic mycoses treatment flucytosine →
• Primary means developing septic shock gram organisms lipopolysaccharide
• Strawberry tongue diseases scarlet fever kawasaki's
• Drugs block pyridoxine b isoniazid antimycobacterial cyclosporine immunosuppressant
• Acid-fast organism stains pink rods::histological feature
• Macrophages alveolar phagocytose mycobacteria virulence factors as  cord
• Normal flora skin s epidermidis
• Normal flora nose s.aureus of
• Normal flora oropharynx is  s.mutans bug
• Bug normal flora vagina lactobacilli e.coli
• Gram  cocci organisms include staphylococci::bug streptococci::bug
• Bacterial ribosomes 70s 50s 30s subunits
• Eukaryotic ribosomes 80s 60s 40s subunits
• Main component fungi cell membranes ergosterol
• Main component parasite cell membranes cholesterol
• Signs septic shock fever tachycardia hypotension altered mental
• Part gram bacterial wall contributes sepsis lipopolysaccaharide
• List lps components o antigen core lipid found
• Lipoteichoic acid present gram cell induces cytokines tnf-α
• Spores composed dipicolinic acid found gram organisms
• List zoonotic organisms  bartonella brucella francisella pasteurella ella
• Acid fast stain m.tuberculosis stained mycolic cell wall
• T pallidum  is shape spiral methods visualize bug? 
• Catalase staphylocci streptococci are +) 
• Acid fast ziehl-neelsen stain carbol fuschin detects organism
• Disease hib vaccine prevents diseases?  epiglottitis meningitis pneumonia
• H influenza grows chocolate agar::medium
• M tuberculosis  can cultured lowenstein-jensen medium::culture agar
• Lactose-fermenting enterics grow macconkey's agar helpful mnemonic form
• Fungi grow agar sarboraud's on
• Features tetanus include:  trismus sardonic smile opisthotonos
• Identify structures histology councilman bodies acute hepatitis::disease ast>alt
• Organism osteomyelitis sickle cell patients salmonella bug
• Weeks bug n.meningitidis surgery years asplenics vaccinated organisms
• A.israelii yellow sulfur pigment granules histology
• S aureus yellowish-gold::pigment granules histology
• P aeruginosa shows blue-green color pigments histology pyoverdine
• S.marcescans shows red color pigment histology
• Bug biofilm sticky substance made polysaccharides sugars proteins
• Ventilator-associated pneumonia vap contact lens keratosis caused biofilm
• Organisms staphylococci catalase  all  streptococci catalase
• Viruses causing cancer dna except  hcv virus
• Bug spore forming inhibit snare responsible release neurotransmitter
• Coagulase staphylococci gram catalase species include s.aureus s.epidermidis
• Bug γ-hemolytic organisms   e.fecalis s.bovis s.epidermidis s.saprophyticus
• Bug α-hemolytic bugs  s.pneumoniae viridans streptococci greenish brown
• Disease poisoning c.perfringens conditions gas gangrene food late
• C.septicum septic shock causes
• Drug mrsa treated vancomycin ceftaroline daptomycin linezolid tigecycline
• Sign staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome shows nilosky dermatology
• Bile solubility s.pneumonia soluble viridans streptococci  is insoluble
• S.mutans bug dental caries disease s.sanguis subacute bacterial
• Factor virulence in  s.pyogenes m
• Infection vancomycin resistant enterococci vre drugs nosocomial dalfopristin
• Pulmonary anthax shows mediastinal widening::finding cxr
• Streptolysin  is a streptococcal hemolytic exotoxin made streptococci including group
• C.botulinum inhibits ach neurotransmitter botulism disease adults preformed
• Symptom d's of  botulism  symptomatology dysarthria dysphagia diplopia
• Toxin c.difficile produces treatment enterotoxin diarrhea c1 b
• Meningitis mcc neonates immunocompromised aids cancer renal transplant
• Symptoms fever weight loss night sweats hemotpysis suggestive
• Ppd induration reference range healthy individuals 15mm healthcare
• Immuncompromised aids patients cd4 count x<50 cells/mm susceptible disseminated
• List symptoms gonorrhea abdominal pain urethritis cervicitis purulent
• Bacterial s.aureus swollen knee swelling mcc non-gonococcal septic
• Optochin sensitive resistant bacitracin growth streptococci organisms catalase
• Hepatitis naked viruses  hav hev enveloped viruses hbv
• Headache fever chills nuchal rigidity symptoms signs condition
• Mcc folliculitis s.aureus bug of
• Mcc of  watery diarrhea aids patients cryptosporidium organism 
• Cftr cystic fibrosis  is present chromosome gene defect
• Salmonella shigella invade gi tract cells m peyer's
• Hektoen agar shigella salmonella culture enteric hydrogen sulfide
• Diarrhea y.enterocolitica bloody kids x<5 years classic presentation 
• Y.enterocolitica  causes manifestations kids x>5 years acute diarrhea
• Treponema visualized dark field microscopy
• Disease leptospira interrogans comma shaped spirochete flu symptoms
• Stage finding characteristic lyme disease erythema migans  bulls-eye
• Stain india ink fungi cyptococcus neoformans bug organism
• Chlamydophila psittaci transmitted parrots disease atypical pneumonia
• Cellulitis lymphadenitis pasteurella multocida due dog bites bacterial
• I e ec toxin nvasive bloody diarrhea similar
• Congo red  is stain for  amyloidosis disease  and
• Tb diseases bugs m.tuberculosis m.avium-intracellulare disseminated non-tb m.marinum
• Hepatitis inactivated using  water chlorination bleach boiling 
• Disease legionnaire's  will manifest triad atypical pneumonia diarrhea
• Examples fungi include  mold yeast mushrooms
• Spores spherules identify important types fungal conidia airborne
• Aspergillus b1 species produce aflatoxins cancer aflatoxtin hcc
• Administration fluconazole drug amphotericin b flucytosine combination patients
• Hyphae angle aspergillus  septate mucor rhizopus  nonseptate
• Active stage parasite absorbing nutrients called trophozoite
• Dormant form parasite withstand extreme temperatures called cyst
• Cryptosporidium watery diarrhea treated nitazoxanide drug
• Congenital toxoplasmosis triad chorioretinitis hydrocephalus intracranial calcifications
• Aids patients toxoplasma parasite leading focal cns disease
• T.brucei parasite trypanosoma brucei subspecies include rhodesiense gambiense
• African sleeping sickness transmitted tsetse fly
• Dormant form p.vivax p.ovale called  hypnozoite present liver
• Disease p.falciparum lodged brain kidney cerebral malaria black
• Merozoites p.vivax p.ovale develop trophozoites schizonts
• Surface cells plasmodium intraerythrocytic parasite  which lacks marker
• Common symptom e.vermicularis infection anal pruritis
• Visceral larva migrans nematode toxocara canis source manifestations
• Treated flatworms cestodes trematodes  are praziquantal drug echinococcus
• Trematode fluke fasciola hepatica sheep liver fasciolopsis buski
• Malassezia furfur tinea versicolor disease hypopigmented hyperpigmented lesions
• Tinea capitis caused microsporum canis fungi
• Rna viruses single stranded reovirus virus
• Fungi tinea cruris caused epidermophyton floccosum trichophyton rubrum
• Adrenal finding waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome  characterized gland failure findings? 
