Janeway's Immunobiology 9th Edition Concept Flash Card

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• Storage organelles rich neutral lipids cytoplasm bodies
• Inherited granulomatous disease caused gain-of-function mutations nod2 gene
• Inactive pro-form caspase part nlrp3 inflammasome pro-caspase
• Tending induce inflammation pro-inflammatory to
• Endosomal toll-like receptor recognizes single-stranded viral rna tlr-8
• Disease caused infection human immunodeficiency virus hiv-1 occurs
• Immunity adaptive infection conferred immune response
• Paired mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues located nasal cavity adenoids
• Substance enhances immune response antigen mixed adjuvant
• Vessels lymphatic system drain extracellular fluid tissues carry
• Affinity increase specific antigen antibodies produced adaptive immune
• Outer part tissue organ lymph nodes refers follicles
• Antigen state symptomatic immune reaction made innocuous environmental
• Rejection immunologically mediated grafted tissues organs genetically nonidentical
• State cells nonresponsiveness antigen people mount delayed-type hypersensitivity
• Proteins specifically bind cells substance—called antigen unique structure
• Molecule bind specifically antibody generate peptide fragments recognized
• Site antigen tip arm antibody makes physical contact
• Antigenic portion molecule bound antigen-binding site antibody antigen
• Cells highly specialized process antigens display peptide fragments
• Receptor antigen cell-surface lymphocytes recognize individual bears single
• Proteins amphipathic peptides antimicrobial secreted epithelial cells phagocytes
• Component antibodies antigen fluid clotted blood immune individual
• Cell death form immune nuclear common system activates
• Gut-associated lymphoid tissue located beginning colon appendix
• Disease pathology caused adaptive immune responses antigens autoimmune
• Mechanisms prevent hosts exposure microbes anatomic barriers behaviors
• Kingdom vast unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms species infectious diseases
• Type white blood cell granules stain basic dyes
• Lymphocytes b types antigen-specific responsible adaptive immune responses
• Receptor cells antigen b b-cell cell-surface specific composed
• Tissue cellular elements blood cells stem blood—red white
• Injection antigen time initial immunization stimulates secondary immune
• Cell type pluripotent bone marrow give rise blood
• Lymphoid tissue organized found bronchi animals adult humans
• Lymphoid organ gut site b-cell development chickens bursa
• Mhc co-receptor t-cell receptors recognize peptide antigens bound
• Mhc co-receptor t-cell receptors recognize peptide antigens bound
• Immune adaptive response antigen-specific effector t cells main
• Cellular study basis immunity immunology
• Bone lymphoid lymphocytes develop central sites development humans
• Small chemoattractant protein stimulates migration activation cells phagocytic
• Class antibody heavy defined type chain main iga
• Tolerance clonal elimination immature lymphocytes bind antigens produces
• Antigen-specific response proliferation lymphocytes antigenic stimulation precedes differentiation
• Adaptive immunity antigen-specific lymphocytes cells theory central paradigm
• Population cells derived progenitor clone
• Describes feature unique members clone clonotypic
• Receptor diversity antigen generated combining separate units genetic
• Microorganisms bacteria host commensal predominantly live harmlessly symbiosis
• Lymphoid stem cell give rise types lymphocytes exception
• Cells stem rise myeloid immune give system—macrophages granulocytes
• Pathogens set plasma proteins act defense extracellular spaces
• Activation complement inactive proteins system occurs infection
• Proteins complement cell-surface bind types recognize bound antigen
• Region constant part immunoglobulin t-cell receptor amino acid
• Cell-surface cells protein increases sensitivity receptor ligand binding
• Cells co-stimulatory naive t molecules cell-surface proteins antigen-presenting
• Proteins made cell affect behavior immune kind lymphocytes
• T cells kill typically cd8 defending intracellular pathogens
• Cells tissues lymphoid main subset called peripheral bone
• Lymph site draining nodes downstream infection receives antigens
• Lymphocytes effector cells differentiate naive initial activation antigen
• Pathogens effector mechanisms processes destroyed cleared body innate
• Term refers set immune mechanisms cell-mediated humoral innate
• T immune cell perform functions response killing activation
• Cell type forms endothelium epithelium blood vessel wall
• Blood epithelium forms walls capillaries lining larger vessels
• Cell important type white blood granules stain eosin
• Antigen site recognized antibody receptor called antigenic determinant
• Igg fc carboxy-terminal halves heavy chains molecule disulfide-bonded
• Receptors fc family cell-surface bind portions immunoglobulins
• Cells area predominantly b peripheral lymphoid organ lymph
• Kingdom single-celled multicellular eukaryotic organisms including yeasts molds
• Sets short dna sequences immunoglobulin t-cell receptor loci
• Germinal sites intense b-cell proliferation differentiation develop lymphoid
• White blood cells multilobed nuclei cytoplasmic granules comprise
• Lymphoid tissues gastrointestinal tract comprising peyer’s patches appendix
• H-2 major histocompatibility complex mouse haplotypes designated lower-case
• Chain protein types immunoglobulin molecule called light classes
• T cells cd4 effector h helper stimulate b
• High endothelial blood lymphoid venules specialized small venous
• Immunity humoral adaptive due proteins circulating blood antibodies
• Subset innate lymphoid cells characterized production ifn-γ ilc1
• Immunity tissues cells molecules involved innate adaptive immune
• Inherited acquired disorder aspect host defense absent functionally
• Molecule elicit adaptive immune response injection person animal
• Protein family antibodies b-cell receptors belong immunoglobulin ig
• Ability immune system respond rapidly effectively encounter antigen
• Study aspects host defense infection adverse consequences immune
• Local general term accumulation fluid plasma proteins white
• Cells macrophages neutrophils effector t h lymphocytes invade
• Chemical structures presence invading microbes cellular damage bacterial
• Cells chemicals cytokines produced immune act target promote
• Innate pathogen immunity resistance mechanisms encountered adaptive induced
• General term large group proteins recognize inflammatory inducers
• Chains isotype designation immunoglobulin respect type constant region
• Joining gene segments variability sequence present antigen-specific receptors
• White blood cell leukocytes include lymphocytes polymorphonuclear monocytes
• Light chain smaller types polypeptide make immunoglobulin molecule
• Immune paired masses organized peripheral lymphoid tissue situated
• Lymphatic extracellular fluid accumulates tissues drained vessels carry
• Type peripheral lymphoid organ present locations body lymphatic
• System tissues lymph-carrying vessels peripheral lymphoid extracellular fluid
• Thin-walled vessels carry lymph lymphatic
• Lymphocyte enlarged activation increased rate rna protein synthesis
• Cpn metalloproteinase inactivates c3a c5a deficiency condition recurrent
• Class white blood cells antigen bear variable cell-surface
• Highly variable antigen receptors carried b t lymphocytes
• Describes tissues composed lymphocytes lymphoid
• Organs lymphocytes kind lymphoid organized tissues characterized large
• Tissue composed large numbers lymphocytes lymphoid
• Cells macrophages large mononuclear phagocytic present tissues functions
• Process large amounts extracellular fluid intracellular vesicle dendritic
• Mhc genes human encodes cluster chromosome set membrane
• Area lymphoid tissue lying border white pulp spleen
• B cells marginal unique population found spleen zones
• Tissues mast cells large granule-rich found connective body
• Cells specialized epithelial type intestinal epithelium peyer’s patches
• Immunoglobulin transmembrane present b cells b-cell receptor antigen
• Lymphocytes antigen b t mediate immunological memory sensitive
• Mhc cd8 polymorphic cell-surface proteins encoded locus expressed
• Mhc cd4 polymorphic cell-surface proteins encoded locus expressed
• Antigens highly polymorphic cell-surface proteins involved presentation peptide
• Antibodies produced single clone b\xa0lymphocytes identical monoclonal
• Type white blood cell bean-shaped nucleus precursor tissue