• Viral capsids protection nucleic acid isosahedral helical shape
• Enveloped viruses obtain envelopes plasma memberane host  exit
• Viruses stranded virus dna double dsdna parvovirus all 
• R methods employed viruses exact genetic diveristy recombination
• Vaccines mount strong weak response live attenuated stronger
• Shingles due secondary infection reactivation vzv virus
• Non-purulent conjunctivitis adenovirus purulent pink eye
• Disease parvovirus  is causative agent kids erythema infectiosum
• Disease hpv carcinoma serotypes x>15 cervical cancer anal
• Virus segmented rna viruses include b unyavirus o
• Virus reovirus family includes viruses coltivirus rotavirus
• Virus picornavirus family includes viruse p oliovirus e
• Important retroviruses include hiv htlv
• Coronaviruses  causes diseases common cold sars mers
• Coronavirus respiratory syndrome positive sense rna viruses i
• Hand foot mouth disease characterized symptoms fever sore
• Rhinovirus picornaviruses enteroviruses  and transmitted feco-oral route virus
• Kids vaccinated rotavirus history scid c1 intussusception
• Bodies inclusion organisms rabies negri vzv hsv yellow
• Presence hbeag high|low  in patient's serum high transmissibility
• Host cell components env gene in  hiv gp120
• E.coli antigens diseases fimbria cystitis pyelonephritis k capsule
• Patients p.aeruginosa pneumonia immunocompromised burn cystic fibrosis
• Spectrum generation broad narrow cephalosporins st spectrum 
• Drug st generation cephalosporins cefazolin cephalexin
• Drug  generation  cephalosporins cefaclor cefoxitin cefuroxime cefotetan
• Drug  generation  cephalosporins ceftriaxone cefotaxime cefpodoxime ceftazidime
• Aminoglycosides require o  so anaerobes synergistically penicillins
• Drug tetracyclines  drugs include doxycycline minocycline primary mechanism
• Clindamycin drug effective treating anaerobic infx diaphragm metronidazole
• Components 50s subunit prokaryotic ribosome 23s 5s
• Drug inhibit dihydropteroate synthase enzyme folic acid sythesis
• Treatment leischmaniasis stibogluconate drug points intracellular sandfly amastigote
• Nematode ivermectin doc strongyloides stercoralis onchocerca volvulus r
• Drug guanosine analogs treat hsv-1 hsv-2 vzv acyclovir
• Tegra vir inhibitor integrase genome bic dolu elvi
• Mcc uncomplicated uti young women  e.coli bug urinary frequency
• Drug for  n.meningitidis  prophylaxis r ifampin
• Disease chlamydia trachomatis  may conjunctivitis pneumonia neonates
• Disease n.gonorrhoeae  causes urethritis cervicitis pelvic inflammatory
• Disease lecithinase c.perfringens obligate anaerobic rod produces α-toxin
• Growth organism nacl differentiating enterococcus bug
• Coagulase test differentiates members genus staphylococcus bugs
• Differentiation staphylococcus streptococcus catalase test
• Virus rubella togavirus measles mumps paramyxovirus
• Trypanosomiasis transmitted vector african sleeping sickness tsetse fly
• Ppsv23 pcv13 vaccine induces robust immune response years
• Organisms respiratory tract infections generally aerobic anaerobic seldom
• Shigella invasive  gram non-lactose fermenter produce hydrogen sulfide
• Inhibits enzyme trimethoprim tmp dihydrofolate reductase sulfamethoxazole smx
• Pharyngitis impetigo disease group streptococci (gas infection result post-infectious
• Finding disease git t.brucei african sleeping sickness recurring
• Organism bug prosthetic catalase coagulase novobiocin-sensitive staphylococcus epidermidis
• S.agalactiae bug group b strep  catalase ß-hemolytic bacitracin-resistant
• Patient presenting classic symptoms  fever sore throat anterior
• Inflammation show type cellular organisms bacillary angiomatosis neutrophilic
• Toxoplasmosis sulfadiazine pyrimethamine treatment disease brain abscesses immunocompromised
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• Hcv antiviral ribavirin →
• Rsv antiviral ribavirin →
• Capsule vaccines made structure function  bacterial polysaccharides anti-phagocytic 
• Identify process taking place diagram bacterial transformation  uptake
• Tb active latent → treatment person infected with  m.tuberculosis 
• Release vomiting cytokines s.aureus git manifestation mechanism rapid
• Oral hiv patient organisms cd count  cells candida
• Virus hiv patient cd count  cells jc polyoma
• Mcc diarrhea aids cryptosporidium parvum partially acid-fast
• E naked h hav enveloped virus needed envelope
• P vivax  ovale  treatment primaquine dormant hypnozoite forms
• Toxin bacterial genes encoded lysogenic phage  abcde strep
• Malaria primaquine p.vivax p.ovale  relapse due hypnozoite reactivation
• Found p.vivax p.ovale dormant hypnozoites form  are malaria
• Mcc childhood diseases otitis media sinusitis bacterial conjunctivitis
• Important  hib vaccine  typeable non-typeable strains typeable  strains
• Amphotericin b moa side effects systemic mycoses histoplasmosis
• Protein benefit conjugating polysaccharide capsule ag conjugate diphtheria
• N.meningitidis  drugs  used chemoprophylaxis rifampin  meningococcal prophylaxis penetrating
• Macconkey gram organisms agar growth agar  work isolate
• Common complication of  vzv infection post-herpetic neuralgia  localized
• Hbv dsdna reverse transcriptase replication significant  is a 
• H.capsulatum main pathological feature macrophage filled small intracellular 
• Woman cervical motion cell wall y/o previous h/o
• Are  s novobiocin r s.epidermidis s.saprophyticus key diagnostics
• Long bones affected osteomyelitis m common part metaphysis
• Mechanism resistance isoniazid non-expression catalase-peroxidase enzyme  genetic modification
• Dental caries dextrans streptococcus pathophysiology of  organism  s.mutans
• Postauricular lymphadenopathy occipital condition rubella (togavirus rubella german measles
• Hbv infection infants cause?  mild liver injury cytotoxic
• Symptoms hav  viral hepatitis  histology features hepatocyte swelling
• Factor cord mycoside kind growth?  serpentine enriched media
• P low mechanism the  tb drug pyrazinamide works
• Etec heat lt st activates cyclase→ h o
• Diarrhea causing organisms low toxic dose  c.jejuni e.histolytica
• Ampicillin s h e organisms does  hheelpss treat
• P.aeruginosa b.fragilis gram enteric rods treatment antipseudomonal penicillins
• T c damage activate m tuberculosis  explain pathogenesis
• Herpes virus antiviral acyclovir guanosine analog
• Find lipooligosaccharide los neisseria  similar lps enteric gram
• Ehec o157:h7)  distinct characteristic makes  e.coli ferment sorbitol 
• Actin cells shigella rickettsiae contractile system spread m
• Identify organism pathogenesis manifestations t.cruzi triatomine kissing bug
• S.pneumonia primary clinical manifestations mops floor adults m
• Major s.aureus community acquired-mrsa  mssa site colonization organism
• S.pyogenes cell destruction c.perfringens major degradative toxins c
• Envelope membrane nuclear replicate virus famil y  gets
• Cidofovir moa nucleoside analogue cytodine inhibits viral dna
• Mcc of  bacteremia  due to  e.coli uti bacteremia 
• Polio vaccine salk sabin booster  vs major differences
• Reye syndrome common histological feature microvesicular steatosis w/o
• Hib conjugated major virulence factor of  hemophilus influenza
• Hiv-1 protease inhibitors  affect lipid metabolism adverse effects
• Rash erythema infectiosum  disease)  symptoms bright-red cheeks slapped
• N.meningitidis nasopharyngeal meninges h.influenza vs.  differentiate pathophysiology in 
• Thermally dimorphic fungi blastomyces dermatitidis histoplasma capsulatum coccidioides
• Immunity igg varicella ab infection chickenpox re-infection  vzv 
• Dactinomycin malignancy wilms tumor ewing sarcoma rhabdomyosarcoma