• Lymphoid tissue generic term organized found mucosal surfaces
• Immune system mucosal protects internal surfaces linings gut
• Refers lineage blood cells includes leukocytes lymphocytes myeloid
• Cells t b undergone normal development thymus bone
• Lymphoid tissue organized found upper respiratory tract humans
• Family antimicrobial peptides humans member cathelicidins
• Cells type ilc important innate immunity viruses intracellular
• Inhibition infectivity virus toxicity toxin molecule binding antibodies
• Numerous type white blood cell human peripheral phagocytic
• Large family proteins nucleotide-oligomerization domain nod general function
• Coating surface pathogen antibody and/or complement makes easily
• Immune paired masses organized peripheral lymphoid tissues located
• T-cell area lymph nodes paracortical
• Organisms obtain sustenance live host immunology refers worms
• Microorganism typically disease infects host pathogen
• Molecules specifically groups pathogens recognized cells innate immune
• Receptors innate immune system recognize common molecular patterns
• Part region white pulp spleen t cells periarteriolar
• Lymphoid organs tissues peripheral lymph nodes spleen mucosa-associated
• Lymphoid organized peripheral organs epithelium small intestine ileum
• Cells terminally differentiated activated b lymphocytes main antibody-secreting
• Typically referring capacity progenitor cell generate lineages organ
• Variety existing forms applied gene occurring alleles polymorphic
• Primary encounter antigen generates adaptive immune response immunization
• Bone lymphocytes develop lymphoid organs sites development humans
• Encounter antigen generates primary adaptive immune response priming
• Red nonlymphoid area spleen blood cells broken pulp
• T cells regulatory cd4 t-cell effector inhibit responses
• General immune strategy aimed reducing eliminating pathogens compare
• Secondary booster injection antigen time initial immunization stimulates
• Lymphoid organs tissues secondary lymph nodes spleen mucosa-associated
• Antigens potential tissues individual immune response made case
• Cathepsin l inhibitor cathelin a
• Blood spleen organ upper left side peritoneal cavity
• Immunoglobulin membrane-bound acts antigen receptor b cells surface
• Lymphocytes responsible adaptive immune b antigen carrying cells
• T-cell regions peripheral lymphoid organs enriched naive t
• Receptor t variable chains cd3 ζ cells cell-surface
• T cell effector found lymphoid follicles b antibody
• Cells subset effector cd4 t characterized cytokines produce
• Cells cd4 t subset effector characterized cytokines produce
• Subset cd4 t cells characterized production cytokine il-17
• Central lymphoid organ t cells develop situated upper
• Failure respond antigen tolerance to
• Describes state immunological tolerance individual respond antigen tolerant
• Receptors cells innate macrophages dendritic recognize pathogens products
• Class effector activities aimed elimination intracellular pathogens type
• Immunity class effector activities aimed elimination parasites promoting
• Class effector activities aimed elimination extracellular pathogens bacteria
• Pathogen deliberate induction adaptive immunity injecting dead attenuated
• Region variable immunoglobulin t-cell receptor formed amino-terminal domains
• Intentional inhalation skin infection material smallpox pustules infected
• Pathogen composed nucleic acid genome enclosed protein coat
• Discrete areas lymphoid tissue spleen white pulp
• Class antimicrobial peptides produced neutrophils paneth cells intestine
• Change proteins present blood occurs early phases infection
• Leading blindness elderly single-nucleotide polymorphisms snps factor h
• Form c3 factor complement activation initiated spontaneous hydrolysis
• Region describes molecules positively charged hydrophilic separated hydrophobic
• Complement pro-inflammatory fragments c5a c3a released cleavage activation
• Systemic rapid-onset allergic reaction antigen insect venom injected
• Enzymes kill microorganisms actions lysozyme digests bacterial cell
• Complement condition characterized damage platelets red blood cells
• Strength binding sum total molecules cells multiple sites
• Antimicrobial peptides made virtually multicellular organisms mammals produced
• C1 protein complex activated step classical pathway complement
• Inhibitor protein c1 binds inactivates c1r:c1s enzymatic activity
• Complement protein classical lectin pathways cleaved c1 complex
• Complement protein activation pathways converge cleavage products bind
• Complex enzyme c3 c3b formed membrane-bound complexed protease
• Alternative pathway short-lived c3 convertase continually produced low
• Pro-inflammatory cleavage product c3 recognized specific receptors recruits
• Cleavage product c3 bind covalently microbial surfaces promotes
• C5 convertase alternative pathway complement activation c3b2bb
• C3 convertase alternative pathway complement activation c3bbb
• Breakdown product ic3b remains attached microbial surface bind
• Small fragment c3b removed factor i mcp leave
• Protein classical complement lectin pathways cleaved c1s c4b
• Protein complement-regulatory host c4b attached inactivates classical pathway
• C3 convertase classical lectin pathways complement activation c4b2a
• C5 convertase classical lectin pathways complement activation c4b2a3b
• C5 enzyme complex cleaves c5a c5b convertase
• Pro-inflammatory fragment c5 released cleavage complement activation recognized
• Receptor c5a cell-surface pro-inflammatory fragment complement present macrophages
• Fragment c5 initiates formation membrane-attack complex mac c5b
• Non-signaling decoy receptor c5a expressed phagocytes c5l2 gpr77
• Complement proteins act c5b form membrane-attack complex producing
• Cell-surface protein protects host cells complement damage blocking
• Complement c3 classical complex activated components c4b2a cleaves
• Pathway complement-activation initiated c1 binding directly bacterial surfaces
• Family calcium-dependent sugar-binding proteins lectins collagen-like sequences mannose-binding
• Complement proteins control activity prevent activated surfaces host
• Complement proteins pathogens system set plasma act defense
• Receptor expressed phagocytic cells binds c3b stimulates phagocytosis
• Receptor b-cell complement part co-receptor complex binds antigens
• Β2 integrin acts adhesion molecule complement receptor phagocytes
• Β2 integrin acts adhesion molecule complement receptor phagocytes
• Receptor a\xa0complement binds inactivated forms c3b crig complement
• Α-defensins antimicrobial peptides made paneth cells small intestine
• Large class carbohydrate-binding proteins require ca binding including
• Disease caused defect cftr gene leading abnormally thick
• Cell-surface protein protects cells lysis complement absence disease
• Toxins derived bacterial cell walls released damaged potently
• Protein toxin produced secreted bacterium exotoxins
• Alternative pathway protein complement activation cleaved ba active
• Factor serine protease alternative pathway complement activation cleaves
• Factor complement-regulatory protein plasma binds c3b competes b
• Protein factor h produced pathogen neisseria meningitidis recruits
• Complement-regulatory protease plasma cleaves c3b inactive derivative ic3b
• Factor complement deficiency genetically determined lack complement-regulatory protein
• Plasma protein released activated neutrophils stabilizes c3 convertase
• Carbohydrate-binding proteins initiate lectin pathway complement activation members
• Alternative pathway c3 short-lived convertase c3h 0bb continually
• Outer membrane protein neisseria meningitidis binds c4bp inactivating
• Glycolipid modification proteins attachment host membranes requirement transmembrane
• Receptors g large class seven-span transmembrane cell-surface associate
• Bacteria fail retain crystal violet stain alcohol wash
• C1 complement genetic deficiency inhibitor system absence spontaneous
• Antimicrobial c-type lectin secreted intestinal cells humans regiiiα
• Antimicrobial peptides constitutively produced parotid sublingual submandibular glands
• Proteins referring effector blood body fluids antibodies adaptive
• Inactive complement fragment produced cleavage c3b ic3b
• Lipid-rich secretory organelles keratinocytes lung pneumocytes release β-defensins
• Carbohydrate-binding protein lectin a
• Pathway complement activation triggered mannose-binding lectins mbls ficolins
• Lipopolysaccharide surface gram-negative bacteria stimulates tlr-4 macrophages dendritic
• Antimicrobial enzyme degrades bacterial cell walls lysozyme
• Mannose-binding lectin protein present blood opsonize pathogens bearing
• Activation serine proteases classical lectin pathway complement bind
• Effector pathway complement based formation membrane-attack complex mac
• Complex protein composed c5b c9 assembles membrane-spanning hydrophilic
• Membrane complement regulatory protein host-cell acts conjunction factor
• Highly glycosylated cell-surface proteins mucin-like molecules bound l-selectin
• Epithelia mucus-coated lining body’s internal cavities connect gut
• Sticky solution proteins secreted goblet cells internal epithelia
• Antibodies produced immune system apparent absence infection broad
• Proteolytic enzyme stored granules neutrophils involved processing antimicrobial
• Cells specialized epithelial base crypts small intestine secrete
• Complement disease regulatory proteins defective activation binding red
• Origin pathology disease pathogenesis the
• Microorganism typically disease infects host pathogenic
• Component bacterial cell walls recognized receptors innate immune
• Internalization particulate matter cells process engulfment membrane surrounds
• Granules antimicrobial neutrophils correspond lysosomes peptides defensins agents
• Inactive precursor form polypeptide peptide requires proteolytic processing
• Plasma protein released activated neutrophils stabilizes c3 convertase
• Antimicrobial protein c-type lectin family produced paneth cells
• Type granule neutrophils stores antimicrobial peptides secondary
• Antimicrobial enzyme present tears saliva secreted paneth cells
• Serine class proteins inhibit proteases originally referring specific
• Plasma protein binds incompletely formed mac complexes c5b67
• Staphylococcal complement protein inhibits activity classical alternative c3
• Staphylococcal protein blocks binding antibody fc region c1
• Staphylococcal protease cleaves immunoglobulins bound surface preventing complement
• Proteins acute-phase protect epithelial surfaces lung infection surfactant
• Homologs complement component c3 found insects thought function
• Low-level generation c3b continually occurring blood absence infection
• Describes disease animals transmitted humans zoonotic
• Inactive form enzyme protease modified selective cleavage protein
• Slam receptor belonging signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family
• Nk cells receptor stimulation results activation cell’s cytotoxic
• Transcription factor formed outcomes intracellular signaling antigen receptors
• Proteins infection innate immune function production increased presence
• Member pyhin subfamily nlr nod-like receptor family n-terminal
• Aluminum adjuvants inorganic salts phosphate hydroxide act mixed
• Cells killing fc antibody-coated target receptors recognize constant
• Embryonic region hematopoietic cells arise development aorta-gonad-mesonephros agm
• Adaptor protein pyrin card domains involved activating caspase
• Describes cytokine biologically active molecule acting cell produces
• Diseases due unregulated inflammation absence infection variety including
• Proteins cells t cell-surface specialized antigen-presenting dendritic major
• Dendritic c-type lectin expressed selectively receptor surface human
• Vasoactive peptide produced result tissue damage acts inflammatory
• Process occurring nucleus modified purine 7-methylguanosine added phosphate
• Caspase initiator activated receptors activates process apoptosis
• Caspase homologous human capsase expression induced tlr signaling
• Domain protein present receptor tails dimerize card-domain-containing including
• Family cysteine proteases cleave proteins aspartic acid residues
• Main classes chemokines distinguished adjacent cysteines c amino
• Molecule cell-adhesion found lymphocytes endothelial cell junctions interaction
• Transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase found leukocytes expressed isoforms cell
• Slam receptor belonging signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family
• C-type lectin subunit klr-type receptors nk cells cd94
• Cell-adhesion molecules cell-surface proteins types mediate binding cell
• Cyclic cytosolic enzyme activated double-stranded dna form guanosine
• Cellular movement occurring response chemical signals environment chemotaxis
• Immunodeficiency multiple granulomas form result defective elimination bacteria
• Receptors common chain group hematopoietin superfamily cytokines include
• Receptors group heterodimeric family cytokines includes interferon ifn-α
• Monocyte major form circulation capable recruitment sites inflammation
• Blood collection proteases proteins trigger clotting vessels damaged
• Common transmembrane polypeptide cd131 subunit receptor cytokines il-3
• Chain common transmembrane polypeptide cd132 subgroup cytokine receptors
• Cells dendritic lineage participates antigen presentation activation naive
• Receptors cells cell-surface naive lymphocytes receive signals additional
• Protein acute-phase binds phosphocholine constituent surface c-polysaccharide bacterium
• Disease chronic inflammatory bowel thought result abnormal overresponsiveness
• Main classes chemokines distinguished cys-x-cys motif amino terminus
• Cyclic dimers guanylate and/or adenylate monophosphate produced bacteria
• Cytomegalovirus nonessential glycoprotein recognized innate receptors expressed nk
• Signaling chains itams tails activating receptors nk cells
• Candidate dna sensor rlr family appears signal sting
• Death domain involved protein-interaction originally discovered proteins programmed
• Phagocytic receptor neutrophils macrophages recognizes β-1,3-linked glucans common
• Ligands toll-like receptors tlr1:tlr2 tlr2:tlr6 diacyl triacyl lipoproteins
• Blood movement cells leukocytes vessel walls tissues diapedesis
• Blood clotting disseminated occurring simultaneously small vessels body
• Chemical structure replicative intermediate viruses recognized tlr-3 double-stranded
• Members tnfr superfamily expressed cell types activated trail
• Refers place infected malignant cells alter expression surface
• Disease activating nod2 mutations characterized inflammation tissues liver
• Swelling caused entry fluid cells blood tissues cardinal
• Tissue describes action biologically active molecule hormone cytokine
• Cytokines induce rise body temperature endogenous pyrogens
• Endothelial increased occur walls small blood vessels result
• Transcription factor involved development function types nk cells
• Eukaryotic initiation factor protein translation subunit helps form
• Proteins multisubunit complex acts formation 43s preinitiation bind
• Substance originating body induce fever bacterial lipopolysaccharide lps
• Movement cells fluid blood vessels surrounding tissues extravasation
• Autoinflammatory nlrp3 cold episodic disease caused mutations gene
• Protein major constituent flagellum tail-like structure bacterial locomotion
• Receptor fmet-leu-phe pattern recognition peptide specific bacteria neutrophils
• Product degradation peptidoglycan gram-negative bacteria sensed nod1 γ-glutamyl
• Urate crystals disease caused monosodium deposited cartilaginous tissues
• Intracellular gtpases act molecular switches signaling pathways bind
• Proteins act pathogen-recognition toll pathway immune defense drosophila
• Cytokine involved growth differentiation cells myeloid lineage including
• Proteins serine protease drosophila functions downstream peptidoglycan-recognition pgrps
• Ilcs subtype innate lymphoid cells characterized ifn-γ production
• G proteins remove bound gdp allowing gtp bind
• Blood substances hemagglutination human antibodies recognize abo group
• Large family structurally related cytokines includes growth factors
• Iκb nfκb cytoplasmic protein constitutively associates homodimer composed
• Ikb kinase ikk multisubunit protein complex composed ikkα
• Cells cell-adhesion molecules immunoglobulin superfamily bind leukocyte integrin
• Member pyhin subfamily nlr nod-like receptor family n-terminal
• Protein small family host induced interferons regulate translation
• Transmembrane small family host proteins induced interferons function
• Cells antiviral cytokines produced wide variety response infection
• Cells cytokine interferon structural family produced effector cd4
• Called type iii interferons family includes il-28a il-28b
• Receptor composed unique il-28rα subunit β\xa0subunit il-10 recognizes
• Multisubunit protein complex composed ikkα ikkβ ikkγ nemo
• Kinase interacts tbk1 tank-binding phosphorylation irf3 downstream tlr-3
• Family major cytokines largely pro-inflammatory function il-1