• Issues adverse effects protease inhibiting navir drugs hyperglycemia
• Parvovirus b19 attach rbc blood group p antigen
• Meningococcal pili function epithelial attachment nasopharynx
• Chronic hcc type virus hcv manifestations disease flavivirus 
• Lesion indurated painless vulva positive vdrl  pleocytosis lumbar
• Difficulty food neurotoxin botulism symptoms pathogenesis diplopia double
• H e s treatment choice for  neonatal meningitis
• Kinase cells acyclovir  moa guanosine analog nucleoside base
• Pus neutrophils leukocyte adhesion defect tissue formation lad
• Mechanism  botulinum toxin?  blocks release ach digesting synaptobrevin
• Imp dehydrogenase ribavirin  moa inhibits gmp gtp
• Dehydrogenase  mycophenolate  moa inhibits  imp purine metabolism prevents
• Candidiasis patients manifestations chronic mucocutaneous list hiv newborns
• Tb  symptoms fever night sweats weight loss cough nonproductive or productive hemoptysis
• Silicosis predisposes intracellular lung disease tuberculosis due silica
• L m organisms t r c b u
• Identify organism histology streptococci  resemble  rows  of  purple
• Culture macconkey's agar yields pink color change group
• C b important anerobes helpful mnemonic lostridium acteroides
• S p i b encapsulated bacteria capsule antiphagocytic
• Catalase n b h s organisms cats eed
• Cmv drugs ganciclovir foscarnet cidofovir
• Features s.pneumonia encapsulated  gram catalase α-hemolytic quellung optochin
• Geographical distribution mycological infection coccidiodomycosis southwest california arizona
• Lesions fingers scabies in between
• Gram s.aureus  features appearance stain catalase coagulase maltose
• Manifestations endocarditis iv s.epidermidis main features list gram
• Staphylococci saprophyticus list features organism found primary manifestation
• S.pneumoniae  virulence factor iga protease
• Pneumonia  treatment amoxicillin clavulanic acid
• Normal manifestations dental viridans streptococci main features flora
• Covid drug remdesivir 19 →
• Neonatal virulence factor meningitis b s.agalactiae gbs main
• Strains enterococci clinical manifestations drugs e.faecalis e.faecium  group
• Identify histological finding medusa head appearance b.anthracis
• Identify pathological lesions organism pathognomonic finding?  black eschar
• Anthrax cutaneous pulmonary causative agent treatment b.anthracis ciprofloxacin
• Anaerobic requiring low o tension
• Opisthotonos tetanic pasm muscles causing backward arching head
• Rna remdesivir moa atp analong inhibits viral dependent
• List manifestations l.monocytogenes features special sources transmitted histological
• Virulence factors manifestations catalase nocardia features  weakly gram partially
• Acid tb mycobacterium features list species classic symtpoms
• Food toxin consume s.aureus preformed cook cut hand
• Inh ppd cxr ∆stic latent tb infection treatment
• Baloxavir moa inhibits endonuclease activity
• Treatment skin inflammatory propionibacterium cutibacterium list morphological features
• Identify organism histology neisseria gram diplococci live intracellualrly
• List diseases n.gonorrhea  infection gonorrhea neonatal conjunctivitis ophthalmitis
• Neonatal conjunctivitis ophthalmitis prophylactic treatment intraocular erythromycin
• Identify condition treatment neonatal conjunctivitis due to  n.gonnorrhea
• Gram diplococci military recruits and  college dorms teens
• Year child recently immigrated family presents clinic drooling
• Dtap years versus tdap x<7 2mo 4mo 6mo
• Months years identify vaccine dtap  (x<7 age
• Years identify age  the vaccine tdap x>7
• S n b h catalase organisms cat eed
• Viruses cell burkitt nasopharyngeal dna hbv hpv viral
• H o bacteria catalase convert hocl bleach cgd
• S o p.aeruginosa  causes conditions p neumonia epsis
• N p m b o aerobic organisms mnemonic
• Chem diagram 7
• E.coli strain pediatric diarrhea e p ec
• E.coli strain invasive diarrhea similar shigella eiec
• Characteristic finding k.pneumonia infection dark red currant jelly
• Pneumonia manifestations k.pneumonia infx list important features  k.pneumonia
• E c s k lebsiella coli nterobacter fermenters
• K.granulomatis disease main features granuloma inguinale donovonasis)  painless
• Identify organisms mucoid colonies the
• Vaccine virulence factors mechanism treatment gi vi fever
• Symptoms salmonella infection fever headache nausea vomiting rose
• Shigella  mechanism action gram oxidase lactose  h s
• V.cholera growth transmission toxin manifestations treatment features culture
• Culture identify media growth thiosulfate citrate bile salts
• Identify growth culture hektoen enteric agar hek hea differential agar used
• Disease shows painless chancre syphillis
• Bscesses diabetics vid sugar eaters  and lcoholics spirate
• H.pylori triple urease urea alkaline peptic therapy describe
• Leptospira interrogans weil's disease what
• Diseases treponema pallidum syphillis yaws pinta bejel
• Diseases borrelia b.burgdorferi lime borreliosis b.recurrentis endemic relapsing
• T hib vaccine conjugated cells why  protein activated
• Borrelia hermesi relapsing fever camping colorado diagnosis dark
• Famciclovir hsv-1 hsv-2 vzv →
• Painful organisms ulcer chancre chancroid h ducreyi hsv
• Syphilis stage finding tertiary neurological tabes dorsalis aortitis
• List features congenital syphillis rhagades saddle nose hutchinson
• Identify finding bubos erthematous painful swollen axillary inguinal
• Identify lesions bartonella henselai bacillary angiomatosis cat scratch
• Pasteurella multocida clinical findings osteomyelitis cellulitis lymphadenitis due
• Plague y.pestis diseases bubonic pneumonic
• Brucella melitensis  mode transmission  brucellosis undulant fever)  unpasteurized
• Coxiella burnetii transmission source q fever aerosols cattle
• Armadillos act transmission source m.leprae leprosy
• Cell identify picture organism disease clue stippling g.vaginalis
• Candidiasis diseases caused candida albicans oral esophageal vaginal 
• Valve heart affected endocarditis iv drug users due
• Palms soles rash diseases on  c oxsackievirus infection
• Doxycycline ceftriaxone  dual therapy combination important co-infection gonorrhea chlamydia
• Identify lesions causative organism cat scratch fever bartenellosis
• Bartonella pathophysiology pts identify lesion causative organism bacillary
• Antibiotic highly effective penetrating intracellular organisms doxycycline
• Features manifestations treatment m.pneumonia pleomorphic cell wall penicillins
• Identify finding oral thrush c.albicans cottage cheese appearance
•  identify gross finding image causative agent  anchovy paste
• Ganciclovir valganciclovir meachnism resistance mutated cmv viral kinase
• Location manifestations diagnosis h ulcers ag histoplasmosis  key
• Identify histology finding coccidioides immitis  spherule
• Identify disease tinea pedis the
• Corporis identify disease tinea body
• Identify disease tinea cruris the
• Identify disease tinea unguium onychomycosis
• Treatment brucella  manifestations undulant fever caseating granulomas night
• Fungi appears pseudohyphae candida albicans
• Identify lesions cryptococcal meningitis soap bubble appearance ring-enhancing
• Dka mucor histology enter body manifestations treatment nonseptate
• Rose disease infection sporothrix schenkii list manifestations histology
• Opportunistic fungi invasive fungal sinusitis mucor rhizopus branch
• Organism pictured giardia lamblia name
• Eosinophilic myositis present accumulation eosinophils skeletal muscle myalgia
• Negatively dna positively charged is
• Cyclospora cayetanensis aids patients severe diarrhea
• Microspora aids patients severe diarrhea
• Aids pts organisms causing watery diarrhea patients cryptosporidium