• Activation cytokine produced active macrophages effects immune response
• Acytokine produced activated macrophages effects including lymphocyte activation
• Cells t h innate class immune overlapping characteristics
• Defense gram-negative bacteria insects results production antimicrobial peptides
• Proteins immunoglobulin-like domains structurally similar immunoglobulins
• Signaling sequence motifs chains receptors antigen lymphocytes site
• Presence increased numbers leukocytes blood commonly acute infection
• Inhibitory tyrosine sequence motifs signaling chains receptors sites
• Complex active pro-inflammatory protein formed stimulation intracellular nod-like
• Activated form monocyte producing variety pro-inflammatory cytokines inflammatory
• Receptors nk cells stimulation results suppression cell’s cytotoxic
• Heterodimeric cell-surface proteins involved cell–cell cell–matrix interactions important
• Family transcription factors regulate variety immune responses irf3
• Category gene induced interferons include promote innate defense
• Receptor recognizes ifn-α ifn-β activate stat1 stat2 induce
• Related families cytokines originally named interference viral replication
• Cytokines term generic produced leukocytes general book naming
• Protein kinases part intracellular signaling pathways leading tlrs
• Immunodeficiency characterized recurrent bacterial infections caused inactivating mutations
• Transcription member irf family factors interacts activated stat1
• Complex formed stat1 stat2 irf9 induces transcription isgs
• Enzymes jak–stat intracellular signaling pathways link cytokine receptors
• Signaling polyubiquitin chains covalent ligation lysine amino group
• Receptors family large present nk cells cytotoxic activity
• Receptors family large present nk cells cytotoxic activity
• Enzymatic cascade plasma proteins triggered tissue damage produce
• Cells phagocytes lining hepatic sinusoids remove debris dying
• Endopeptidase produced bacillus anthracis cleaves nlrp1 inducing cell
• Protein motifs repeated series form extracellular portions toll-like
• Leukocyte class immunodeficiency diseases ability enter sites infected
• Disease defects production sulfated sialyl-lewis x prevent neutrophils
• Cell-adhesion molecules leukocytes initially defined monoclonal antibodies functional
• Receptor immunoglobulin-like genes large cluster includes killer cell
• Lipid mediators inflammation derived arachidonic acid produced macrophages
• Member rlr family cooperates rig-i mda-5 recognition viral
• Components bacterial cell walls recognized toll-like receptors lipoteichoic
• Protein blood extracellular fluid binds bacterial lipopolysaccharide lps
• Family c-type lectins expressed mouse human nk cells
• Adaptor protein associates myd88 signaling tlr‑2/1 tlr-2/6 tlr-4
• Receptor macrophages specific mannose-containing carbohydrates occur surfaces pathogens
• Protein mitochondrial card-containing adaptor attached outer membrane signals
• Accessory protein tlr-4 activity md-2
• Rna protein helicase-like domain similar rig-i senses double-stranded
• Enzyme transfers methyl group hydroxyl ribose mrna viruses
• Mhc deficiency immunodeficiency disease class\xa0i molecules present cell
• Mhc class ib proteins induced stress infection transformation
• Embryonically derived form tissue macrophage central nervous system
• Refers loss cell-surface molecules engage inhibitory receptors nk
• Protein kinases mapks series phosphorylated activated cellular stimulation
• Mutation shp-1 protein phosphatase impairs function inhibitory receptors
• Protein involved dna damage repair mechanisms recognizes cytoplasmic
• Inherited episodic autoinflammatory disease caused mutations gene encoding
• Component peptidoglycan bacteria recognized intracellular sensor nod2 muramyl
• Proteins interferon-inducible required cellular resistance influenza virus replication
• Adaptor protein functions signaling tlr tlr3 myd88
• Multicomponent enzyme complex assembled activated phagolysosome membrane stimulated
• Protein nlr nlrc4 recognizes prgj salmonella typhimurium type
• Nlr protein nlrc4 recognizes intracellular flagellin activate inflammasome
• Receptors nk cells activating recognize infected stimulate killing
• Ikb kinase multisubunit protein complex composed ikkα ikkβ
• Abnormally low levels neutrophils blood neutropenia
• Extracellular traps meshwork nuclear chromatin released space neutrophils
• Heterodimeric transcription factor activated stimulation toll-like receptors antigen
• Types cells transcription factor important development immune including
• Reactive molecular gas species produced cells—particularly macrophages—during infection
• Nk cluster genes encode family receptors cells complex
• Family c-type lectins supply subunits klr-family receptors nk
• Cells t activating c-type lectin receptor nk cytotoxic
• Nlr family member cooperates naip2 naip5 nlrc4
• Group nod-like receptor nlr proteins pyrin domain function
• Member family intracellular nod-like receptor proteins pyrin domains
• Subgroup nlr proteins card domain activation downstream signaling
• Intracellular proteins nod subfamily leucine-rich repeat lrr domain
• Inflammasome caspase alternate form independent relies mice human
• Protein influenza virus inhibits trim25 intermediate signaling downstream
• Domain present type conserved originally recognized atp-binding cassette
• Enzyme produced response stimulation cells interferon synthesizes unusual
• Describes cytokine biologically active molecule acting cells produce
• Monocyte form circulating adheres surveys vascular endothelium distinguished
• Protein family acute-phase formed identical subunits c-reactive serum
• Proteins family drosophila bind peptidoglycans bacterial cell walls
• Ingested material intracellular vesicle formed fusion phagosome lysosome
• Intracellular vesicle formed particulate material ingested phagocyte phagosome
• Phosphatidylinositol signaling membrane pip 3-kinase enzyme involved intracellular
• Serine/threonine kinase activated ifn-α ifn-β phosphorylates eukaryotic protein
• Dendritic cells receptors distinct lineage secrete large amounts
• Lipid mediator activates blood clotting cascade components innate
• Ubiquitin polymers covalently linked lysine residues monomer carboxy
• Guanine exchange factor gef activated downstream small g
• Protein component salmonella typhimurium type iii secretion system
• Actin-binding protein sequesters monomeric actin protozoan profilins sequences
• Lipid products metabolism arachidonic acid variety effects tissues
• Family stat small proteins inhibit transcription factors inhibitors
• Atp-activated ion channel potassium efflux cells activated trigger
• Thick yellowish-white liquid typically found sites infection types
• Bacteria capsulated result pus formation site infection called
• Domain hin family intracellular sensor proteins h inversion
• Bacteria capsulated result pus formation site infection called
• Protein interaction domains structurally related distinct card tir
• Form programmed cell death abundant pro-inflammatory cytokines il-1β
• Murine family mhc class ib proteins orthologs human
• Proteins family mhc class ib ligands nkg2d includes
• O superoxide anion hydrogen peroxide h produced phagocytic
• Internalization endosomes molecules bound cell-surface receptors receptor-mediated endocytosis
• Distinct member drosophila nfκb transcription factor family induces
• Oxygen-requiring metabolic change neutrophils macrophages opsonized particles complement
• Small gtpase family distinct members regulate actin cytoskeleton
• Viral small family intracellular sensors carboxy terminal rna
• Card domain serine-threonine kinase functions signaling nod proteins
• E3 ubiquitin ligase involved signaling rig-i mda-5 activation
• Protein signaling intracellular adaptor involved slam lymphocyte activation
• Receptors cells sr-a macrophages bind numerous ligands bacterial
• Family cell-adhesion molecules leukocytes endothelial cells bind sugar
• Bacterial infection bloodstream frequently fatal condition sepsis
• Shock systemic reaction follow infection bloodstream endotoxin-producing gram-negative
• Capacity neutrophils maintain attached vascular endothelium high rates
• Potentially fatal circulatory collapse caused systemic actions cytokines
• Peptide short n-terminal sequence responsible directing newly synthesized
• Signaling configuration proteins modifications phosphorylation ubiquitination facilitates binding
• Confined nucleus cytoplasm normal molecular form serves ligand
• Family related cell-surface receptors mediate adhesion lymphocytes include