• Identify histology finding oocysts cryptospordium weakly acid fast
• Identify finding isospora belli acid fast oocyst  transient
• Conditions acanthamoeba common etiology light microsocopy r x
• Toxoplasmosis treatment gondii type organism transmitted cross placenta
• Treatment leishmaniansis stibogluconate for
• Diarrhea parasites causing infectious g.lambia fatty e.histolytica bloody
• Identify parasite below  e.histolytica ingested rbc  entamoeba eats
• Rna viruses replicate nucleus influenza virus retrovirus
• Identify parasite disease trypanosoma brucei african sleeping sickness
• Infections treatment for  african sleeping sickness sur e
• Protozoal infection find amastigotes leishmaniasis
• Identify histology finding trophozoite ring stage plasmodium
• Identify histology finding schizont stage merozoites plasmodium
• Identify histological finding banana shaped gametocyte  p.falciparum
• Identify histological finding babesia maltese cross merozites joined
• Relapse symptoms recrudescence  vs  recrudescence reoccurrence low levels
• Sign chagas disease treatment causative agent characteristic nifurtimox
• Leishmaniasis cutaneous visceral transmission sandfly
• Identfy organism micrograph enterobius vermicularis common helminth infection
• Common helminthic infection enterobius vermicularis
• Common helminthic infection world ascaris lumbricoides
• Worm travel lungs transient pneumonitis ascaris lumbricoides
• Anal pruritis due e.vermicularis treatment  pyrantel pamoate
• Hookworms ancylostoma duodenale necator americanus cutaneous larva migrans
• Loa identify parasite vector burrow deer fly conjunctiva
• Black identify finding river blindness onchocerca volvulus female
• Loa can  diethycarbamazine  be treat wuchereria bancrofti
• Dracunculus medinensis vector transmission manifestation guinea worm water
• Cestode competes host nutrients consumes b diphyllobothrium latum
• Hydatid cysts parasite echinococcus granulosus
• Disease hydatid echinococcus multifocularis organism alveolar cyst echinococcosis
• Taenia saginata treatment intesinal tapeworm beef pain abdomen
• Vector features manifestations treatment s.haematobium trematode fluke snails
• R x s.mansoni vector common feature organism manifestations
• Species schistoma portal hypertension schistosoma mansoni s.japonicum
• Species schistosoma squamous cell carcinoma s.hematobium
• Identify parasite source manifestations treatment clonorchis sinensis uncooked
• Treatment sarcoptes scabiei features  manifestations features skin-to-skin contact
• Ectoparasite transfer r.prowazekii b.recurrentis bartonella quintana pedunculus humanus
• Bartonella quintana trench fever what
• R.prowazekii endemic typhus what does
• Borellia recurrentis relapsing fever what
• Parasite body hair ice treatment pedunculus humanus pyrethroids
• Cestode cysticercosis neurocysticercosis taenia solium
• Parasite liver hydatid cysts e.granulosus
• Nematode pictured manifests with  myalgia periorbital edema conjunctival
• Identify lesion causative agent scabies sarcoptes scabiei
• Disease caused by  non-human  schistosomes dermatitis swimmer's itch
• Identify organism finding microcytic anemia ancylostoma duodenale necator
• Fluke paragonimus westermani type source manifestation treatment lung
• Fluke identify fluke-ball shaped helminth paragon sports city
• Parasite anal itching enetrobius vermicularis
• Hypopigmented hyperpigmented skin lesions koh  wood's lamp spaghetti
• Identify finding causative organism black macule stratum corneum
• Organism microaerophilic grows hot temperature c.jejuni gb syndrome
• Adrenal list organisms waterhouse friderichsen syndrome n.meningitidis p.aeruginosa  
• Infectious agent replicates cells virus
• Functions viral lipid envelope entry host cell protect
• P naked dna|rna viruses mnemonic apilloma denovirus olyomavirus
• P h dna viruses epadnavirus erpesvirus denovirus apillomavirus
• Essential components virion nucleic acid capsid envelope
• P naked dna viruses apillomavirus denovirus arvovirus olyomavirus
• Naked rna viruses c alcivirus p icornavirus r
• Common feature helical capsid viruses enveloped
• Segmented viruses b unyavirus o rthomyxovirus renavirus r
• Influenza virus family orthomyxovirus name
• Viral genetic mechanism produce pseudovirion phenotypic mixing
• Viral dna genetic mechanism involves recombining particle recombination
• Viral dna particle genetic mechanism involves mixing create
• Hdv protein hbv viral virus lacks envelope genetics
• M vaccines r vz raspy live attenuated v
• Vaccine subunit hbv hpv elicit response
• Type vaccine requires booster shot killed rip lways
• Elisa detect ag ab bound color-changing enzyme test
• Dna cell host virion describe mechanism retrovirus replication? 
• Herpes virus lays dormant sacral ganglia hsv-2
• Herpes virus lays dormant trigeminal ganglia hsv-1
• Identify condition causative agent herpetic whitlow hsv-1
• Virus kaposi's sarcoma aids patients hhv-8
• Identify histology finding owl eye inclusions cmv mononucleosis
• Viruses roseola hhv-6 hhv-7 which
• Hepadnavirus disease enzyme acute hepatitis chronic hepatitis  reverse
• Particle infectious hbv dane what
• Virus lead reticulocytopenia rbc aplasia adults parvovirus b19
• Cin cervical intraepithelial neoplasia primarily caused hpv serotypes
• Virus polyoma viruses manifestations jc pml reactivation dormant
• Virus diseases replicate smallpox cowpox molluscum contagiosum poxvirus 
• Identify condition molluscum contagiosum flesh colored papule skin
• Identify histology finding guarnieri bodies smallpox centrifugal rash
• Amoxicillin  in mononucleosis side effect ebv maculopapular rash
• Identify lesions herpes labialis aka cold sores hsv-1
• Temporal lobe mri showing altered mental status ams
• Reactivation vzv virus due stress immunocompromised states lead
• Disease features aka kissing pharyngitis  hepatosplenomegaly lymphadenopathy fever
• Test mononucleosis diagnostic atypical lymphocytes blood smear monospot
• Leading viral encephalitis hsv-1 the
• Tzank smear identify viral infections hsv-1 hsv-2 vzv
• Identify histology finding cowdry bodies hsv vzv cmv
• Virus acute hemorrhagic cystitis denovirus
• Give calicivirus norovirus an example
• Major manifestation orthomyxovirus influenza flu
• Measles mumps parainfluenza rsv  virus family paramyxovirus
• Virus ebola marburg viral family filoviridae
• Virus family lymphocytic choriomeningitis lassa fever encephalitis arenavirus
• Rna r strand viruses b p o f
• Virus family hdv belong deltavirus d  delta
• Virus family hav belong picornavirus acute viral hepatitis
• Hepatitis virus family hbv belong asociated disease hepadnavirus
• Resistant infx cidofovir cmv hsv
• Virus family hcv belong flavivirus
• Genetic epidemiological phenomenon shift cause?  mechanism pandemics reassortment
• Epidemiological phenomenon genetic drift epidemics due viral point mutations
• Identify em finding norovirus calicivirus
• Disease calicivirus watery diarrhea norovirus cruise ships
• Identify finding blood smear trophozoites in  malaria plasmodium
• Virus common cold rhinovirus what
• Indentify causative agent coxsackievirus hand-foot-mouth disease
• Identify condition pictured herpangina coxsackievirus
• Trematode terminal spine s.hematobium what
• Trematode lateral spine s.mansoni what
• Important uti bugs produce urease e.coli streptococci enterococci
• C s p m the  urease organisms helpful
• Infα hbv hcv hhv-8 →
• Non-lactose fermenting organisms sh igella y ersinia p
• Rna viruses single stranded reovirus
• Ureaplasma urealyticum important feature list common manifestations  finding
• Group streptococci pyr pyrrolidonyl arylamidase reactivity distinguish organisms
• Lymphocytic choriomeningitis lassa fever encephalitis caused virus family
• Stain organism gram cyea cysteine iron silver ac
• Dane particle ruq pain jaundice malaise hepatitis hbv
• Bacteria lobar pneumonia alcoholics diabetics aspirated k.pneumonia mucoid
• Y/o months primigravida er c/o fever headache rash
• Virus double stranded boar segments coltivirus rotavirus reovirus
• Poliomyelitis poliovirus conditions abortive git paralytic cns virus
• Coxsackie virus diseases acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis hand foot
• Fever symptoms yellow high jaundice black vomit
• Yellow fever caused arthropod mosquito aedes
• Double stranded rna virus reovirus
• Route disease caused rotavirus transmission mechanism mcc of 
• List viruses transmitted feco-oral  route  picornavirus perch rotavirus
• H virus cell important surface proteins orthomyxovirus emagglutinin 
• Name (2)  neuraminidase blockers  administered treat  influenza high risk
• Disease c’s cough  coryza  conjunctivitis  c”oplik spots measles
• Reduce morbidity mortality measles vitamin supplementation 
• Bacteria bacterial superinfection top existing influenza infection s.aureus
• Organism finding e.histolytica what is
• Cd4 cd8 targets roles cells influenza infection nucleocapsid
• What  neuraminidase blockers  treat  influenza oseltamivir zanamivir
• Typical symptoms flu orthomyxovirus fever headache sore throat
• Protein fusion f virus paramyxoviruses
• Prevent  bronchiolitis pneumonia rsv preemies palivizumab mab f
• Cough identify causative agent croup seal-like parainfluenza
• Identify radiological finding steeple sign croup parainfluenza paramyxovirus
• Late manifestation occur due to  measles virus  remains
• Pathognomonic inclusion  bodies negri bodies rabies
• Identify em finding rabies virus bullet-shaped
• Pathogenesis described?  filovirus  which infects endothelial cells|phagocytes|hepatocytes  release
• Virus lasso-shapped organism shown family belong ebola filovirus
• Hepatitis viruses significant liver inflammation b c d
• Hallmark signs|symptoms hepatitis fever jaundice ruq ↑ast| alt
• Vomiting mechanism food poisoning cases cytokines stimulation enteric
• Hepatitis virus restaurant outbreaks mild flu-like symptoms self-limiting
• Normal ast/alt levels 5-40
• Hepatitis virus pregnant women e
• Hepatitis virus primarily transmitted blood hbv  infected sharing
• Chronic hcc hepatitis hcv virus  leads to   and 
• Drugs treat hepatitis c infection ribavirin peg inf-α
• Modes transmission of  hepatitis b blood baby making
• Hav immunologic serology marker current acute infection?  igm
• What  hav  immunologic serology marker past infection or 
• Surface infx marker hbv  indicates  infection hbsag definitive
• Presence hbsag antibody blood show previous infection immunization
• Hbv antigen detected blood hbcag
• Hepatitis surface antigen undetectable hbcag
• Otitis media resistant amoxicillin doc cephalosporins cephaclor
• Hiv genes env gag  pol
• Function pol gene hiv transcribes enzymes involved replicartion
• Hiv function gag gene p24 p17 diagnosis
• Test hiv diagnostic confirmation elisa sensitive snout western
• Viral load assay hiv testing measures parameters rna
• Infections reactivated aids patient shingles tb hbv
• Treatment cryptococcal meningitis amphotericin b flucytosine consolidation therapy
• Lymphoma cns aids patient ebv b-cell
• Aids patient mac mycobacterium avium complex treatment az
• Consumption prion diseases manifest with  rapid development dementia
• Staphylococci test species differentiate aureus epidermidis saprophyticus coagulase
• Heart organism y/o presents murmur auscultation p/h shows
• Patients at-risk subacute endocarditis previously damaged heart valves
• Anerobe disease due trauma perforation bowel surgery b.fragilis
• Git parasite amoebic dysentery e.histolytica
• Bacterial infection present flask-shaped ulcer intestinal mucosa histology
• Member e.coli family directly invades colonic mucosa produce
• Mcc pneumonia neonates weeks age group b streptococci
• C r m s pneumoniae mcc pneumonia in 
• Diagnostic test confirm atypical walking pneumonia high titre
• Chlamydia species atypical walking pneumonia c.psittaci c.pneumoniae
• Infection bacterial show cytoplasmic inclusions called reticulate bodies
• Cold agglutinins atypical pneumonia patchy bacteria pleomorphic cell
• Mcc pneumonia years age s.pneumoniae h.influenza mycoplasma
• Mcc of  pneumonia  in patients years age s.pneumoniae
• Mcc of  pneumonia s.pneumoniae s.aureus
• Groups patients susceptible aspiration pneumonia due anerobic bacteria
• Mcc of  pneumonia in  iv drug users s.aureus
• M.catarrhalis cause?  resides respiratory tract gain access lrti in
• L r s n b m f c
• Mcc postviral pneumonia bacterial superinfection s.pneumoniae s.aureus h.influenzae
• Mcc meningitis teenagers college dorms/military recruits n.meningitidis
• Encephalitis virus mcc arboviruses west nile equine rabies
• Ligament pop space layers passed needle lumbar puncture
• Csf parameters measured lab meningitis opening pressure cell
• Common bacterial infectious  brain abscess viridans streptococci s.aureus
• Mcc osteomyelitis s.aureus what is
• Mcc of  osteomyelitis sexually active individuals n.gonorrheae
• Sickle cell anemia of  osteomyelitis salmonella s.aureus mcc
• Organism osteomyelitis due cat dog bite pateurella multocida
• Organism osteomyelitis vertebrae mycobacterium tb pott's disease
• Diagnostic tests uti leukocyte esterase test   nitrite test 
• Mcc uti e.coli  p pili colonization s.saprophyticus  honeymoon
• Virus uti hematuria adenovirus what
• Fungi uti indwelling catheters c.albicans
• Organisms nosocomial uti enterococci p.aeruginosa k.pneumonia serratia marcescens
• Organism uti presence struvite stones urine proteus mirabilis
• Virus infection manifest black vomit yellow fever flavivirus
• Transplacental transmission parvovirus b19  cause neonates hydrops fetalis
• Tumbling motility unpasteurized milk deli meats cold enriched
• Constitutional symptoms pregnant mother infected parvovirus b19 fever
• Organism urease urethritis prostatitis renal calculi stones r
• Organisms undergo antigenic variation n.gonorrhea hiv trypanosomes h.influenza
• Gram catalase organisms s.epidermidis viridans streptococci s.pyogenes s.agalactiae
• Contact lens wearer ulcerative keratitis causative organism acanthamoeba
•  what virus aids retinitis mononucleosis cotton wool exudates
• Pathogenesis behing blueberry-muffin rash cmv rubella extramedullary hematopoiesis
• List characteristic findings neonate born congenital cmv infection
• Ocular manifestation neonate born cmv infection chorioretinitis
• Fever condition similar presentation scarlet differ kawasaki's disease
• Exanthem define viral widespread rash kids measles rubeola
• Finding light microscopy hpv  pictured koilocytye→c lassic superficial
• Bacterial infection manifest strawberry cervix trichomoniasis
• Mcc nosocomial infections e.coli uti s.aureus  wound
• Nosocomial infections prosthetic devices joints heart valves iv
• Manifestations n.gonorrhoeae infection gonorrhea urethritis cervicitis pid
• Rifampin mechanism action of  inhibits  dna dependent rna
• Patients mechanical ventilators risk bacteria pseudomonas pneumonia
• Dermatological conditions present a(+ nilosky sign?  staphylococcal scalded
• Penicillin narrow spectrum β-lactam abx g v
• Adverse effects narrows spectrum abx hemolytic anemia hypersensitivity
• Gram organisms narrow spectrum penicillin abx kill s.pneumonia
• Aminopenicillins amoxicillin ampicillin name 2
• A  β-lactamase enzyme found periplasmic space bacteria cell
• Β-lactamase inhibitors cast members protects penicillins destruction clavulanic
• H s organisms destroyed aminopenicillins gram bacteria hhelpss