• Specialized plasma membrane extensions enable neutrophils stay attached
• Protein domain tyrosine kinases cells receptor-associated characterized src-homology
• Transcription family factors activated cytokine growth receptors stat
• Damage tissues due trauma ischemia metabolic stress autoimmunity
• Interferon genes dimeric protein complex cytoplasm anchored er
• Sulfated surface tetrasaccharide carbohydrate structure attached cell proteins
• Superoxide enzyme converts ion produced phagolysosome hydrogen peroxide
• Signaling regulatory protein interacts jak kinases inhibit activated
• Complex adaptor binds k63 linked polyubiquitin chains tak1
• Form protease responsible cleavage membrane-associated tnf-α allowing cytokine
• Serine-threonine kinase activated phosphorylation irak complex activates downstream
• Intracellular protein involved linkage activated integrins lfa-1 cytoskeleton
• Transcription factor active immune cell types typically ilc1
• Kinase serine-threonine activated signaling tlr-3 mavs serving phosphorylate
• Thioredoxin set sensor proteins bound thioredoxin-interacting txnip oxidative
• Domain cytoplasmic tails tlrs il-1 receptor interacts similar
• Cell-surface toll-like receptor acts heterodimer tlr-2 recognize lipoteichoic
• Cell-surface toll-like receptor acts heterodimer tlr-1 tlr-6 recognize
• Endosomal toll-like receptor recognizes double-stranded viral rna tlr-3
• Cell-surface toll-like receptor conjunction accessory proteins md-2 cd14
• Cell-surface toll-like receptor recognizes flagellin protein bacterial flagella
• Cell-surface toll-like receptor acts heterodimer tlr-2 recognize lipoteichoic
• Endosomal toll-like receptor recognizes single-stranded viral rna tlr-7
• Endosomal toll-like receptor recognizes dna unmethylated cpg tlr-9
• Mouse toll-like receptor recognizes profilin profilin-like proteins tlr-11
• Tnf cytokine family prototype tumor necrosis factor-α tnf-α
• Lead family cytokine receptors includes apoptosis cell expressed
• Receptor protein drosophila activates transcription factor nfκb leading
• Signaling e3 ligase produces k63 polyubiquitin scaffold tlr-3
• Signaling factor e3 ligase produces k63 polyubiquitin scaffold
• Cell death a\xa0member tnf cytokine family expressed surface
• Adaptor protein pairs trif signaling tlr-4 tram
• Signaling adaptor protein involved tlr-3 paired tram functions
• Signaling complex e2 ubiquitin ligase ubc13 cofactor uve1a
• E3 ubiquitin ligase involved signaling rig-i mda-5 activation
• Interferons antiviral ifn-α ifn-β type i
• Interferon antiviral ifn-γ type ii
• Secretion specialized appendage gram-negative bacteria aid infection eukaryotic
• Tyrosine enzymes remove phosphate groups phosphorylated residues proteins
• Mutlipass transmembrane protein normal transport tlr-3 tlr-7 tlr-9
• Cpg unmethylated mammalian genomes heavily methylated cytosine sequences
• Granules endothelial cells p-selectin weibel–palade bodies
• A\xa0syndrome features resembling hyper igm syndrome caused mutations
• T-cell x-linked an\xa0immunodeficiency disease development fails early intrathymic
• Α:β dimer α β chain makes antigen-recognition portion
• Binding monovalent strength molecule single site fab fragment
• Variant form gene occur general population allele
• Residues specific amino acid antigenic peptides determine binding
• Antigen display surface cell form peptide fragments bound
• Β fold secondary protein structure composed sheets lies
• Β secondary protein structure composed strands stabilized noncovalent
• Secondary protein structure polypeptide backbone consecutive amino acids
• Chain light mhc class i proteins encoded binds
• V antigen regions parts domains immunoglobulins t-cell receptors
• Protein antigenic bind structure antigen formed separate regions
• Constant domains type protein makes regions chain immunoglobulin
• Antigenic bind linear epitope structure protein formed single
• Charged chemical interaction occurring atoms amino acid side
• Antibody fragment region composed single antigen-binding arm fc
• Fragment antibody composed linked antigen-binding arms fab fc
• Regions invariant provide protein scaffold hypervariable v domains
• T-cell antigen receptor carried subset t lymphocytes distinct
• Molecule antibody elicit small recognized specific immune response
• Antibodies produced camelid species composed heavy-chain dimers light
• Fab arms hinge region flexible domain joins fc
• Interaction hydrophobic chemical occurring nearby moieties typically excluding
• Immunoglobulin class polymeric composed α heavy chains occur
• Immunoglobulin class composed δ heavy chains appears surface
• Immunoglobulin class composed ε heavy chains acts defense
• Immunoglobulin class composed γ heavy chains abundant plasma
• Immunoglobulin class composed μ heavy chains b cells
• Domain protein antibody molecules present immunoglobulin
• Immunoglobulin tertiary structure domain comprising sandwich β sheets
• Domain protein structurally related immunoglobulin immunoglobulin-like ig-like
• Form heavy-chain-only ig molecule made shark species immunoglobulin
• Large family proteins ig ig-like domain involved antigen
• Peptides polypeptide binds peptide-binding cleft newly synthesized mhc
• Cytoplasmic tails t-cell receptor signaling src-family tyrosine kinase
• Mhc fact peptide antigen recognized t cell bound
• Non-classical mhc class ib molecule binds folic acid
• T cells mucosal primarily γ:δ limited diversity present
• Protease cleaves igg antibody molecule amino-terminal side disulfide
• Protease cleaves sites carboxy-terminal side disulfide linkages producing
• Cleft peptide-binding longitudinal top surface mhc molecule antigenic
• Chemical interaction cation e.g na pi-electron system aromatic
• Applied genes variability locus variants occur frequency greater
• Referring heavy-chain-only iggs produced camelids shark species lack
• Murine mhc class ib genes expressed activated lymphocytes
• T-cell receptor chains α:β α tcrα β tcrβ
• Referring recognition adaptive immune system e.g mait γ:δ
• Measure difference amino acid sequences variants protein variable
• Variable domains amino-terminal protein polypeptide chains immunoglobulins t-cell
• Spacer phenomenon gene segments immunoglobulin t-cell receptor joined
• Loss enzyme initiates somatic hypermutation isotype switching deaminating
• Receptors multigene family genes immunoglobulin domains present hagfish
• Adaptive immunity based class vertebrate comprising jawless fish
• Total variety antibodies body individual repertoire
• Endonuclease dna repair involved class switch recombination apurinic/apyrimidinic
• Endonuclease involved gene rearrangements generate functional immunoglobulin t-cell
• Recombination disease characterized staggering gait multiple disorganized blood
• Recombination class somatic gene process activated b cells
• Mhc class i genes proteins function presenting peptide
• Multi-subunit protein complex involved modification end pre-messenger rna
• Gene segment joint dna join formed imprecise joining
• Initial cleaved fragment invariant chain bound mhc class
• Subunit cleavage stimulation factor favors polyadenylation pas leading
• Activity enzymatic exhibited aid-apobec family proteins agnathan species
• Genes dna immunoglobulin t-cell receptor kinase short sequences
• Dna enzyme responsible joining ends produce coding joint
• Dna genetic elements encoding transposase insert excise genomes
• Repair nonhomologous end joining pathway dna completion isotype
• Member immunoglobulin superfamily insects thought opsonize invading bacteria
• Transcription elongation factor favors polyadenylation pa s leading
• Dna contained chromosomes circular produced vdj recombination occurring
• Members immunoglobulin superfamily thought role innate immunity freshwater
• Process gene immunoglobulin t-cell receptor somatic recombination segments
• Gene locus site chromosome case immunoglobulin t-cell receptor
• Germline excluded hypothesis antibody diversity encoded separate gene
• Class jawed vertebrates comprising fish mammals possess adaptive
• Region immunoglobulin referring v heavy chain heavy-chain variable
• Type heavy-chain isotype present cartilaginous fishes composed immunoglobulin
• Variety antigen-specific immunoglobulins antibodies b-cell receptors present individual
• Regions control sites non-coding genes expression rearrangement interactions
• Type severe combined immunodeficiency due mutations dna repair
• Chain polymeric small polypeptide made b cells attaches
• Gene segment j rearranged joined short dna sequences
• Classes isotypes immunoglobulin light chains κ
• Dna repair protein required immunoglobulin t-cell receptor gene