• Adverse effects aminopenicillins hypersensitivity rash ige mediated pseudomembranous
• Drugs common dicloxacillin nafcillin oxacillin penicillinase resistant narrow
• Methicillin major adverse reaction interstitial nephritis reason avoided
• Antipseudomonal penicillins piperacillin ticaricillin name
• Zosyn piperacillin tazobactam what is
• Organisms targeted antipseudomonal drugs pseudomonas gram bugs
• Mechanism mrsa produces modified penicillin binding protein pbp2
• Tb drug works by inhibition dna-dependent rna polymerase rifampin
• Generations generation  spectrum cephalosporins moads st narrow broad
• 1st generation cephalosporins cephazolin cephalexin
• Generation cephalosporins cefaclor cefoxitin cefuroxime cefotetan
• Generation cephalosporins ceftriaxone cefotaxime ceftazidime
• Generation cephalosporin cefepime 4 th
•  generation  cephalosporin ceftaroline 5 th
• St generation cephalosporins treat peck p roteus e.c
• Cephalosporin  is surgery prevent s.aureus infx cefazolin st
• Lame organisms covered by  st  cephalosporins l isteria
• E gram cocci  generation  cephalosporins coverage hens peck
•  fluconazole candida  infections cryptococcal meningitis
•  generation cephalosporins  coverage drugs gram organisms ceftriaxone cefotaxime ceftazidime
• Drug treats h.influenza  mucosal infections epiglottitis sinusitis amoxicillin 
• Chlamydia drug treats neisseria infections?  add coinfection ceftriaxone 
• Cephalosporin covers mrsa ceftaroline generation
• Ceftaroline cover ceftriaxone neisseria | borrelia mrsa
•  gen c cephalosporins  used treat pseudomonas cephalosporin  eftazidime
• Rxn adverse effects cephalosporins vitamin k deficiency disulfuram-like
• Class drugs infections seizures high levels carbapenems d
• Carbapenems cilistatin prevent inactivation  in pct dihydropeptidase i
• Gram carbapenems treat anerobes what
• Formation cell vancomycin  moa uses  inhibits peptidoglycan by 
• Aminoglycosides work blocking part protein synthesis initiation complex
• Aminoglycosides gnats g entamicin n eomycin mikacin t
• Organisms aminoglycosides gram rods what
• Penicillin penicillinase sensitive drugs g v amoxicillin ampicillin
• Penicillinase  resistant drugs r group protects β-lactam ring
• Antispeudomonals block transpeptidase crosslinking peptidoglycan piperacillin ticarcillin
• N ame β-lactamase inhibitors cast c lavulanic acid
• I carbapenems dime d oripenem mipenem m iripenem
• Monobactam main clinical aztreonam  gram coverage penicillin allergic
• Dolla bill"   (d-ala-d-ala)  drug  vancomycin multidrug resistant gram
• C protein synthesis inhibitors buy ccel minoglycosides t
• Tetracycline pseudomonas resistant to?  doxycycline
• Drugs inhibit initiation complex protein synthesis bind 30s
• Bactericidal aminoglycosides bacteriostatic are or
• Adverse effects aminoglycosides nephrotoxicity ototoxicity thrombophlebitis
• Protein synthesis inhibitors overview
• Important tetra cyclin es doxycycline minocycline tetracycline
• Adverse effects tetracyclines teeth discoloration  photosensitivity rash ↓bone
• Mechanism resistance tetracyclines ↑efflux ↓influx f drug trasnport
• Atypical antibiotics treat infections borrelia chlamydia tetracyclines
• Tetracycline effectively mrsa doxycycline what
• Milk tetracyclines antacid regiments metals ca mg act
• Gram mechanism tigecycline binds 30s subunit coverage mrsa
• Anemia adverse effects chloramphenicol microcytic aplastic grey baby
• L m drugs generally effective intracellular organisms tetracyclines
• Tx choice rmsf doxycycline chloramphenicol
• O class drugs requires uptake bacterial cells amin
• Antibiotics risk of  pseudomembranous colitis clindamycin  pcn cephalosporins
• Infections infx clindamycin treat anaerobes bacteroides peptostreptococcus fusobacterium
• Drug below?  main clinical blocks 50s subunit prevent
• Drugs treat mrsa vancomycin  doxycycline ceftaroline daptomycin tigecycline
• Class drugs present adverse effects prevent peeing thinking
• Macrolides azithromycin clarithromycin erythromycin name
• 50s prokaryotic ribosome structure 30s→ 70s 23s 5s
• Macrolide drug amount inhibition cytochome-p450 mechanism azithromycin
• Sulfonamides sulfamethoxazole smx sulfisoxazole sulfadiazine
• Adverse effects sulfonamide  hypersensitivity  rash|anaphylaxis ige)  g6pd hemolysis 
• Major adverse effect trimethoprim bone marrow suppression
• Dapsone treatment pneumocystic pneumonia prophylaxis tmx  →treatment
• Group drugs shows adverse effects gi upset tendon
• Topoisomerase fluroquinolones act enzymes bacteria stop dna synthesis
• Pneumonia levofloxacin specifically treat l ung infections s.pneumonia
• Loa worm conjunctiva organism suspect
• G organisms treated using  metrondazole iardia e ntamoeba
• Organisms metronidazole treat gap giardia entamoeba trichomonas gardnerella
• Drug disulfuram-like reaction metallic taste metronidazole  works making
• Rifampin rifabutin work inhibit dna dependent rna polymerase
• Virulence factor s.agalactiae camp factor 
• R important r's rifampin evs cyps na polymerase
• Enzyme activates inh converts active isonaizid catalase peroxidase
• Inh hepatotoxicity neuropathy co-administered isonaizid prevent vitamin b
• Classic triad observed legionnaire's disease atypical pneumonia diarrhea
• Drug blocks  arabinosyl transferase red-green color blindess  ethambutol
• Isoniazid adverse moa effects?  inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
• Tb drugs hepatotoxicity isoniazid pyrazinamide
• Important components m.tuberculosis cells wall anti-tb drugs work
• Adverse effects streptomycin ototoxicity  vertigo tinnitus nephrotoxicity
• Rifamycin pts hiv infection due lower cyp inhibition
• Drug prophylaxis mycobacterium avium-intracellula azithromycin
• Organisms endocarditis s.aureus viridans streptococci s.bovis enterococci
• Drug prophylactically pregnant women carrying gbs ampicillin
• Erythromycin neonates born women gonorrhea prevent  neonatal gonococcal
• Medication hiv pts cd4 count x<200 prevent pcp
• Drug prophylactically prevent mac infection hiv pts cd4+
• Virus affects erythroid rbc precursor cells reticulocytes manifest
• P.aeuroginosa individuals wear contact lenses corneal ulcers keratitis
• Diseases s.aureus abscess endocarditis iv drug users tsst-1
• Grows enterococci culture features  nacl bile esculin pyr
• Does  m.marinum aquarium workers?  hand infection  zoo/tropical workers
• Nematode anal itching scotch tape test common helminth
• Cestode intestinal tapeworm undercooked pork cysticercosis | neurocysticercosis praziquantal
• Dimorphic  exist mold cold 20˚c yeast heat 37˚c
• Medication prophylaxis endocarditis dental procedures amoxicillin
• Amphotericin b moa binds ergosterol leakage membrane pores
• Adverse effects amphoterin b fever/chills shake bake nephrotoxicity
• Nystatin moa  forms membrane pores ergosterol that  na
• Inhibits dna synthesis converted 5-fu essential moa of 
• Sickle cell anemia osteomyelitis causative organism salmonella spp
• Systemic mycoses histoplasmosis blastomycosis coccidioidomycosis paracoccidioidomycosis
• C opportunistic fungal organisms albicans fumigatus neoformans mucor
• Tinea the  cutaneous fungal organisms capitis cruris unguium
• Flucytosine main adverse effect bone marrow suppression
• Amphotericin b combination  flucytosine cryptococcal meningitis  ↑membrane permeability
• Enzyme inhibited azole drugs antifungal therapy 14-α-demethylase
• Azole drug inhibits testosterone lead gynecomastia ketoconazole
• Activated flucytosine fungal cells converted enzyme inhibit cytosine
• Azoles clotrimazole fluconazole isavuconazole itraconazole ketoconazole miconazole voriconazole
•  azoles  are treat topical fungal infections clotrimazole bella