• Classes isotypes immunoglobulin light chains λ
• V region immunoglobulin gene receptor referring light chain
• Conserved nine-nucleotide dna sequence recombination signal rsss flanking
• Class mhc proteins encoded related i molecules highly
• Dna repair pathway directly ligates double-stranded breaks homologous
• Rearrangements t-cell receptor immunoglobulin gene segments encode protein
• Small severe immunodeficiency disease characterized defects rag genes
• Gene short palindromic nucleotide sequences formed segments rearranged
• Gene elements lost ability encode functional protein retained
• Proteins form dimer initiates vdj recombination rag-1 rag-2
• Rearrangement vdj recombination gene segments rss elements opposing
• Sequences dna ends v d j gene segments
• Mutation mice severe combined immunodeficiency eventually found due
• Type immune deficiency due b-cell antibody t-cell responses
• Joint recombination noncoding formed dna rsss vdj signal
• Somatic general hypotheses proposing immunoglobulin repertoire formed small
• Recombination dna takes place somatic cells distinguish meiosis
• Mutations somatic v-region dna rearranged immunoglobulin genes produce
• Circular dna fragments excised chromosome vdj recombination developing
• Enzyme inserts nontemplated n-nucleotides junctions gene segments t-cell
• Superfamily transposable elements identified computationally proposed date back
• Enzyme capable cutting dna allowing integration excision transposable
• Variable region tcrα chain v α
• Variable region tcrβ chain v β
• Variable receptors nonimmunoglobulin lrr-containing secreted proteins expressed lymphocyte-like
• Multiprotein complex rag-1 rag-2 proteins involved cellular dna
• Process exclusive developing lymphocytes vertebrates recombines gene segments
• Gene segments kind rearranged immunoglobulin t-cell receptor loci
• Dna protein functions nhej repair interacting ligase iv
• B cells spliceosome protein expressed mature activated immature
• Immunogenic glycolipid originally extracted marine sponges produced bacteria
• Multisubunit component proteasome functions capture ubiquitinated proteins degradation
• Multisubunit component proteasome responsible protein degradation 20s catalytic
• Protein functions maintenance storage neutral lipid droplets types
• Describes individuals mouse strains differ genes mhc term
• Recognition t cells mhc molecules alloreactivity
• Peptides mhc molecules intracellular degradation foreign proteins bind
• Large family proteins domain nucleotide-binding includes transporters tap1
• Proteins digestion breakdown cell organelles lysosomes route cytosolic
• Subunits alternative proteasome replace constitutive catalytic β1 β2
• Alternative proteasome subunit expressed thymic epithelial cells substitutes
• Transcription factor expressed dendritic cells belonging ap1 family
• Er chaperone protein endoplasmic reticulum binds partly folded
• Chaperone protein endoplasmic reticulum erp57 tapasin forms peptide-loading
• Lipid found bacteria mitochondrial membrane ligand recognized human
• Family proteases cysteine active site frequently function processing
• Mhc small family class i-like proteins encoded present
• Expressed cells transmembrane protein immunoglobulin superfamily antigen-presenting binds
• Integrin α e β cell-surface marker subset dendritic
• Early endocytic compartment mhc class ii molecules dendritic
• Peptide invariant chain ii class variable length cleaved
• Genes describes situation alleles expressed roughly equal amounts
• Extracellular cells presented mhc class i process proteins
• Cells dendritic activation cd8 t antigenic peptide presented
• Compartments major cells elements cytoskeleton mitochondria separated membranes
• Improperly peptides translated introns spliced mrnas translations frameshifts
• Cleaved fragment invariant chain retaining transmembrane segments remains
• T cells specialized class γ:δ found skin mice
• Molecule membrane lipid intracellular signaling formed inositol phospholipids
• Cells process proteins produced give rise peptides presented
• Enzymatic activity directs transfer ubiquitin molecule e2 ubiquitin-conjugating
• T cells h effector cd4 subset differentiated carrying
• Endoplasmic reticulum enzyme trims polypeptides size bind mhc
• Endoplasmic degradation a\xa0system enzymes reticulum recognizes incompletely misfolded
• Protein endothelial cells c nonclassical mhc class i
• Chaperone protein involved loading peptide mhc class i
• Folic acid b vitamin derivatives produced bacteria bound
• T γ:δ subset lymphocytes bearing t-cell receptor composed
• Nonclassical mhc class ib protein mice bind present
• Protein transferrin expressed intestinal epithelial cells regulates iron
• Disease caused defects hfe gene characterized abnormally high
• Describes individuals alleles gene inherited mother father heterozygous
• Mhc protein class ii invariant resembling humans involved
• Mhc class ii invariant molecule binds hla-dm inhibiting
• Describes individuals identical alleles gene inherited separately parent
• Human designated genetic designation mhc individual loci upper-case
• Enzyme non-immune function encoded mhc locus required normal
• Enzyme present endosomal compartment antigen-presenting cells denatures disulfide
• Proteasome form found cells exposed interferons subunits normal
• Cells type carries invariant chain innate-like lymphocyte t-cell
• Immune response mhc molecules archaic term genetic polymorphisms
• Protein functions maintenance storage neutral lipid droplets types
• Forms protein encoded alleles gene isoforms
• Antigens molecules diverse set derived microbial lipids typically
• Engulfment cell large quantities cytoplasm delivered lysosomes degradation
• Cells e3 ligase expressed b dendritic macrophages induces
• Mhc class ii cellular vesicles molecules accumulate encounter
• Mhc class ii cells rare immunodeficiency disease molecules
• Mhc class ii protein activates transcription genes defects
• Mhc set alleles inherited unchanged recombination parent haplotype
• Continuous internalization cytosol vesicular system microautophagy
• Diverse class antigens frequently presented cd1 molecules inkt
• Antigens term referring non-mhc responsible unusually strong t
• Donor cells test histocompatibility lymphocytes recipient cultured people
• Describes gene occurs form monomorphic
• Complex proteasome multisubunit protein induced interferon-γ takes place
• Context antigen processing presentation removal unstably bound peptides
• Complex protein endoplasmic reticulum loads peptides mhc class
• Light harvesting protein pigment made algae conjunction flow
• Separate loci encoding proteins identical function applied mhc
• Process occurring thymus developing t cells receptors recognize
• Large intracellular multisubunit protease degrades proteins producing peptides
• Constitutive components proteasomes catalytic chamber proteolytic subunits β1
• Class peptides qa-1 derived leader hla i molecules
• Return endoplasmic reticulum proteins cytosol retrotranslocation complex
• Multisubunit transmembrane protein pore complex resides membrane endoplasmic
• Pattern nucleotides amino acids shared genes proteins related
• T transmembrane immunoglobulin superfamily member expressed thymic stromal
• Class membrane lipid sphingosine 2-amino-4-octadecene-1,3-diole amino alcohol unsaturated
• Secreted toxins produced staphylococci food poisoning stimulate t
• Kinase c-terminal phosphorylates tyrosine src-family lymphocytes inactivating src
• Endoplasmic transporters antigen processing atp-binding cassette proteins form
• Mhc cell tap-associated protein key molecule assembly class
• Β specialized form proteasome composed unique subunit 5t
• Toxic shock syndrome systemic reaction caused massive production
• Characteristic pathogen describes cell types infect tropism
• Protein small attached functions interaction module target degradation
• System quality control cell involves k48-linked ubiquitination target
• Process attachment subunits ubiquitin target protein mediate degradation
• Compartments major cells composed endoplasmic reticulum golgi endosomes
• Chemokine receptor selectively expressed subset dendritic cells specialized
• Signaling members nonenzymatic proteins form physical links pathway
• Transcription factor heterodimeric formed outcomes intracellular signaling antigen
• Receptor b t inhibitory cd28-related expressed lymphocytes interacts
• B-cell receptor complement transmembrane signaling surface composed proteins
• Scaffold protein b cells recruits involved intracellular signaling