• Treat  aspergillus infection voriconazole isovuconazole echinocandins
• Aspergillus mucor antifungal isavuconazole serious
• Fluconazole cross bbb  to treat opportunistic infx cryptococcal
• Adverse effects of  azole drugs testosterone inhibition liver
• Terbinafine  enzyme inhibits squalene epoxidase
• Antifunga l disrupts microtubule formation cytochrome p450 inducer
• Arthropod treat sarcoptes scabiei permethrin ivermectin lindane
• Identify organism tsetse fly african sleeping sickness trypomastigote
• Echinocandins caspofungin micafungin anidulafungin name
• Drugs fungal work inhibiting  β glucan synthase  conditions
• Condition treated griseofulvin dermatophytes tinea ringworm
• Important antifungal polyene drugs amphotericin b nystatin
• Onychomycosis fungal infection finger|toe nails
• Systemic main line treatment infection  by  mycoses amphotericin
• Enzyme  (present fungal cells activates  antifungals flucytosine cytosine
• Anti-adrogenic properties ketoconazole treat infections acne prostate ca
• Drug combination treat toxoplasmosis what
• Gap g.lamblia treatment moa metronidazole  forms free radicals
• E.histolytica treatment metronidazole gap →
• Treat protozoa pictured causative agent t.brucei suramin blood-borne
• Treatment choice chagas disease benznidale nifrutomix
• Trypanosome protozoa trypanosoma b ruceii african sleeping sickness
• Treatment scabies mechanism action drug permethrin block na
• Heme parasite toxic chloroquine  moa blocks polymerase enzyme
• Treatment sensitive plasmodium species p.falciparum atovaquone proguanil
• Adverse effects choloroquine retinopathy severe puritis
• Drug treatment life-threatening malaria quinidine artesunate
• Nec catch walking ked beach bare anck les
• Nematodes treated pyrantel pamoate enterobius vermicularis ancylostoma duodenale
• Cell microtubule bendazoles moa drugs inhibitors binds colchicine-sensitive
• Moa pyrantel pamoate releases lots ach blocks achesterase
• Albendazole tapeworms treated praziquantal drug echinoccocus granulosus t.solium
• Moa praziquantal cell permeability ca
• Antiviral drugs crystalline nephropathy adverse effect guanosine analogs
• Guanosine moa analogs phosphorylation gtp via  thymidine kinase
• Prodrug acyclovir  with bioavailability valacyclovir
• Diseases  cmv immunocompromised pts colitis esophagitis retinitis pneumonia
• Drug prodrug ganciclovir oral bioavailability valganciclovir
• Guanosine analog treats cmv ganciclovir
• Guanosine analog prodrug herpes zoster valacyclovir
• Resistant foscarnet cmv retinitis immunocompromised hsv vzv
• Foscarnet pyrophysphate analog adverse effects nephrotoxicity electrolyte imbalance 
• Components art therapy hiv nrti  integrase inhibitor
• Nam sporicidal techniques eliminate organisms autoclaving iodine chlorine
• Inhibitors hiv drug categories nrti nnrt integrase protease
• Protease type drugs the  avir navir mnemonic inhibitors
• Navir drs fail protease inhibitors mechanism action drugs
• Protease inhibitor system important cyt450 ritonavir display substrate
• Vudine t d e nrtis  major adverse effect
• Hiv drug competitively inhibits  reverse transcriptase nrtis
• Nrti general prophylaxis pregnancy risk vertical  fetal hiv
• Nrti contraindicated patient hla-b5701 mutation due risk hypersensitivity
• Day pts rabies vaccine postexposure prophylaxis rhabdovirus clean
• Diagnosis based findings protozoa anopheles mosquito paroxysms fever
• Enzyme reverse transcriptase inhibitors nnrtis  mechanism action delavirdine
• Nnrtis  are contraindicated pregnancy delavirdine efavirenz
• Adverse effects nnrti drugs hepatotoxicity rash
• Fusion binds inhibit entry inhibitors enfurvirtide  gp41 entry 
• Conditions treated with  inf-α treat chronic hepatitis hbv
• Drug inhibits imp dehydrogenase hcv infection ribavirin
• Ribavirin hcv rsv 2 uses
• Drugs ns3 ns4a inhibitors grazoprevir simeprivir 
• Drugs involved triple therapy hcv simeprivir ribavirin peg
• Hcv drugs ns5a inhibitors ledipasvir ombitavir
• List adverse effects interferons fever neutrope nia myalgia
• Sofosbuvir drugs ns5b inhibitors dasabuvir ribavirin combo hcv
• Carbapenems seizure antimicrobial drugs  are with  dime doripenem
• Drug carbapenems half life prevent degradation kidneys cilastatin
• Acinetobacter enterobacter the  st  line treatment carbapenems dime
• Aminoglycoside treat acinetobacter species gentamycin
• Fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin enoxacin norfloxacin ofloxacin
• Respiratory flouroquinolones gemifloxacin levofloxacin moxifloxacin
• Topoisomerase moa fluoroquinolones inhibit ii iv
• Fluoroquinolones treat important adverse effects gram rods cartilage
• Gram cocci staphylococci streptococci enterococci
• Organism commensal  living relationship derives food benefits hurting
• Equine encephalitis alphavirus member togavirus conditions western eastern
• Flavivirus due vector arthropod is
• Monomorphic filamentous fungi aspergillus epidermophyton microsporum
• Bite culex mosquito transmit viruses west nile virus 
• Symptoms pml progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy pml)  headache speech
• Mcc death measles kids pneumonia  is the of measles associated death in
• O y/o c watery diarrhea days year  h
• Mcc of  common cold rhinovirus coronovirus
• Diseases does  parainfluenza virus  cause pneumonia bronchitis  croup
• Diseases adenovirus febrile pharyngitis acute hemorrhagic cystitis conjunctivitis
• Toxin s.aureus produced alpha lecithinase phospholipase destroys cell
• Toxin secreted c.diphtheriae diphtheria adp ribosylation ef-2
• G s α subunit increased pathogenesis cholera toxin
• Identify organism s.pneumonia gram lacet-shaped diplococci
• Gram lancet shaped diplococci pneumonia s.pneumoniae
• Conjunctivitis c.trachomatis image presents days birth neonatal inclusion
• Chlamydial pneumonia neonates show important lab finding eosinophilia
• Body identify incusion below  cells infected with  c.trachomatis
• List of  ophthamia neonatorum aka neonatal conjunctivitis chemical 1-2 days
• Test differentiate important staphylococci species?  coagulase
• Nontypeable h.influenzae acute chronic otitis strains lack diseases
• Common microbial septic arthritis s.aureus protein
• Organisms produce alpha  hemolysin toxin destroys cell membranes
• Hyaluronidase organisms secrete function s.aureus s.pyogenes c.perfringens digest
• Organism cause  septic arthritis replacement|artificial joints s.epidermidis
• Function techoic acid mediate cell adherence
• Pneumonia mcc community acquired lobar s.pneumoniae
• Pneumonia interstitial patchy characteristics atypical aka diffuse infiltrate
• Disease n.meningitidis  causes meningitis waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome meningococcemia
• Rat virus urine meat ingestion arenavirus
• Smallest dna virus big red rash kids parvovirus
• Anemia causative agent condition parvovirus b19 virus dangerous
• List diseases caused parvovirus b19 infection kids erythema
• Virus linked malignancies burkitt lymphoma nasopharyngeal carcinoma thymic
• Common signs/symptoms myocarditis fever chest pain palpitations dyspnea
• Needlestick disease poses highest risk transmission nurse injury
• Toxins c.difficile cytotoxin enterotoxin what
• Cigar-shaped fungi sporothrix schenckii ↓ 
• Disease identify causative agent ascending lymphangitis rose gardener's
• Identify condition causative agent pictured honey-colored lesions impetigo
• Gram cocci α-hemolytic streptococci neisseriae present throat differentiate
• Atypical drugs treat acne tetracyclines
• Tetracycline treat community-acquired mrsa doxycycline
• Organism lack mitochondria viruses bacteria found eukaryotic organisms 
• Cell gram wall stain organism complex carbohydrate  but