• Kinase tyrosine tec-family important b-cell receptor signaling mutated
• T-cell cytosolic serine/threonine phosphatase crucial role signaling receptor
• Calcium-binding protein activated binding ca bind regulate activity
• Signaling complex invariant proteins cd3γ δ ε dimeric
• Protein cd81 cd21 makes b-cell co-receptor complex cd19
• Complement receptor cr2 cd21 another
• Cells inhibitory receptor b binds sialic acid-modified glycoproteins
• Receptor cells activating t co-stimulatory binds b7 molecules
• Protein cd19 cd21 makes b-cell co-receptor complex cd81
• Approach tumor therapy attempts interfere normal inhibitory signals
• Calcium cell channel lymphocyte plasma membrane open flow
• High-affinity inhibitory receptor t cells b7 molecules binding
• T-cell binds powerful noncytotoxic immunosuppressive drug inhibits signaling
• Removal phosphate group molecule protein dephosphorylation
• Erk extracellular signal-related kinase protein mapk module t-cell
• Inhibitory receptor b cells recognizes fc portion igg
• Receptors bind antibody cells cell-surface fc portion igg
• Proteins g state regulatory accelerate intrinsic gtpase activity
• Motif sequence present cytoplasmic tails inhibitor receptors immunoreceptor
• Inositol kinase transcription factor soluble messenger produced cleavage
• Cascade signaling scaffold protein raf–mek1–erk map-kinase binds members
• Activation cytoplasmic adaptor protein tyrosines phosphorylated kinase zap-70
• Signaling mapk kinase raf–mek1–erk module part pathway lymphocytes
• T-cell assemblies small numbers receptors involved initiation activation
• Serine/threonine kinase functions regulating numerous aspects cell metabolism
• Pathway nfκb activation distinct activated antigen receptor stimulation
• Cytoplasmic protein kinases associate intracellular tails signaling receptors
• Activated family transcription factors response increased cytoplasmic calcium
• Receptor t cells bound ligands pd-l1 pd-l2 inhibits
• Receptor transmembrane binds inhibitory pd-1 expressed cell types
• Receptor transmembrane binds inhibitory pd-1 expressed dendritic cells
• Enzymes phosphorylate inositol headgroup membrane lipids produce phosphorylated
• Membrane inositol key enzyme intracellular signaling pathways leading
• Addition phosphate group molecule protein catalyzed enzymes called
• Pip membrane-associated phospholipid cleaved phospholipase c-γ give signaling
• Membrane-associated phospholipid recruit intracellular signaling molecules pleckstrin homology
• Domains protein-interaction protein enzymatic activity binding specificity sites
• Kinase serine/threonine activated diacylglycerol part signaling pathways antigen
• Enzymes add phosphate groups proteins amino acid residues
• Protein enzymes remove phosphate groups phosphorylated tyrosine threonine
• Peptide:mhc complexes molecule hypothetical antigen surface antigen-presenting cell
• Protein kinase raf–mek1–erk signaling cascade pathway activated small
• Small gtpase important roles intracellular signaling pathways including
• Serine/threonine receptors intrinsic kinase activity cytoplasmic tails
• Tyrosine receptors intrinsic kinase activity cytoplasmic tails
• Proteins adaptor-type multiple binding sites bring specific functional
• Molecules act small ions ca produced response signal
• Sh2-containing inositol phosphatase pip removes phosphate produce ship
• Sh2-containing phosphatase protein shp an
• Scaffold protein b cells recruits involved intracellular signaling
• Scaffold protein involved antigen-receptor signaling pathway lymphocytes slp-76
• G signaling small single-subunit proteins ras act intracellular
• Protein ca endoplasmic transmembrane acts sensor reticulum depleted
• Cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase found b cells acts signaling
• Immunosuppressant polypeptide drug binds fkbps inactivates t cells
• Tyrosine enzymes specifically phosphorylate residues proteins critical signaling
• Ubiquitin enzyme attaches covalently exposed lysine residues surfaces
• Protein defective patients wiskott–aldrich syndrome activated promotes actin
• Disease defects cells due interactions immunodeficiency characterized cytoskeleton
• Genetic disorder b-cell development arrested pre-b-cell stage mature
• Signaling chains t-cell receptor itam motifs cytoplasmic tail
• T-cell cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase found t cells binds
• Direction lymphocyte tissue homing a
• Process autoreactive t cells induced die complete thymic
• Hypothesis selection proposes choice negative positive t cells
• Process t cells positively selected thymus interaction high-affinity
• Gene autoimmune encoding protein regulator involved expression numerous
• Expression individual antigen heterozygous variant forms gene immunology
• Autoimmune disease characterized loss tolerance antigens caused breakdown
• B cells class atypical self-renewing cd5 found peritoneal
• B-cell activating factor belonging tnf family binds receptors
• Tolerance central immunological antigens established lymphocytes developing lymphoid
• Recessive genetic immunodeficiency disease failure develop thymic epithelium
• Dn4 substages development cd4+cd8+ double-positive t cells thymus
• T cells represent thymocytes immature thymus lack expression
• T cells cd4 cd8 thymocytes immature thymus characterized
• Region bone marrow adjacent surface hematopoietic stem cells
• B cells majority population long-lived recirculating conventional found
• B cells express surface rearranged heavy light-chain v-region
• Form self-tolerance reactive lymphocytes target antigen detectable individual
• Describes light-chain isotypes κ λ b cell antibody
• Cell stage b-cell development immediately pro-b expresses pre-b-cell
• Stage b-cell development vh djh joining occurs late
• Lymphoid differentiation cells common progenitor lymphopoiesis
• B cell expresses igm igd surface gained ability
• Medulla central thymic cells lymph collecting point organ
• Cells bone marrow give rise lymphoid myeloid longer
• Process self-reactive thymocytes deleted repertoire t-cell development thymus
• Mutation mice results hairlessness defective formation thymic stroma
• Tolerance acquired lymphocytes peripheral mature tissues opposed central
• Receptor cell pre-b proteins signaling rag produced includes
• Pre-t-cell receptor chain signaling protein produced developing treglymphocytes
• Cells stage b-lymphocyte development displayed b-cell surface marker
• Pre-t-cell surrogate chain pairs tcrβ form receptor produced
• Chain receptor replacement light heavy self-reactive antigen immature
• Lymphocytes chemotactic g protein-coupled receptor expressed circulating binds
• Mature t cell expresses cd4 cd8 co-receptor single-positive
• Cell pre-b stage b-cell development immediately large proliferation
• Cells nonlymphoid central peripheral lymphoid organs provide soluble
• Chain protein pre-b cells made subunits vpreb λ5
• Surgical removal thymus thymectomy of
• Thymic tissue stroma develops embryogenesis anlage
• Thymic cells outer region lobule progenitor thymocytes proliferate
• Epithelial cells connective tissue thymus form essential microenvironment
• Developing t cells thymus majority functionally mature unable
• Antigen describes type exposure induces tolerance tolerogenic
• B stages cells defined development immature mature spleen
• Cytokine thought involved promoting b-cell development embryonic liver
• Immunodeficiency disease defect x-linked mice due protein tyrosine
• Structure cytochrome c binds large multimeric protein forms
• Lectin dendritic-cell surface binds icam-3 high affinity dc-sign
• Intracellular proteases activated result apoptotic signal mediate cellular
• Pathway receptors death cell apoptosis triggered extracellular ligands
• Cell type uncertain origin b-cell follicles peripheral lymphoid
• Cell binding highly organized interface develops t target
• Caspases proteases promote apoptosis cleaving activating initiator
• Pathway apoptosis signaling mediates response noxious stimuli including
• Activation dendritic cell present antigen naive t activate
• Cells blood lymphoid lineage arise fetal liver carried
• Cytokines tumor necrosis factor tnf family directly cytotoxic
• Blood-filled vascular network branches central arteriole demarcates area
• Lymphocytes encountered specific antigen responded distinct effector memory
• Cell occurs process death response noxious stimuli nutrient
• Phospholipid chemotactic activity controls egress t cells lymph
• Adhesion supramolecular complex organized structure forms point contact
• Cells aid adaptive immune response involved specific antigen
• Immunization antigen provoke adaptive immunity active
• Cell-surface proteins bacteria enable bind surfaces host cells
• Venom antibody raised poisonous snake organism treatment bite
• Editing enzyme an\xa0rna deaminates cytidine uracil mrnas related
• Tnf family cytokine related baff binds receptors taci
• Receptor activate canonical non-canonical nf-κb signaling promote survival
• Repair type dna lead mutation involved somatic hypermutation
• B-cell receptor complement complex transmembrane signaling surface composed
• Substance nonspecifically b cells proliferate b-cell mitogens
• Cells transcriptional repressor opposes differentiation b plasma bcl-6
• Receptor tnfr superfamily binds april bcma
• Transcriptional repressor promotes b-cell differentiation plasma cells suppresses
• Bacteria referring surrounded polysaccharide shell resists actions phagocytes
• Cells chemokine made dendritic stromal t-cell zones lymph
• Cells t chemokine made dendritic stromal zones lymph
• Cell b lymph node shows features plasma plasmablasts
• T cells b memory chemokine receptor expressed naive
• B cells cd30 co-stimulatory molecules involved stimulating proliferation
• B cells cd40 co-stimulatory molecules interaction required proliferation
• Large rapidly dividing activated b cells present dark
• Germinal small b cells derive centroblasts centers follicles
• Transcription factor acting development t fh cells c-maf
• Chemokine produced stromal cells dark zone germinal center
• Chemokine produced follicle light zone germinal center binds
• Chemokine cells receptor expressed circulating b activated t
• B cells chemokine zone explanation behavior lymphoid follicles
• B-cell chemokine receptor binds oxysterols regulates movement outer
• Dna polymerase operates repair polη basic lesion incorporating
• Receptor transports igg mother fetus placenta epithelia gut
• Guanine structure formed g-rich regions dna bases form
• Carrier antibody production small chemical group hapten attachment
• Igm group genetic diseases overproduction antibody symptoms due
• Co-stimulatory cd28-related receptor induced activated t cells enhance
• Cells cytokine produced t e.g.t fh activates stat3
• Switching isotype somatic gene recombination process activated b
• Cell helper t b rule activate epitopes recognized
• Rim b lymphocytes surrounds lymphoid follicles mantle zone
• Overproduction mast cells mastocytosis the
• Repair type dna mutations involved somatic hypermutation class
• Mismatch repair proteins detect uridine recruit nucleases remove
• Antibodies inhibit infectivity virus toxicity toxin neutralizing
• Injection antibody immune serum naive recipient provide specific
• Igm major form antibodies produced action j chain
• Adhesin neisseria gonorrhoeae allowing attachment infection epithelial cells
• Dna error-prone translesion polymerase involved repairing damage caused
• Activation lymphocytes antigen mitogen specificity leading clones multiple
• Polymerase gene halting rna transcription locations locus regulated
• Receptor polymeric iga igm immunoglobulins basolateral surfaces mucosal
• Cell distinct structure bacteria—both gram-negative gram-positive—that lies membrane
• Site early antibody production plasmablasts medullary cords lymph
• Lymphoid aggregates resting b lymphocytes peripheral organs primary
• Switch r-loops structure formed transcribed rna displaces nontemplate
• Rna multisubunit complex involved processing editing exosome
• Follicle germinal center proliferating activated b cells ongoing
• Fragment polymeric immunoglobulin receptor remains cleavage attached secreted
• Receptor sphingosine blood g-protein-coupled activated 1-phosphate lipid mediator
• Transcription elongation factor required isotype switching b cells
• Subcapsular site lymphatic entry lymph nodes lined phagocytes
• Switch genomic regions kilobases length located jh heavy-chain
• Autoimmune disease autoantibodies dna rna proteins nucleic acids
• Receptor baff expressed b cells activates canonical nfκb
• Antigens elicit responses individuals t cells thymus-dependent td
• Antigens ti b-cell elicit antibody production involvement t
• Phagocytic cells engulfing apoptotic b produced large numbers
• Inactivated toxins longer toxic retain immunogenicity immunization toxoids
• Cytosolic fc receptor e3 ligase activated igg ubiquitinate
• Dna enzyme removes uracil bases repair pathway lead
• Antibodies block ability virus establish infection cells virus-neutralizing
• Protein transcription factor induces genes required optimal secretion
• Defects xeroderma pigmentosum autosomal recessive diseases caused repair
• Rare immunodeficiency diseases result mutations gene sh2d1a xlp1
• Macrophages develop context type responses e.g parasite infection
• Syndrome inherited defect fas gene leads failure normal
• Family members apoptosis intracellular proteins includes promote inhibit
• Complex heterodimers antimicrobial peptides s100a8 s100a9 sequester zinc
• Il-2 cells receptorα il-2rα high-affinity component receptor includes
• Cells t tnf receptor-family protein constitutively expressed naive
• Glycoprotein t phagocytic glycoprotein-1 pgp1 cell-surface expressed naive
• Alternatively spliced variant cd45 serves marker memory t
• T cells cell-surface protein rapidly expressed antigen-activated acts
• Cells ligand cd27 expressed activated dendritic delivers potent
• Il-7 receptor t cells α il-7rα pairs common
• T memory secondary lymphoid tissues cells lymphocytes express
• Macrophages develop context type responses pro-inflammatory properties classically
• Lymphocyte cell-surface molecule involved homing skin humans cutaneous
• Complex signaling multi-protein formed members death receptor family
• Memory tissues effector t cells lymphocytes recirculate blood
• Site chronic inflammation triggered persistent infectious agents mycobacteria
• Hemolytic severe disease fetus form rh maternal anti-rh
• Chemokines produced steady-state direct localization immune cells lymphoid
• Receptors lymphocytes chemokines cytokines adhesion molecules specific tissues
• Chemokines produced response infection injury direct localization immune
• L-selectin adhesion molecule selectin family found lymphocytes binds
• Antimicrobial peptide produced abundance neutrophils mucosal epithelial cells
• Classically activated macrophages develop context type responses pro-inflammatory
• Alternatively activated macrophages develop context type responses e.g
• Mucosal addressin recognized lymphocyte surface proteins l-selectin vla-4
• Mast cells specialized present mucosa produce histamine large
• Cells myelomonocytic innate immune derived bone marrow precursors
• Epitopes subsequent tendency humans make antibody responses shared
• Peptide:mhc specific complexes bound single molecule fluorescently labeled
• Immune response adaptive exposure antigen primary
• Activated t cells p-selectin protein expressed effector ligand
• Response immune produces occurs exposure antigen comparison primary
• Immune response completely eliminates pathogen sterilizing immunity
• T-cell flexibility developmental programming cd4 t cells effector
• Immune response adaptive provoked injection antigen rapid onset
• Cells cytokine thought involved promoting b-cell development embryonic
• Memory lymphocytes migrate taking residence barrier tissues retained
• Sites adhesion molecule expressed vascular endothelium inflammation binds
• Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor activated aromatic ligands including
• Double bilayer membrane structure functions macroautophagy engulfing cytoplasmic
• Short chain fatty acid produced abundantly anaerobic digestion
• Cells chemokine made follicle-associated epithelial binds ccr6 recruiting
• Cells chemokine made follicle-associated epithelial binds ccr6 recruiting
• Cells chemokine made small-intestinal epithelial binds ccr9 recruit
• Chemokine made colonic intestinal cells salivary gland lactating
• Cells chemokine receptor expressed neutrophils monocytes b dendritic
• Cells chemokine receptor expressed follicular marginal zone b
• Cells t chemokine receptor expressed dendritic thymocytes γ:δ
• Chemokine receptor expressed cells binds ccl27 ccl28 mediates
• Integrin expressed macrophages dendritic cells functions β2 cd18
• Chronic condition upper small intestine caused immune response
• Gram-positive anaerobic toxogenic spore-forming bacterium frequently severe colitis
• Mucosal system immune reflecting fact lymphocytes primed part
• Lymphoid aggregates tissue gut wall thought give rise
• Chemokine receptor expressed monocytes macrophages nk cells activated

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