• Lesion granulomas pt non-healing skin  gets biopsy path
• Legionella ella sisters worship cysteine chapel francisella brucella
• Coagulase organisms s.aureus y.pestis name
• Organisms undergo antigenic variation n.gonorrheae pili b.recurrentis t.brucei
• Thiosulfate citrate bile salts tcbs culture organism v.cholera
• Common  bacterial of  atypical pneumonia m.pneumoniae l.pneumophila c.pneumophila
• H.influenzae infection drug chemoprophylaxis contacts children hib rifampin
• Bacteria pneumonia an  influenza virus infection s.aureus
• Tsst-1 describe mechanism superantigen toxin binding of mhc ii with tcr polyclonal
• Identify condition staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome newly cut
• Virus brick-shaped dna icosahedral poxvirus s smallest
• Factor virulence gbs camp what
• Quellung important organisms swelling test b.anthracis k.pneumonia s.pneumonia
• Mcc uti e.coli s.saprophyticus k.pneumonia
• Virus pda rubella togavirus what
• Vaccine capsule hib strain nontypeable  identify components cell
• Mnemonic  protease inhibitors drs dont fail protease
• Important triad congenital toxoplasmosis name
• Part s.pyogenes antiphagocytic m protein
• List features e.coli induced uti urinary frequency dysurea
• Differentiate pathogens from  non-pathogens gram stain
• Lipopolysaccharide define cite components endotoxin located outer membrane
• Function pili mediate attachment bacteria cells
• The  function ergosterol fungi protects cell membrane integrity
• Function peptidoglycan layer bacteria polymer chain sugars n-acetylmuramic
• Bacteria exerts toxic effects lecithinase toxin c.perfringens
• Bacteria exert effects adp ribosylation g s cholera
• Partially acid fast branching rod nocardia
• Legionella cysteine ella identify organism growth requiremements previous
• Organism transmission vector gram bipolar staining swelling armpits
• Botulism toxin describe pathogenesis infant ingestion c.botulinum endospores
• Body elelemtary reticulate infectious forms organism chlamydia
• End minutes time generation lag cells culture inoculated
• Staphylococcus saprophyticus causal agent diseases uti college freshman
• Gram bacteria structure unqiue lps outer membrane
• Asplenics prone infection catalase organisms individuals difficult time
• Identify organism north carolina tick belt u.s rash
• Gram catalase coagulase bacteria grows high salt environment
• Bacteria requires sterols growth m.pneumonia dry hackign cough
• Sulfatides function mycobacterium sulfolipids hydrolyze form sulfuric acid
• Function cord factor serpentine growth vitro
• Heat resistantbacterial contains  dipicolinic acid spores
• Virus koilocytes human papilloma with
• Identify organism fist fight wound gram rods bleach-like
• Identify organism gram rods lactose nonfermenter lower back
• Condition present with  iodine staining bodies conjunctival scraping
• Meningitis nontypeable strains as  mcc unvaccinated children h.influenzae 
• Organism leads scarlet fever gabhs s.pyogenes gram catalase
• Identify organism gram lancet shaped diplococci s.pneumonia
• Hiv viral maturation controlled important genes tat  rev
• Presence hbsag months main indicator chronic infection
• Presence hbsab immunity due vaccination recovery past infection
• Cell genes hfr tra orit transferred recipient allele
• Genes f transfer hfr cell bacterial linear order
• Define lysogenic conversion increase pathogenicity organism due prophage
• Bacteria inhibited zone kirby-bauer agar disk diffusion test
• Amount drug growth mbc mic minimal concentration bacterial
• Identify virus bilateral conjunctivitis pharyngitis swimming pools kids
• Contagious doe  hbeag hbeab correlate show howcontagious patient
• Hbsag hbsab presence of presence absence patient signify acute
• Virus exanthem subitum hhv-6 hhv-7 roseola infantum fever
• Rubella german measles day what
• Causative agent rubella togavirus what
• Cough characteristic kids due to  parainfluenza croup seal-like
• Diseases asociated paramyxovirus p r m yxovirus parainfluenza
• Virus conjunctivitis acute respiratory disease military recruits adenovirus
• Identify common causative agent transplant patient dry hacking
• Mcc pneumonia premature infants children months rsv
• Family viruses rhinovirus picornavirus common cold   rhinorrhea
• Route transmission poliovirus feco-oral of
• 5-year-old girl presents fever generalized macular rash dense
• Disease lesions progress series stages papules vesicles→ pustules
• Acid-fast oocysts persistent diarrhea aids patients cryptosporidium parvum
• Virus flesh-colored papules central umbilication swimmers wrestlers condition
• Lesions identify flesh-colored central umbilicated molluscum contagiousum
• P naked hep the  dna|rna viruses cpr  papp
• Primary reservoir rabies eastern racoons
• Multinucleated giant cells characteristic histological feature rsv infection
• Drugs for  tinea treatment imidazole tolnaftate
• Respiratory nasal identify causative agent disease treatment child <2
• Commmon complication mumps whch lead sterility orchitis
• Cross pregnancy viruses placenta placenta  coxsackie b hiv
• Heterophile ab atypical lymphocytes found mononucleosis caused viruses
• Monospot test detect heterophile ab
• Cataracts patent ductus arteriosus deafness neonate suggest in-utero
• Is  hpv-4  transmitted fomites direct contact common warts
• Manifestation occurs due perinatal infection human papilloma virus
• Infection drugs treat  systemic mycoses amphotericin b  (systemic
• Identify lesion man reside verrucous wart-like skin blastomycosis
• Systemic mycoses manifest histological finding macrophages lab isolated
• Identify histological finding cocicidioides endospores spherule coccidioidomycosis
• Fungi isolate archaeologist involved earthquake california coccidioides immitis
• Beaver farmer  alabama er verrucous skin lesions flu-like
• Immunocompromised identify organism patient myocardial infarction septate acutely
• Septate acutely branching hyphae aspergillus fumigatus
• Nonseptate hyphae broadly angle at  mucor rhizophus
• Nonencapsulated dimorphic yeast reproduces broad based budding blastomyces
• Hallmark causative agent atypical pneumonia  in an  aids 
• Structures inside rbc in  p.falciparum infection delicate ring-shaped
• Sporozoites infectious forms injected mosquitoes
• Hypnozoites dormant forms plasmodium liver p.vivax | p.ovale  responsible relapse
• Giardia lambia transmission common mountain streams contaminated water 
• Identify parasite  tropical country prolapsed rectum worms resembling
• Mrsa  drugs treatment  clindamycin tmp smx
• Patients with  selective iga deficiency  are prone giardiasis
• Finding identify histological biopsy hsv lesion shows characteristic
• Primary hsv-1 infection children manifest gingivostomatitis  ulcers gingiva
• Small inflammation trophozoites moa parasite giardia  trophozoites pear-shaped
• Clinic yellow identify disease 30-year-old missionary recently returned
• Infection risk factors rubella virus incomplete immunization immigration
• Features of  coxsackie virus  infx hand-foot-mouth disease  (young
• Identify rash causative agent hhv-6 roseola infantum  maculopapular
• Organism m protein molecular mimicry s.pyogenes
• Shock toxic syndrome rash infection s.aureus  produces superantigen
• Treat  m.tuberculosis isoniazid decreasing synthesis mycolic acid
• Cutaneous nocardiosis organism treatment mechanism action drugs nocardia
• Disease pulmonary nocardia asteroides treatment nocardiosis infection brain
• Patients nocardia glucocorticoid infections susceptible high-dose oral therapy
• Aminoglycosides moa inhibit formation initiation complex binding 30s

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